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PubMed1975

Personality assessment and test interpretation of Mexican Americans: a critique.

Reviews the personality test assessment of Mexican Americans. Although there is a paucity of available research there are some indications that Mexican Americans differ in response patterning on projective devices. On objective instruments, problems involving fluency in English obscure the findings. Several recommendations are offered for increasing the efficiency of these instruments for use with Mexican American clients.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2004

Personality characteristics and trait clusters in final stage astronaut selection.

INTRODUCTION: This paper presents personality testing data from final stage applicants to the NASA astronaut program. Questions addressed include whether personality predicted final selection into the astronaut corps, whether women and men demonstrated typical gender differences in personality, and whether three characteristic clusters found in other high performance populations replicated in this group. METHODS: Between 1989 and 1995, 259 final stage astronauts completed the Personal Characteristic Inventory (PCI) which assesses personality characteristics related to the broad traits of Instrumentality and Expressivity. In addition, 147 of these individuals also completed an abbreviated version of the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) which assesses the "Big Five" traits of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, And Conscientiousness. RESULTS: Three previously identified trait clusters (Right, Wrong, and No Stuff) were found to replicate in this population. No differences were found on the PCI or on the modified NEO-FFI between applicants who were chosen to become astronauts (n = 63) and those who were not (n = 196). Men scored higher than women on competitiveness, but lower on expressivity and achievement strivings. DISCUSSION: These analyses suggest that the "Right Stuff," "Wrong Stuff" and "No Stuff" clusters originally described in airline pilots and other high performance groups also exist within this population. Consistent with findings from other high performance populations, men and women tend to differ to a lesser extent than found in the general population, particularly on traits related to achievement motivation. Personality trait testing did not predict which applicants were most likely to be accepted into the astronaut corps.

Astronauts↗
PubMed1968

Phenylketonuria. Experience at one center in the first year of screening in California.

One year's experience with phenylketonuria during the calendar year 1966, the first year for compulsory newborn screening in California, was reviewed. The over-all prevalence rate from reported cases in California during this period was one case per 19,500 persons tested. Fifty-seven persons suspected of having pku were evaluated, and 25 of them were determined to be phenylketonuric. Eleven of the 25 were infants in whom the abnormality was detected through the newborn screening program or because it was detected in a sibling through a screening program. All the newborn phenylketonuric patients were developing normally at the time of last report (although the follow-up periods were short). In nine of the other children, pku was detected because they were retarded. Five retarded children who were diagnosed as phenylketonuric at another clinic were given dietary assistance. Five additional infants had elevated serum phenylalanines but did not have the classic biochemical findings of pku and are being evaluated further. Nine infants with positive screening tests exhibited biochemical and clinical findings consistent with transient tyrosinemia. Eighteen other children were evaluated and found to have no metabolic abnormality. The newborn screening program for pku is of decided benefit in early identification of a group of infants who have a high rate of potentially serious metabolic disease. Early identification permits treatment soon enough to prevent mental retardation. Newly identified patients should be evaluated in a medical setting capable of careful pediatric, biochemical and nutritional surveillance.

California↗
PubMed2000

"A coherent datum of perception": Gordon Allport, Floyd Allport, and the politics of "personality".

This paper examines Floyd and Gordon Allport's early work on "personality" psychology. In the early 1920s, personality was an unorthodox topic, and for the Allports it initially served as an intellectual and personal bond. Floyd proposed the subject to his brother as a dissertation topic, and the two worked closely on developing personality tests. By 1924, however, "personality" had become the site of a dispute between the two brothers over the intellectual and methodological character of American psychology. The present study examines the origins of this dispute, while gauging the personal and professional ramifications of the dispute. On a larger level, this essay explores the role and meaning of "personality" in the academic culture of 1920s America.

Behaviorism↗
PubMed1981

Platelet monoamine oxidase in healthy subjects: the "biochemical high-risk paradigm" revisited.

Activity of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) has repeatedly been reported to be associated with various forms of psychopathology. This investigation was designed to reexamine the "biochemical high-risk paradigm" developed by Buchsbaum et al. (1976). In 383 healthy students (193 males, 190 females) platelet MAO activity was measured. The 35 students with the lowest and 37 with the highest enzyme activities were then examined with three personality tests (16 PF of Cattell, Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire). Furthermore, biographic data with respect to psychosocial problems were explored. There were no consistent differences between subjects with low or high MAO. Therefore, we could not confirm any correlation between psychopathology and platelet MAO in this study.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Psychosocial situation of married couples prior to artificial insemination with donor sperm].

57 couples who attended our outpatient department for artificial insemination with donor sperm (AID) had a detailed semistandardized interview prior to treatment. The Giessen Test was used as personality test, as well as a questionnaire concerning the sexual and partner relationship. We found that it was the woman who had to bear the major part of the intrapsychic burden and who primarily suffered because of the problem which was actually caused by male sterility. However, 54 of 57 couples had no psychological difficulties to overcome the sterility problem. These couples developed individual and partnership strategies to deal with the burden of unwanted childlessness. They preferred AID rather than adoption, because for the woman this alternative offers the chance of real parenthood. AID seems to provide a medico-technical solution for couples with sterility problems: the reproductive process at the biological level was regarded as distinctly separated from their future role as parents which they considered to be a social task.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Reliability and validity of a standardized Mensendieck physiotherapy test (SMT).

A standardized test was developed to evaluate posture, movement, gait, sitting posture, and respiration of patients with psychosomatic disorders, based on the Mensendieck principles of observation and analysis of motor function. To validate the test and to make a comprehensive body examination of a defined group of patients, it was applied in a study of women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP, ICD10 F45.4). Fifteen women with CPP and 15 matched, healthy controls were examined. Test subjects were video recorded and scored by three experienced Mensendieck physical therapists, blinded with respect to the selection of subjects. Scores from 0 (for least functional movement) to 7 (optimal function) were assigned to each test person according to a test manual. High intraclass correlations (ICC1.1 [corrected] ranging from 0.82 to 0.97) were found among the testers. The standardized Mensendieck test (SMT) discriminated well between women with CPP and the controls (sensitivity 0.9, specificity 0.7, mean values). The CPP patients scored significantly lower than the controls in all subtests (p < 0.01). The largest difference in scores were found for gait (patients 2.70 +/- 0.11, vs. control, 5.60 +/- 0.09) and respiration (patients 2.88 +/- 0.14, vs. control, 5.63 +/- 0.10). The results indicate that, in the hands of experienced Mensendieck therapists, the SMT is a reliable tool, demonstrating a good discriminative validity. Furthermore, it may turn out to be a useful instrument in the evaluation of patients with somatoform disorders. It may also point toward a possible therapeutic treatment approach to patients with CPP.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Management of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in HIV type 1-infected persons.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected persons have high rates of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, ranging from 50% to 90% in studies of HIV-infected populations from different parts of the world. Genital herpes in persons with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection is associated with more-severe and chronic lesions, as well as increased rates of asymptomatic genital shedding of HSV-2. Nucleoside analogues (acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir) decrease the frequency and severity of HSV-2 recurrences and asymptomatic HSV-2 reactivation and are effective, safe, well-tolerated drugs in patients with HIV-1 infection. These anti-HSV drugs may result in additional clinical and public health benefits for persons with HIV-1 and HSV-2 coinfection by decreasing HIV-1 levels in the blood and genital tract. Given these benefits, HIV-1-infected persons should be routinely tested for HSV-2 infection using type-specific serologic tests. Persons with HSV-2 infection should be offered HSV-2 education and treatment options. Studies to quantify the potential clinical and public health benefits of treating individuals who have HIV-1 and HSV-2 coinfection with anti-HSV therapy are underway.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed2005

Impact of genetic counseling and DNA testing on individuals with colorectal cancer with a positive family history: a population-based study.

What is the impact of a genetic evaluation for colorectal cancer susceptibility? We previously reported a study of individuals diagnosed with colorectal cancer at 60 years of age or less in a five-county area of New York including Rochester. Subjects reporting at least one first- or second-degree relative with colorectal cancer were invited to receive genetic counseling and DNA testing. Of the 37 persons tested, we previously reported that 6 were found to have deleterious mutations in MSH2 or MLH1. A mutation has since been found in a seventh subject in another laboratory. To evaluate the impact of the testing experience, we followed-up on 36 of these 37 subjects at 3 and 12 months after communicating their DNA test result. We ascertained their knowledge of colon cancer, whether they told relatives their test result, their surveillance behavior, and their mental health. Three months after receiving their result, subjects knew more about colon cancer if they had more cancer of all types in their family (p = 0.02). At 12 months, they knew more if they had been found to have a mutation (p < 0.001), were younger when DNA tested (p < 0.01), or were younger when diagnosed with cancer (p < 0.03). All but 1 of those found to have an abnormality told relatives. Relatives of 3 subjects in whom a mutation had been found came to us to be tested themselves. At 12 months, surveillance for colon and endometrial cancer was more adherent if there were more total cancers in the family (p < 0.05) or if the testee were more worried about cancer (p < 0.05). Self-assessed mental health at 12 months was better for those who were married (p < 0.05). This study suggests that individuals undergoing a genetic evaluation for an inherited susceptibility to colorectal cancer pursue recommended surveillance and inform relatives of their result.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of methods to increase repeat testing in persons treated for gonorrhea and/or chlamydia at public sexually transmitted disease clinics.

BACKGROUND: Retesting 3 to 4 months after treatment for those infected with chlamydia and/or gonorrhea has been recommended. GOAL: We compared various methods of encouraging return for retesting 3 months after treatment for chlamydia or gonorrhea. STUDY: In study 1, participants were randomly assigned to: 1) brief recommendation to return, 2) intervention 1 plus $20 incentive paid at return visit, or 3) intervention 1 plus motivational counseling at the first visit and a phone reminder at 3 months. In study 2, participants at 1 clinic were randomly assigned to 4) intervention 1, 5) intervention 1 plus phone reminder, or 6) intervention 1 plus motivational counseling but no telephone reminder. RESULTS: Using multiple logistic regression, the odds ratios for interventions 2 and 3, respectively, compared with intervention 1 were 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6-2.5) and 2.6 (95% CI, 1.3-5.0). The odds ratios for interventions 5 and 6 compared with intervention 4 were 18.1 (95% CI, 1.7-193.5) and 4.6 (95% CI, 0.4-58.0). CONCLUSIONS: A monetary incentive did not increase return rates compared with a brief recommendation. A reminder phone call seemed to be the most effective method to increase return.

Adolescent↗