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PubMed1980

A proposed role of zein and glutelin as N sinks in maize.

Zea mays grown with high levels of N fertilizer transports more sucrose into kernels than with low N. Sucrose translocation was greatest in genotypes with the highest capacity to deposit nitrogenous compounds as zein and glutelin in the kernel. These two proteins combined contain about 80% of the total N in the kernel and about 60% of the total N in the plant at maturity. They appear to serve as a functional N sink for the deposition of nitrogenous compounds. As the N sink capacity increases with additional available N fertilizer, more sucrose is transported into the kernel, resulting in increased kernel weight and grain yield. Zein functions as a more dynamic N sink than glutelin because the synthesis of zein is readily manipulated by N fertilization and genetic means. Increases in N deposition in the normal endosperm induced by N fertilizer are confined primarily to zein. Early termination of zein accumulation in the opaque-2 mutant results in a reduction of sucrose movement into kernels. By using plants heterozygous for normal and opaque-2 in these studies, interplant variability was eliminated and the hypothesis relating the kernel N sink capacity to productivity was strengthened.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Importance of the polyamines: review of the literature].

The polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, are low-molecular weight substances, synthesized in eucariot cells from their immediate precursor, ornithine. These nitrogen compounds are essential for growth. The organism's endogenous supply is obtained through the diet or by synthesis in the intestinal flora. The polyamines are found in fruits and vegetables, foods of animal origin (milk, eggs, fish, and meat) and fermented food products (cheese, beer, and sauerkraut). Being nitrogenated compounds, they are considered as "minor" components of the diet. Ornithine decarboxylase, a short-half life enzyme, is the key to polyamine biosynthesis. Cellular polyamines are found in free or conjugated forms, the latter made possible, above all, by the presence of positive charges in their molecules. Their particular structure facilitates interaction with anions and binding to nuclear and membrane structures, particularly phospholipids, proteins and DNA. The organism's requirements for these substances are elevated during phases of intense growth or increased demand; thus, the nutritional supply can be crucial during the evolution of processes that involve a high degree of loss combined with deficits in endogenous biosynthesis. Increased tissue and organ polyamine concentrations correlate with diseases of neoplastic origin. It has been hypothesized that polyamine inhibition could be a therapeutic mechanism for such conditions. The supply of polyamines in artificial nutrition has not been measured and there are few data on the effects of artificial nutrition on circulating levels or the usual sites of storage in the body.

Diet↗

PubMed2000

Models to assess nitrogen losses in pediatric patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis.

To develop models to estimate nitrogen (N) losses of children on chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) from easily measurable indexes and laboratory tests, we measured the N content and all nitrogenous compounds in dialysate (D), urine (U), and feces over 3 days in 19 pediatric patients on CPD. Total measured N losses (TNm) were 5.56+/-2.26 g/day (69.9+/-11.1% in dialysate, 16.3+/-10.6% in urine, and 13.6+/-4.6% in feces). Correlation coefficients between measured dialysate and urinary N losses and the single nitrogenous compounds indicated values of over 0.9 only for urea in dialysate and urine; fecal N losses correlated well with body surface area (BSA). Taking into account these correlations, we developed a univariate additive model and three multivariate models to predict total estimated N losses (TNe). The best prediction of TNm was obtained with model 3, which considered not only urea output in dialysate and urine but also dialysate protein loss and BSA: TNe (g/day)=0.03+/-1.138 UN urea+0.99 DN urea+1.18 BSA+0.965 DN protein. A confirmatory analysis performed on a second group of 23 pediatric patients on CPD, using all four models, showed a higher percentage of studies with a relative difference between TNm and TNe less than 10% for model 3 than for the other models. Thus, N losses of pediatric patients on CPD can be estimated from measured urea and protein losses in dialysate and urea loss in urine, together with BSA.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Origin of excess urinary nitrate in the rat.

The ability of intestinal microorganisms to N-oxidize nitrogenous compounds to nitrite or nitrate was evaluated both in vivo and in vitro. Nitrate balance studies with germ-free and conventional rats indicated that the host and not the microbial flora is responsible for excess urinary nitrate. In vitro studies showed that most intestinal microorganisms are not able to N-oxidize nitrogenous compounds to nitrite. Although the metabolic pathway for endogenous nitrate formation remains unknown, the capacity of the rats to N-oxidize acetohydroxamate and hydroxylamine to nitrate indicates that such compounds could be intermediates in nitrate synthesis.

Amino Acids↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Biogenic amine deamination in experimental tuberculosis].

Stimulation of lipid peroxidation /increase in content of conjugated dienes and of malone dialdehyde/, which was prevented by administration of isoniazid or sodium thiosulphate, was detected in mitochondrial fraction of liver tissue obtained from rats with tuberculosis of lungs. At the same time, in the mitochondrial fraction a significant decrease in tyramine and serotonin deamination rates and an increase in histamine, lysine and putrescine deamination rates were observed. The altered ratio of the deamination rates of the nitrogenous compounds may be prevented by administration of isoniazid and sodium thiosulphate into the animals. A hypothesis is discussed on the possible significance of qualitative alteration /transformation/ in catalytic properties of the mitochondrial monoamine oxidase induced by the stimulation of lipid peroxidation as a cause underlying the reversible impairments in ratios of rates of the nitrogenous compounds deamination in tuberculosis.

Ammonia↗

PubMed2000

Exuviae eating: a nitrogen meal?

Many insects eat their cast cuticle (exuviae) after moulting. The functional significance of this behaviour has not been addressed experimentally. I tested the hypothesis that exuviae eating constitutes a meal, so the animal recycles its nitrogen content. Nitrogenous compounds (protein and chitin) are major components of the cuticle in Periplaneta americana, accounting for as much as 87% of the total weight. It was found that insects almost invariably ate their exuviae during their larval life. The frequency of the behaviour decreased in newly emerged adults and varied between the sexes, males eating their exuviae less frequently than females. This may be due to the extra nitrogen endowment which females need for reproduction. Aposymbiotic animals, which lack the supply of essential amino acids from endosymbiotic bacteria, always ate their exuviae regardless of sex. When animals were reared on different diets throughout their larval life protein level in the diet correlated with exuviae eating. Animals reared on a low protein diet showed the highest levels of exuviae eating; animals reared on a high protein diet showed the highest levels of exuviae rejection. Analysis of the frass produced after exuviae meals showed that over 58% of the nitrogen present in the exuviae was recycled. This demonstrated that cockroaches digested nitrogenous compounds contained in the cuticle. The possibility that the exuviae meal has other functions is discussed, although the evidence supports a nutritional role.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1993

Expression of glnA in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 is initiated from a single nif-like promoter under various nitrogen conditions.

The glnA mRNA, encoding glutamine synthetase, is differentially accumulated in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 in media containing different nitrogen sources. With the different nitrogen compounds, transcription of glnA initiated at a single site located -146 nucleotides upstream of the translation start site of the gene. A similarity of the nif-like promoter of the glnA gene of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 and a binding-site sequence for the Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 transcription regulator, NtcA, were found upstream of the transcription initiation site.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1975

On the possible role of organic melanoidin polymers as matrices for prebiotic activity.

One of the major diagenetic pathways of organic matter in recent sediments involves the condensation of cellular constituents, particularly amino acids and sugars, into insoluble melanoidin-type polymers. These polymers consist mainly of humic and fulvic acids and make up the major part of the organic carbon reservoir in recent sediments. We suggest that a similar set of reactions between abiotically formed amino acids and sugars, and more generally between aldehydes and amines, occurred on a large scale in the prebiotic hydrosphere. The rapid formation of this insoluble polymeric material would have removed the bulk of the dissolved organic carbon from the primitive oceans and would thus have prevented the formation of an "organic soup". Melanoidin polymers have several properties which make them attractive hypothetical precursors of contemporary oxidation-reduction coenzymes: 1. they contain heterocyclic nitrogen compounds similar to the nitrogenous bases; 2. they contain a high concentration of stable free radicals; and 3. they tend to concentrate those heavy metals which play prominent roles in contemporary enzymic redox processes. The prebiotic formation of similar polymers could, therefore, have provided the starting point for a basic class of biochemical reactions. We suggest that the prebiotic scenario involved chemical and protoenzymic reactions at the sediment-ocean interface in relatively shallow waters and under conditions not much different from those of the recent environment.

Aldehydes↗

PubMed1969

Role of ammonium ion in the biosynthesis of beta-nitropropionic acid.

The metabolism of inorganic nitrogen compounds was studied in extracts of Penicillium atrovenetum which had been grown under conditions in which beta-nitropropionic acid (BNP) synthesis varied from 0 to 12.5 mumoles per ml. None of the extracts was able to oxidize ammonium ion or nitrite. An enzyme was detected which catalyzed the oxidation of hydroxylamine with cytochrome c as the electron acceptor. The activity of this enzyme was not related to the ability of the organism to produce BNP. Nitrate and nitrite reductase activities were detected only in P. atrovenetum cultures grown on nitrate as a nitrogen source. These results indicated that BNP synthesis is probably not directly associated with the metabolism of inorganic nitrogen compounds and that an organic pathway for the formation of the nitro group is more likely. The activities of certain enzymes related to the metabolism of aspartic acid were investigated. Aspartate ammonia-lyase activity could not be detected in P. atrovenetum extracts. Aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities were found in the extracts but were highest in the cultures which did not produce BNP. beta-Nitroacrylic acid reductase activity was highest in extracts of cultures which were actively synthesizing BNP.

Aspartate Aminotransferases↗

PubMed2006

Effect of simultaneous inoculation with yeast and bacteria on fermentation kinetics and key wine parameters of cool-climate chardonnay.

Inoculating grape musts with wine yeast and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) concurrently in order to induce simultaneous alcoholic fermentation (AF) and malolactic fermentation (MLF) can be an efficient alternative to overcome potential inhibition of LAB in wines because of high ethanol concentrations and reduced nutrient content. In this study, the simultaneous inoculation of yeast and LAB into must was compared with a traditional vinification protocol, where MLF was induced after completion of AF. For this, two suitable commercial yeast-bacterium combinations were tested in cool-climate Chardonnay must. The time courses of glucose and fructose, acetaldehyde, several organic acids, and nitrogenous compounds were measured along with the final values of other key wine parameters. Sensory evaluation was done after 12 months of storage. The current study could not confirm a negative impact of simultaneous AF/MLF on fermentation success and kinetics or on final wine parameters. While acetic acid concentrations were slightly increased in wines after simultaneous AF/MLF, the differences were of neither practical nor legal significance. No statistically significant differences were found with regard to the final values of pH or total acidity and the concentrations of ethanol, acetaldehyde, glycerol, citric and lactic acids, and the nitrogen compounds arginine, ammonia, urea, citrulline, and ornithine. Sensory evaluation by a semiexpert panel confirmed the similarity of the wines. However, simultaneous inoculation led to considerable reductions in overall fermentation durations. Furthermore, differences of physiological and microbiological relevance were found. Specifically, we report the vinification of "super-dry" wines devoid of glucose and fructose after simultaneous inoculation of yeast and bacteria.

Climate↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ciliatological characterization of a biological reactor that eliminates nitrogen with intermitent aeration.

Ciliates present in an activated sludge biological reactor used for removal of nitrogen compounds with intermitent aeration were determined. The reactor had a working volume of 30 liters, a hydraulic residence time of 20 hours, and a cell retention time of 15 days. Operating temperature was 15 degrees C, and it was fed with domestic sewage. Aeration was given in pulses, one hour aeration and one hour without aeration, feeding sodium acetate to favour denitrification processes. Elimination efficiency was 95% of the dissolved organic matter. During the pseudostable operating phase, 16 species of ciliates (Phylum Ciliophora) were found. They were distributed as follows: 13 Genera; 12 Families; 7 Orders; 6 Subclasses; 5 Classes, and 3 Subphyla. From them, 9 are free swimmers and 7 are pedunculates. The Subphylum with higher diversity of species was the Ciliophora. The Oligohymenophorea Class was the best represented, corresponding to the Peritricha Subclass the highest number of species. Almost all the ciliates found have been reported as common inhabitants of activated sludge wastewater treatment plants with high removal efficiencies. They are catalogued as saprobe ciliates, within a and b masosaprobe levels. The presence of this ciliate community agrees with the carbon and nitrogen compounds removal efficiencies. Consequently, there exists the possibility of evaluating the operational efficiency of an aerobic/anoxic reactor using direct ciliates observations.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Comparison of Heteronuclear Coupling Constants for Isostructural Nitrogen Coordination Compounds of (111/113)Cd and (199)Hg.

The complexation of Cd(II) by the tripodal ligand tris[(2-pyridyl)methyl]amine and dipodal ligand bis[(2-pyridyl)methyl]amine was investigated by solution-state NMR and X-ray crystallography. Cadmium coordination compounds exhibiting rarely observed solution-state NMR (1)H-(111/113)Cd satellites were characterized. The eight-coordinate complex [Cd(TMPA)(2)](ClO(4))(2).toluene (1) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 9.629(2) Å, b = 11.020(2) Å, c = 11.641(2) Å, alpha = 114.069(13) degrees, beta = 97.492(13) degrees, gamma = 91.034(14) degrees, and Z = 1. The average Cd-N(amine) distance is 2.53(4) Å and the average Cd-N(pyridyl) distance is 2.54(6) Å. The complex [Cd(BMPA)(NCCH(3))(OH(2))(OClO(3))][Cd(BMPA)(2)](ClO(4))(3).(CH(3)CN) (2) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P&onemacr; with a = 10.446(2) Å, b = 16.653(3) Å, c = 17.736(3) Å, alpha = 62.479(9) degrees, beta = 80.606(14) degrees, gamma = 84.66(2) degrees, and Z = 2. In the pseudo-octahedral monocation, the nitrogen-containing ligands occupy equatorial positions with Cd-N distances of 2.321(8), 2.283(7), and 2.263(8) Å for the amine, pyridyl (average) and acetonitrile nitrogens, respectively. Significant axial interactions occur with Cd-O bond distances of 2.313(7) Å (water) and 2.478(7) Å (perchlorate). In the pseudo-trigonal prismatic dication, the average Cd-N(amine) distances is 2.395(5) Å and the average Cd-N(pyridyl) distance is 2.362(8) Å. The solid-state structures and solution-state NMR trends were very similar to recently reported isovalent complexes of Hg(II), providing an exceptional opportunity to compare coupling constants of coordination compounds. Implications for the use of (111/113)Cd and (199)Hg NMR as metallobioprobes are discussed.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

Growth, respiration and nitrogen content in needles of Scots pine exposed to elevated ozone and carbon dioxide in the field.

Single Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees, aged 30 years, were grown in open-top chambers and exposed to two atmospheric concentrations of ozone (O3; ambient and elevation) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as single variables or in combination for 3 years (1994-1996). Needle growth, respiration and nitrogen content were measured simultaneously over the period of needle expansion. Compared to ambient treatment (33 nmol mol(-1) O3 and 350 micromol mol(-1) CO2) doubled ambient O3 (69 nmol mol(-1)) significantly reduced the specific growth rates (SGRs) of the needles in the early stage of needle expansion and needle nitrogen concentration (N1) in the late stage, but increased apparent respiration rates (ARRs) in the late stage. Doubled ambient CO2 (about 650 micromol mol(-1)) significantly increased maximum SGR but reduced ARR and N1 in the late stage of needle expansion. The changes in ARR induced by the different treatments may be associated with treatment-induced changes in needle growth, metabolic activities and turnover of nitrogenous compounds. When ARR was partitioned into its two functional components, growth and maintenance respiration, the results showed that neither doubled ambient O3 nor doubled ambient CO2 influenced the growth respiration coefficients (Rg). However, doubled ambient O3 significantly increased the maintenance respiration coefficients (Rm) regardless of the needle development stage, while doubled ambient CO2 significantly reduced Rm only in the late stage of needle expansion. The increase in Rm under doubled ambient O3 conditions appeared to be related to an increase in metabolic activities, whereas the decrease in Rm under doubled ambient CO2 conditions may be attributed to the reduced N1 and turnover rate of nitrogenous compounds per unit. The combination of elevated O3 and CO2 had very similar effects on growth, respiration and N1 to doubled ambient O3 alone, but the interactive mechanism of the two gases is still not clear.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

Ecological study on the risks of esophageal cancer in Ci-Xian, China: the importance of nutritional status and the use of well water.

Our purpose was to determine the environmental risks in the development of esophageal cancer in Ci-Xian, which has one of the highest incidences of esophageal cancer in China. The subjects included 404, 352 and 400 inhabitants living in high-, medium-, and low-incidence areas of esophageal cancer, as well as 301 esophageal cancer patients. A food intake-frequency survey using a 7-day weighted inventory questionnaire was conducted on these individuals. Questions on occupation, working conditions, income per year, family disease history, medical complaints, and demographic features were also included in the questionnaire. The levels of nitrogen compounds in selected samples of well water were also measured in each of the 3 areas. Clear-cut differences in food intake were seen among inhabitants living in the 3 different areas, suggesting that regional differences in nutritional styles do exist. In both males and females, the intake of potatoes, fruit, vegetables, and meat were significantly lower in inhabitants living in the high-incidence area than in the other inhabitants, much the same as that of cancer patients. A low intake of carotene, and vitamins A and C was also seen in populations living in the high-incidence area of esophageal cancer. The well water polluted with nitrogen compounds was significantly related to the high incidence of esophageal cancer. In contrast, tobacco, alcohol consumption, and the intake of pickled vegetables and moldy foods did not relate to the different incidence rates. Our results suggest that low intake of fruit, vegetables, potatoes and meat, and the quality of well water may be important factors in the development of esophageal cancer in Ci-Xian.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Mammalian nitrate biochemistry: metabolism and endogenous synthesis.

The metabolic fate of an oral dose of 3.5 mmol 15N-labelled nitrate was investigated in young adults. An average of 60% of the 15N-nitrate dose appeared in the urine within 48 h; less than 0.1% appeared in the faeces. Some of the 15N label of nitrate was found in the urine (3%) and faeces (0.2%) in the form of ammonia and urea; the remainder of the dose was attributed to nitrate loss via metabolism to other reduced nitrogen compounds. Studies with germ-free rats indicated that half of the nitrate metabolism is due to mammalian processes. These and previous studies show that not all of the nitrate excreted in the urine is of dietary origin but evolves from endogenous synthesis. An oral dose of 15N-ammonium acetate was incorporated into urinary 15N-nitrate in rats, suggesting that ammonia is a precursor of nitrate. Furthermore, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide was found to be a potent stimulus of nitrate excretion (nine-fold increase), due to an increased rate of synthesis. Two other types of experimentally induced inflammatory states - injection of carrageenan and of turpentine - enhanced nitrate synthesis. It is proposed that the pathway of nitrate biosynthesis may be the result of oxidation of reduced nitrogen compounds by oxygen radicals generated by an activated reticuloendothelial system.

Acetates↗

PubMed2003

Salt-dependent expression of a nitrate transporter and two amino acid transporter genes in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.

Uptake and transport of inorganic nitrogen and allocation of amino acids are essential for plant growth and development. To study the effects of salinity on the regulation of transporters for nitrogenous compounds, we characterized the putative nitrate transporter McNRT1 and the amino acid transporters McAAT1 and McAAT2 from Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. By transcript analyses, McAAT1 was found in leaves, McAAT2 in roots, and McNRT1 in both tissues. By in situ PCR McNRT1 was localized, for example, to epidermal and vascular cells whereas McAAT2 was abundant in most cell types in mature roots and McAAT1 in the mesophyll and cells neighbouring xylem vessels in leaves. In response to salt stress, expression of McAAT2 and McNRT1 was stimulated in the root vasculature. In addition, McNRT1 and McAAT1 signals increased in the leaf phloem. Growth of yeast mutants deficient in histidine uptake was restored by McAAT2 whereas both McAAT1 and McAAT2 complemented a yeast mutant carrying a defect in proline uptake. The differential and cell-specific transcriptional activation of genes encoding nitrogen and amino acid transporters under salt stress suggest complex coordinated regulation of these transporter families to maintain uptake and distribution of nitrogenous compounds and amino acids under conditions of high salinity in plants.

Amino Acid Transport Systems↗

PubMed1982

Mutagenicity of pyrolysates from guanidine, ureide, secondary amines and polyamines found by the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test.

Nitrogenous compounds such as guanidine, ureide, secondary amines and polyamines were pyrolysed at 300, 400, 500 and 600 degrees C for 3 min, and the mutagenic activities of the pyrolysates were assayed on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with or without metabolic activation by S9 mix. Among 21 pyrolysates tested, 14, from methylguanidine, agmatine, dihydrouracil, dimethylamine, diethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, sarcosine, piperazine, piperidine, spermine and spermidine, showed mutagenic activity. In the presence of S9 mix, the mutagenic activity began to appear from the pyrolysate at 400 degrees C, and the pyrolysate at 600 degrees C showed the highest mutagenic activity except that from methylguanidine. The mutagenic activity formed by pyrolysis was more active on TA98 than TA100. In the absence of S9 mix, only 3 pyrolysates - from dimethylamine, diethylamine and pyrrolidine - showed slight mutagenic activity toward TA100. The highest mutagenic activity was observed with the pyrolysate from spermine, followed by those from piperidine, spermidine, piperazine and triethylamine. Some nitrogenous compounds showed slight mutagenic activity after pyrolysis at 300 degrees C for 20 min, although none of the compounds tested showed any mutagenic activity after pyrolysis at 300 degrees C for 3 min.

Amines↗

PubMed2005

Biomass burning in the Amazon-fertilizer for the mountaineous rain forest in Ecuador.

BACKGROUND: Biomass burning is a source of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen compounds which, along with their photochemically generated reaction products, can be transported over very long distances, even traversing oceans. Chemical analyses of rain and fogwater samples collected in the mountaineous rain forest of south Ecuador show frequent episodes of high sulfate and nitrate concentration, from which annual deposition rates are derived comparable to those found in polluted central Europe. As significant anthropogenic sources are lacking at the research site it is suspected that biomass burning upwind in the Amazon basin is the major source of the enhanced sulfate and nitrate imput. METHODS: Regular rain and fogwater sampling along an altitude profile between 1800 and 3185 m has been carried out in the Podocarpus National Park close to the Rio SanFrancisco (3 degrees 58'S, 79 degrees 5'W) in southern Ecuador. pH values, electrical conductivity and chemical ion composition were measured at the TUM-WZW using standard methods. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Results reported cover over one year from March 2002 until May 2003. Annual deposition rates of sulfate were calculated ranging between 4 and 13 kg S/ha year, almost as high as in polluted central Europe. Nitrogen deposition via ammonia (1.5-4.4 kg N/ha year) and nitrate (0.5-0.8 kg N/ha year) was found to be lower but still much higher than to be expected in such pristine natural forest environment. By means of back trajectory analyses it can be shown that most of the enhanced sulfur and nitrogen deposition is most likely due to forest fires far upwind of the ecuadorian sampling site, showing a seasonal variation, with sources predominantly found in the East/North East during January-March (Colombia, Venezuala, Northern Brazil) and East/SouthEast during July-September (Peru, Brazil). CONCLUSION: Our results show that biomass burning in the Amazon basin is the predominant source of sulfur and nitrogen compounds that fertilize the mountaineous rain forest in south Ecuador. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The mountaineous rain forest in south Ecuador has developed on poor and acid soils, with low nutrient availability. The additional ferilization resulting from anthropogenic biomass burning constitutes a significant disturbance of this ecosystem, its functioning and biodiversity. Thus it is planned to employ isotope analyses for quantifying the pathways. of nitrate and sulfate deposition in these natural forests.

Air Movements↗