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PubMed2000

Screening for pyrimidine metabolism disorders using dried filter-paper urine samples: method development and a pilot study in Nagoya City, Japan.

A screening system for pyrimidine metabolism disorders by measurement with high-performance liquid chromatography using dried filter-paper urine samples is presented. This system permits the simultaneous determination of dihydrouracil, uracil, orotic acid and pseudouridine. The coefficient of variations for the four compounds on the filter-paper urine samples were 0.010 approximately 0.069 and the recoveries were 98.5 approximately 107.1%. The detection limits of the four compounds were 2 approximately 20 micromol/liter. The correlation between the filter-paper urine samples and liquid urine samples was excellent (0.938-0.988). We supeculated that this method could be used to detect pyrimidine metabolism disorders, such as dihydropyrimidinuria, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency and hereditary orotic aciduria. As a pilot study, we have analyzed dried filter-paper urine samples from 34, 200 healthy Japanese, and found three cases of dihydropyrimidinuria without clinical symptoms.

Drug Stability↗

PubMed1999

Position paper: tobacco use and the periodontal patient. Research, Science and Therapy Committee of the American Academy of Periodontology.

This paper was prepared by the Research, Science and Therapy Committee of The American Academy of Periodontology and is intended for the information of the dental profession. The purpose of the paper is to provide the reader with a general overview of the relationship of tobacco use and periodontal diseases. This paper will review the epidemiological and clinical findings that have led to our understanding of the role of tobacco use in relation to periodontal diseases and their treatment. In addition, this paper will review the possible underlying mechanisms for these effects from tobacco use. The practitioner can use this information in treatment decisions and in giving advice to the patients who use tobacco products.

Disease Progression↗

PubMed2004

Interobserver agreement in the application of levels of evidence to scientific papers in the American volume of the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Since January 2003, all clinical scientific articles published in the American volume of The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (JBJS-A) have included a level-of-evidence rating. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the interobserver agreement among reviewers, with varying levels of epidemiology training, in categorizing the levels of evidence of these clinical studies. METHODS: Fifty-one consecutive clinical papers published in the American volume of JBJS were identified by a computerized search of the table of contents from January 2003 through June 2003. Each paper was blinded so that only the title, abstract (without the level of evidence designated), and methods section were provided to the reviewers. The papers were coded and were randomly organized in a binder. Six surgeons graded each blinded paper for (1) the type of study (therapeutic, prognostic, diagnostic test, or economic or decision analysis), (2) the level of evidence (on a scale of I through V), and (3) the subcategory within the particular level of evidence. Three surgeons were members of JBJS American Editorial Board, two surgeons were reviewers for JBJS-A, and one surgeon was an active researcher not formally associated with JBJS-A. The reviewers did not receive any formal training in the application of the classification system, but each was provided with a detailed description of the classification system used by JBJS-A. Intraclass correlation coefficients with 95% confidence intervals were determined for the reviewers' agreement regarding the type of study, level of evidence, and subcategory within the level of evidence. RESULTS: The majority (69%) of the fifty-one included articles were studies of therapy, and 57% of the studies constituted Level-IV evidence. The intraclass correlation coefficients for the agreement among all reviewers with regard to the study type, level of evidence, and subcategory within the level of evidence ranged from 0.61 to 0.75. Reviewers trained in epidemiology demonstrated greater agreement (range in intraclass correlation coefficients, 0.99 to 1.0), across all aspects of the classification system, than did reviewers who were not trained in epidemiology (range in intraclass correlation coefficients, 0.60 to 0.75). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that epidemiology and non-epidemiology-trained reviewers can apply the levels-of-evidence guide to published studies with acceptable interobserver agreement. The validity of this system remains a question for future research.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗

PubMed2004

A simple in situ visual and tristimulus colorimetric method for the determination of trace arsenic in environmental water after its collection on a mercury(II)-impregnated paper.

A simple in situ visual and tristimulus colorimetric method for the determination of trace arsenic in environmental water after collecting arsenic on a test paper impregnated with mercury(II) bromide and rosaniline chloride by its reduction aeration has been developed. The color development on the test paper is based on the formations of AsH(HgBr)2 (yellow) and/or As(HgBr)3 (brownish yellow) by a reaction between mercury(II) bromide and arsine (AsH3), which is produced through the reduction of As(III) (arsenite ion) and/or As(V) (arsenate ion) in a sample solution. To a sample solution, potassium iodide, tin(II) chloride, zinc sand and 4 ml of 6 M hydrochloric acid solution were added successively. The liberated arsine was collected on the test paper. The yellow or brownish-yellow color intensity on the test paper was measured by a tristimulus colorimeter and also by a visual method. The established method is applicable to the determination of arsenic in environmental water sample such as river, brackish, and seawater types.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Peer review at the American Journal of Roentgenology: how reviewer and manuscript characteristics affected editorial decisions on 196 major papers.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the relative influence of manuscript characteristics and peer-reviewer attributes in the assessment of manuscripts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a 6-month period, all major papers submitted to the American Journal of Roentgenology (AJR) were entered into a database that recorded manuscript characteristics, demographic profiles of reviewers, and the disposition of the manuscript. Manuscript characteristics included reviewer ratings on five scales (rhetoric, structure, science, import, and overall recommendation); the subspecialty class of the paper; the primary imaging technique; and the country of origin. Demographic profiles of the reviewers included age, sex, subspecialty, years of reviewing, academic rank, and practice type. Statistical analysis included correlation analysis, ordinal logistic regression, and analysis of variance. RESULTS: A total of 445 reviews of 196 manuscripts were the work of 335 reviewers. Of the 196 submitted manuscripts, 20 (10.2%) were accepted, 106 (54.1%) were rejected, and 70 (35.7%) were rejected with the opportunity to resubmit. Regarding manuscript characteristics, we found that the country of origin, score on the science scale, and score on the import scale were statistically significant variables for predicting the final disposition of a manuscript. Of the reviewer attributes, we found a statistically significant association between greater reviewer age and also higher academic rank with lower scores on the import scale. Reviewer concordance was higher for structure, science, and overall scores than on the rhetoric and import scores. Greater variability in the overall scoring of papers could be attributed to the reviewer than the manuscript, but both factors combined explain only 23% of the total variability. CONCLUSION: At the AJR, manuscript acceptance was most strongly associated with reviewer scoring of the science and import of a major paper and also with the country of origin. Reviewers who were older and of higher academic rank tended to discount the importance of manuscripts.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Development of paper-strip test for 3-hydroxybutyrate and its clinical application.

A rapid paper-strip test for the semiquantitating 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHBA) has been developed. The color develops within 5 min after applying the serum to the paper strip, and the purple color was read either visually or by reflectance meter. This can detect 3-OHBA levels as low as 0.1 mmol/L up to 2.0 mmol/L. The more concentrated sample can be measured on serial dilution. Clinical usefulness has been tested in a summer camp for insulin-dependent diabetic children as well as in a routine diabetes clinic. Serum 3-OHBA levels ranged from greater than 100 mumol/L to 4 mmol/L in all the subjects before breakfast in a summer camp. In four subjects, 3-OHBA was elevated to the level of 2-4 mmol/L, and only one of these four subjects exhibited ketonuria by nitroprusside test. In a diabetes clinic, a new paper-strip test for 3-OHBA has revealed ketonemia in 34 (74%) of 46 diabetic subjects, while nitro-prusside test revealed ketonemia in only 4 (13%). The present paper-strip test for 3-OHBA is sensitive enough to detect levels as low as 0.1 mmol/L and is clinically useful for rapid detection of ketosis proneness as well as for monitoring of diabetes control.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗

PubMed1997

Retrospective diagnostics of congenital cytomegalovirus infection performed by polymerase chain reaction in blood stored on filter paper.

Capillary blood samples from 63 infants collected 3-7 days after birth, and thereafter stored on filter papers for 12-18 y, were tested for the presence of CMV DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Of 16 infants with proven congenital CMV infection (positive virus isolation test in urine sampled within 1 week of age), 13 (81%) had a positive CMV PCR test and 3 (19%) a negative PCR test. All blood samples from 16 control infants without congenital CMV infection (negative virus isolation test in urine sampled within 1 week of age) were CMV PCR-negative. When 31 samples on filter papers stored above or below the samples of the infected infants were tested, 6 (19%) had a weak reactivity. This suggests that CMV DNA can be transferred from one filter paper to another during storage. We conclude that PCR performed on dried blood stored on filter paper is a useful method in the retrospective diagnostics of congenital CMV infection. Consideration must be given, however, to the possibility of transfer of CMV DNA from blood samples stored nearby.

Blood Specimen Collection↗

PubMed2005

Measuring health beliefs on the Internet: A comparison of paper and Internet administrations of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale.

A growing number of studies have supported the use of unidimensional psychometric test instruments administered via the Internet; however, support for the use of multidimensional scales is weak. The present study compares paper and Internet administrations of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scale (Wallston & Wallston, 1981). In terms of reliabilities and factor structures, the Internet data were found to be at least as good as the paper data. MHLC scores were comparable for paper and Internet administrations, although the Internet sample scored significantly lower on the Powerful Others subscale. Overall, the results show that administration of the MHLC Scale via the Internet can produce data comparable to that obtained by pen-and-paper methods. However, it is concluded that generalization of these findings beyond the psychometric test instrument and sampling procedures used here is not warranted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Lightness contrast in CRT and paper-and-illuminant displays.

The increased use of CRT monitors for displaying and controlling stimuli in studies of surface color poses problems of comparability with data obtained with traditional paper-and-illuminant methods. A review of comparable studies using the two methodologies revealed that CRT studies tend to report larger contrast effects. To investigate factors that may be responsible for this difference, simultaneous lightness contrast was measured using both CRT and paper-and-illuminant presentations. The spatial distribution of luminance in the whole field of view and the visual angles subtended by the displays were controlled. The CRT presentation yielded contrast effects twice as big as those measured for a paper surface in a homogeneously illuminated room. However, a paper display under Gelb lighting yielded almost exactly the same effect size as that measured in the CRT presentation. These results demonstrate that contrast effects in both modes of presentation are affected by the spatial distribution of luminance beyond the basic experimental stimuli.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Serologic and genetic characterization of Plasmodium vivax from whole blood-impregnated filter paper discs.

The presence in the New World of a variant strain of Plasmodium vivax (VK247) containing a unique circumsporozoite (CS) repeat domain was determined by the detection of antibodies to the variant CS protein and by genetic analysis of the CS gene from field isolates. Whole blood specimens were collected on filter paper from patients infected with P. vivax in Mexico and Peru. Plasmodium vivax DNA was eluted from filter paper samples and the CS gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analyzed for the presence of VK247 or VK210 DNA by oligoprobe hybridization. Sera eluted from a companion filter paper sample were screened for antibodies reactive with the predominant and variant repeat peptides by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and with sporozoites by the immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test. All 24 patients were positive by PCR and oligoprobe hybridization for either VK210 (16 of 24), VK247 (3 of 24), or both (5 of 24). Mixed infections were common (5 of 7) in Peru, but were not observed in the Mexican isolates (0 of 17). All three VK247 infections from Mexico occurred in residents of the foothills above Tapachula (P = 0.02). Of patients with smear-positive P. vivax infection, 42% (10 of 24) had detectable antibodies eluted from dried blood dots that were reactive with the CS protein by IFA or ELISA. These findings establish the widespread distribution of the P. vivax variant CS protein in the New World and indicate that dried blood filter paper samples represent a valuable source of material for the serologic and molecular analysis of plasmodial infections.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Determining prevalence of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in mule deer in Arizona (USA) using whole blood dried on paper strips compared to serum analyses.

We investigated the feasibility of using whole blood dried on paper strips as a means to collect antibody prevalence data for the epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses (EHDV) and bluetongue viruses (BTV) from hunter-harvested male mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in October 2002 from Arizona, USA. We compared antibody prevalence estimates in mule deer from paired paper strip and serum samples. Prevalence data obtained from elution of dried blood on paper strips proved to be consistent with results from serum in 94% of the samples tested. The paper strip method allows easy collection of blood from dead animals, with a smaller amount of blood being needed for analyses. Also, samples do not need to be refrigerated before analyses. We also used serum samples to determine hemorrhagic disease (HD) serotype exposure status of mule deer harvested from 4 distinct areas in Arizona. Antibodies to BTV and EHDV were identified in 3 of the 4 areas, with positive results to EHDV-1, EHDV-2, BTV-10, and BTV-11 being most common. Many animals did not have antibodies against the BTV serotypes. Exposure varied geographically and potentially with elevation. Hemorrhagic disease viruses commonly infect Arizona mule deer, except on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Commercial paper--not just for the Fortune 500.

The capital needs of medical practices are shifting from the traditional working capital, buildings and equipment to management information systems, practice acquisitions and integrated delivery systems. Among the capital options for physician groups is commercial paper. Generally backed by major New York City banks, commercial paper notes usually mature within 270 days of issue. They also usually return 1/4 percent to 3/4 percent above comparable Treasury bills. Often viewed as the province of large corporations with unquestionable credit ratings, commercial paper can be structured to provide medical group practices a flexible financing option enjoyed by major corporate borrowers. The commercial paper market may be the cheapest, most efficient wource of funding for some medical groups.

Capital Financing↗

PubMed1989

The latest proposals for changing the British NHS: a health service manager's view of the White Paper.

The nature of the plans for change detailed in the National Health Service review White Paper, Working for Patients, which was presented to the British Parliament on 1 February 1989, are examined in this paper. Seven key measures are identified and outlined. The author extrapolates from the nature of the plans contained within the White Paper, the types of problems within the NHS that are attracting government attention. Questions are raised as to the appropriateness and likelihood of success of the White Paper plans in view of the problems currently besetting the NHS.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Quality of the presentation of free research papers in the National Congress of Gastroenterology: Morelia-1997].

BACKGROUND: The quality of the presentation of a free paper in a medical congress is not necessarily related to the quality of the methodology. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the quality of the presentation of the free papers in the National Congress of Gastroenterology in Mexico (Morelia-1997). METHODS: A prospective study was designed to evaluate the following aspects: Limitation to time assigned, adequate use and design of slides, and mentioning of the main methodologic characteristics. RESULTS: There was a high quality of presentation in the majority of papers. The most frequent problems identified, amenable to improvement, were non-limitation to assigned time (24%), as well as problems in the design of slides (too many lines/columns in 32% and excessive number in 23%). CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge of the results may help to improve the presentations of the free papers in the national congresses of gastroenterology.

Congresses as Topic↗

PubMed2000

Family practice clerkship encounters documented with structured phrases on paper and hand-held computer logs.

Patient encounter logs allow faculty to monitor students' clinical experiences, especially in decentralized clerkships. However, there are generally tradeoffs involving the expressiveness of patient encounter forms, the effort required to complete the forms, and the utility of the forms for informing the clerkship director. The family practice clerkship at Washington University changed the school's standard free text, paper log to a controlled vocabulary paper log, borrowing 93 generic ICD-9 codes and the SNOMED concept of 'process at location' phrases for localized problems. Subsequently, this architecture was used in a Palm computer program. Students using the structured paper logs documented slightly more patient encounters than students using free text logs in the previous year, with similar numbers of problems per patient (1.3 to 1.4) and prevalence of common illnesses, but used the phrase structure and code vocabulary inconsistently. Students using computer logs documented many more patient encounters, but only documented 1.09 problems per patient. Students' documentation of psychosocial diagnoses declined significantly with the computer log. Although the computer program was flexible, the effort required to enter multiple problems exceeded the effort of finding similar codes on a short paper form. This problem confounds efforts to monitor exposure to complex patients and hidden medical problems. Another design for the hand-held computer log is being tested.

Clinical Clerkship↗

PubMed2001

The history of the Gold Medal Papers of the Southeastern Surgical Congress: 1960-2000.

Since 1960 at its annual meeting the Southeastern Surgical Congress has selected a varying number of "Gold Medal Papers" to be presented. Customarily a prize is awarded for the first place among the Gold Medal Papers and in some instances a second and third place. A brief history of the origin of these Gold Medal Papers is presented. With the assistance of the Executive Secretary of the Southeastern Surgical Congress a list of the Gold Medal presenters insofar as can be ascertained from the Council minutes is presented. It is unfortunate that all of the names of the Gold Medal Paper presenters have not been preserved.

Awards and Prizes↗

PubMed1991

[The way for carrying medicine and its containers (V). "Packaging material--paper"].

In the Edo era, paper was useful as the most suitable packaging materials for carrying medicines. It was considered that the wrapping paper protected medicines from an imaginary gaseous medium "ki", which meant atmospheric moisture in this case. Also brand name and indications of medicines were printed on the wrapping paper for taking a medicine correctly. In the 18th century, wrapping paper for medicine was produced. It was specially processed for wrapping medicines only, and it was called "yakutaishi" in Japanese.

Drug Packaging↗

PubMed1998

[A pharmacist, creator of the first French daily paper: Cadet de Vaux].

Cadet de Vaux, in partnership with Louis Dussieux and Olivier de Carancez, was the creator of the first French daily news paper, on the 1st of January 1877. Cadet had the responsibility of the scientific section. Several lampoons were written against the three directors of the paper. The paper was momentarily suppressed two times, because of non convenient contributions, and it was stopped his activities in the paper.

France↗