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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

The composition of animal cells: solutes contributing to osmotic pressure and charge balance.

The cytoplasmic solutes of vertebrates and invertebrates, other than Na, K and Cl, are surveyed in relation to their influence on ionic regulation through osmolality and charge balance. The most abundant include MgATP, phosphagens, amino acids, various other nitrogen and phosphorus compounds and sometimes anaerobic end products and antifreeze agents. Differences in muscle osmolality, e.g. between marine and non-marine animals, affect mainly nitrogenous solutes of no net charge, such as certain amino acids, taurine, betaine, trimethylamine oxide and urea. The high osmolality of axoplasm in marine invertebrates is due more to anions such as aspartate, glutamate and isethionate.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1979

Phosphate and soil binding: factors limiting bacterial degradation of ionic phosphorus-containing pesticide metabolites.

Soils that had a high binding capacity for inorganic orthophosphate (Pi) had reduced capacities to bind ionic alkyl phosphorus compounds. Only ionic methylphosphonate (MPn) and ionic phenylphosphonate exhibited moderate binding. Pseudomonas testosteroni used either MPn or Pi as a sole phosphorus source and exhibited diauxic utilization of MPn and Pi. The utilization of MPn was suppressed in the presence of Pi. This suppression was abolished by a Pi-binding soil. The soil did not have a significant effect on the maximum rate of degradation of either MPn or the poorly bound ionic O-isopropyl methylphosphonate, whereas the amount of MPn (but not the amount of O-isopropyl methylphosphonate) metabolized was reduced in the presence of soil

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2006

A proposal for a convenient notation for P-chiral nucleotide analogues. Part 3. Compounds with one nucleoside residue and nonnucleosidic derivatives.

Recently, we have proposed a new DP/LP stereochemical notation for P-chiral dinucleoside monophosphate analogues that permits simple correlation between spatial arrangement of the substituents and the configuration at the phosphorus center. As an extension of this work, we present here applications of the DP/LP notation to derivatives containing only one nucleoside unit (e.g., alkyl nucleoside phosphodiesters, nucleoside phosphomonoesters, cyclic phosphate derivatives, nucleoside di-, and triphosphates) and to nonnucleosidic phosphorus compounds.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed1996

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of living systems: applications in comparative physiology.

The most attractive feature of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is the noninvasive and nondestructive measurement of chemical compounds in intact tissues. MRS already has many applications in comparative physiology, usually based on observation of 31P, since levels of phosphorus compounds indicate tissue energy status and are changed during exercise, fatigue, recovery, hypometabolism, anesthesia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, and osmotic and acid stress. Nuclei other than 31P may also be monitored, such as 1H, 13C, 15N, 19F, or 23Na, and applied in biological research. Particularly, 13C-MRS is interesting because it allows the analysis of metabolic pathways in living systems. Applications of MRS in comparative physiology and biochemistry are comprehensively discussed in this review. The main focus is on anaerobic metabolism during hypoxia, ischemia, and exercise. Species as widely different as slime molds, nematodes, frogs, turtles, and ducks have been studied by 31P-MRS. It is not surprising that striking species differences do occur, but many similarities are also observed. Unique is the occurrence of six different phosphagens with different values of Gibbs free energy in polychete worms The presence of a particular phosphagen may be related to the average oxygen tension within the tissues. Phosphagens and their kinases are also discussed in relation to hypercapnia and acid stress. Other topics discussed in this paper are enzyme kinetics, anesthetics, development and growth, parasitism, and the detection of previously unknown compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

An acute toxic neuropathy caused by organo-phosphate poisoning in hens.

OBJECTIVE: Organophosphorus compounds can induce an acute toxic peripheral neuropathy. In hens, the acute peripheral neuropathy was induced by poisoning with organo-phosphorus compound (OPC)--tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP). METHODS: In the course of an acute TOCP-induced toxic neuropathy in hens the activity of following enzymes was analysed: asparaginase, glutaminase, glutamat-dehydrogenase, AMP and adenosine deaminases and 5'nucleotidase; ALT (SGPT), AST (SGOT) and proteins levels were estimated. RESULTS: A decrease in activity of all analysed enzymes was observed; the amount of proteins was increased. CONCLUSION: The biochemical changes display the slowing or stoppage in axonal transport of proteins. The disturbance of axoplasmic flow and the axonal demyelination may be considered as an attribute of peripheral neuropathy. (Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref. 32.).

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Development of a new class of chiral phosphorus ligands: P-chirogenic diaminophosphine oxides. A unique source of enantioselection in Pd-catalyzed asymmetric construction of quaternary carbons.

[reaction: see text] We have recently developed a new class of chiral phosphorus ligands: P-chirogenic diaminophosphine oxides. These pentavalent phosphorus compounds have been successfully applied to Pd-catalyzed asymmetric construction of tertiary and quaternary carbons. The actual ligand structure was the trivalent phosphorus species 17, which was generated in situ by BSA-induced P(V) to P(III) transformation of 6, the preligand. Detailed mechanistic studies, including asymmetric amplification and initial rate kinetics, revealed that complex 18 [Pd-17 (1:2) complex] was the active catalyst. The important function of the nitrogen atom on the sidearm in the ligands was also clarified. The source of enantioselection in the construction of asymmetric quaternary carbons was the secondary ligand substrate interaction mediated by N-Zn coordination.

Carbon↗
PubMed2004

Synthesis, structure and reactivity of ferrio-chloro-phosphanes, -arsanes and -stibanes [(CO)2(eta5-C5Me5)FePn(Cl)R] (Pn = P, As, Sb); R = tetramethylcyclopentadienyl, 2,7-di-tert-butylfluorenyl, 2,7-di-tert-butyl-9-trimethylsilylfluorenyl) as precursor to novel metallo-phosphaalkenes, -arsaalkenes, and -stibaalkenes.

Reaction of one equivalent of the complexes [FeCp*(CO)2PnCl2] (Pn = P, As, Sb) with tetramethylcyclopentadienyllithium afforded compounds [FeCp*(CO)2[Pn(Cl)(C5Me4H)]]. Dehydrochlorination by means of tert-butyllithium led to decomposition. Only in the case of the phosphorus compound was evidence for the initial formation of a phosphaalkene given by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Similarly treatment of equimolar amounts of [FeCp*(CO)2PnCl2] with 2,7-di-tert-butyl-9-H-fluorenyllithium or 2,7-di-tert-butyl-9-trimethylsilylfluorenyllithium yielded the asymmetrically substituted ferriopnicogenanes [FeCp*(CO)2[Pn(Cl)-9-R-Fl*]] (Pn = P, As, Sb; R = H, Me3Si; Fl* = 2,7-di-tert-butylfluorenylidene). Dehydrohalogenation of [FeCp*(CO)2[Pn(Cl)-9-H-Fl*]] with lithium diisopropylamide resulted in the formation of the anticipated phosphaalkene [FeCp*(CO)2[P = Fl*]], whereas in the case of the arsenic and antimony derivatives the novel ferriopnicogenanes [FeCp*(CO)2[Pn(9-H-Fl*)2]] (Pn = As, Sb) were obtained as products. The new compounds were characterized by elemental analyses and spectra (IR, 1H, 13C, 29Si, 31P NMR). The molecular structures of [FeCp*(CO)2[Pn(Cl)(C5Me4H]]] (Pn = As, Sb), [FeCp*(CO)2[As(Cl)(9-Me3Si-Fl*)]] and [FeCp*(CO)2[Sb(9-H-Fl*]2] were elucidated by single X-ray diffraction analyses.

Alkenes↗