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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

Reversible loss of light perception after vitreoretinal surgery.

PURPOSE: We studied reversible loss of light perception after vitreoretinal surgery to show that functional vision can return in some patients. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of seven patients who had postoperative reversible loss of light perception in the eye that underwent vitreoretinal surgery. Differences in the postoperative courses and interventions were studied. RESULTS: Five of the seven patients had diabetes mellitus but none had hypertension. The indications for vitreoretinal surgery were severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy in five patients and retinal detachment with advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy in two patients. Seven patients had reversible loss of light perception within the first three postoperative days. Six of the seven patients had an intraocular pressure greater than 26 mm Hg at the time the eye had no light perception. Decreasing the intraocular pressure was associated with return of light perception in five of seven patients. Return of useful vision was gradual. Four of seven patients had a visual acuity of 20/400 or better one month after surgery, and all seven had a visual acuity of 20/400 or better three months after surgery. Visual acuity in four eyes improved further to 20/70 or better at six months or more after surgery. CONCLUSION: Reversible loss of light perception after vitreoretinal surgery does occur in some patients. Monitoring vision and intraocular pressure is important because prompt treatment may assist in the recovery of functional vision.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Social anxiety and interpersonal perception: a social relations model analysis.

Cognitive models of social phobia posit that an individual's negative beliefs about the way he or she is perceived by others (metaperceptions) are a core feature of the disorder. The social relations model () was used to analyze interpersonal perception data collected following unstructured social interactions in 62 socially anxious (SA) and 62 not socially anxious (NSA) individuals. Using this model, the interpersonal perceptions were analyzed to evaluate whether pathological levels of social anxiety are associated with self-perceptions, metaperceptions, and perceptions from others. SA participants saw themselves negatively and believed others saw them negatively. Although seen as more nervous by others, SA participants were not seen as less likeable. A mediational model demonstrated that the negative metaperceptions of SA individuals were more a function of their own self-perceptions than the negative perceptions of others. These findings were not attributable to depressive symptoms. Implications for theory and treatment of social phobia are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

New graduate perception of clinical competence: testing a causal model.

The purpose of this study was to test relationships among variables hypothesized to affect new graduate perceptions of clinical competence. The proposed model was developed based on several theories in sociology, education and nursing. Seven variables were selected for their potential contributions to graduates' perceptions of clinical competence. The sample included 468 new graduates from six baccalaureate nursing programs in Thailand. Path analysis indicated that student effort, perception of clinical learning environment (CLE) and program grade point average had direct effects on perception of clinical competence whereas hardiness had an indirect effect on the outcome variables through its impacts on student effort, perception of CLE and perception of student-faculty relationship. The model explained 8-12% of variance in the subscales of clinical competence.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Illness perceptions and mood in chronic fatigue syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Individual beliefs and cognitions may affect adjustment to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and illness perceptions, in particular, have been reported to correlate with both disability and psychological adjustment to CFS in self-diagnosed cases. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to examine these relationships in a clinic sample of CFS patients assessed by both a physician and psychiatrist. METHOD: A sample of 173 patients referred to a multidisciplinary CFS clinic and fulfilling current operational criteria for CFS [Ann Intern Med 121 (1994) 953; J R Soc Med 84 (1991) 118.] were randomly selected from the clinic database and surveyed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, Fatigue Questionnaire and Illness Perceptions Questionnaire [J Psychosom Res 37 (1993) 147; Psychol Health 11 (1996) 431; Acta Psychiatr Scand 67 (1983) 361.]. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients responded (73% response rate). The illness perception components studied were consequences (of illness), illness identity, causes (of illness), the ability to control/cure the illness and (expected) timeline of the illness. These components accounted for 15%, 28% and 30% of the variance in levels of fatigue, depression and anxiety, respectively. Two of the illness perception components (consequences and illness identity) were stronger predictors of fatigue score than mood scores. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirmed in a clinical sample that illness perceptions are associated with variation in both disability and psychological adjustment in CFS. Illness perceptions may have an important and long-lasting effect on adaptation to CFS, and it is necessary to have a greater understanding of their role in order to tailor effective interventions for the condition.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

The effects of intraurethral lidocaine anesthetic and patient anxiety on pain perception during cystoscopy.

Despite current practice there is no evidence to demonstrate the efficacy of intraurethral lidocaine gel as an anesthetic for rigid cystoscopy. To evaluate the usefulness of lidocaine in decreasing pain associated with cystoscopy, we performed a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study comparing lidocaine gel with a water based lubricant. The effects of pre-procedure anxiety and prior experience with cystoscopy on pain perception were also evaluated. Physician perception of pain experienced by the patient was compared with the actual pain experienced. We found no decrease in pain perception in men or women following lidocaine gel instillation with a 5 or 10-minute dwell time compared to instillation of the plain lubricant. Increased preprocedure anxiety correlated with increased pain perception in women. Personal experience with prior cystoscopic procedures significantly decreased the current pain perception in men. Physicians underestimated the patient pain perception in all groups. Overall, we found the use of lidocaine gel to be of no benefit in routine rigid cystoscopy. Lowering pre-procedure anxiety may decrease the amount of pain perceived by women but not by men.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Study on the correlation between subjective perception of bladder filling and the sensory threshold towards electrical stimulation in the lower urinary tract.

In 426 urodynamic patients with or without a neuropathic bladder sensation in the lower urinary tract was determined with 2 different investigation methods. During medium-fill cystometry the perception of filling was evaluated. At each sensation the bladder volume and detrusor pressure were noted. The electrical threshold was determined at different areas of the lower urinary tract with constant current stimulation. No correlation was found between the volume and pressure variables at which filling perception occurred and the electrical sensory thresholds. The levels of sensory threshold of the bladder and urethra in sensory urgency and hyposensitive bladder cases were not different from those seen in the normosensitive patients. Of the patients with disturbed or absent electrosensation 18% had a normal filling perception. Filling perception and electrosensation seem to correspond with 2 different areas of the sensory innervation of the lower urinary tract. To gain a maximum of information on bladder sensation, electrosensation as part of exteroceptive perception and filling perception as part of proprioception should be studied.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Odors modulate pain perception: a gender-specific effect.

Odors naturally provoke emotions that are pleasant or unpleasant. Prior studies have demonstrated the effects of pleasing odors on cognition and mood perception, but no studies have reported if they influence pain perception. In the present study, we measured the effect of, and relationship between, different odors on mood and experimental pain perception. Results show that odors significantly influence mood in both women and men. Compared to a neutral odor, pleasant odors produced a positive mood while unpleasant odors produced a negative mood. However, the effect of odor on pain was gender specific, as only women experienced the effects of odor on pain perception. Because no relationship was found between mood and pain perception, it could suggest that different mechanisms are involved in the emotional aspects of mood and pain perception. These results and their potential clinical implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Midwife and nurse-midwife. The effect of title on perception and confidence in services provided by professional midwives. The Midwifery Research Project Group.

This study surveyed individuals in the communities of nurse-midwifery students. Students, identifying themselves as graduate students doing a telephone survey in the area of health care, posed 56 questions to 200 individuals living in New York, North Carolina, Massachusetts, and Nebraska. Survey questions were designed to assess the awareness of the terms midwife and nurse-midwife. Additionally, the survey assessed the sample's perception of the range of services provided by midwives and nurse-midwives, as well as its confidence in having these services provided by a midwife or a nurse-midwife. Demographic data were collected to describe the sample and determine the effects of age, gender, marital status, income, and race on perception and confidence with services. There was a statistically significant relationship between stated familiarity with the terms midwife and nurse-midwife and perception of scope of services and confidence in services. Increased familiarity with the terms midwife and nurse-midwife coincided with a more accurate perception of the scope of services provided by both midwives and nurse-midwives and greater confidence in services provided by midwives and nurse-midwives. Demographic factors studied did not impact on either perception or confidence in services. The data in the survey reveal a large proportion of individuals who report being uncertain about midwives' and nurse-midwives' level of education, scope of services, and relationship to the health care system. This suggests that consumer education could have a sharp impact on shaping the public perception of both midwives and nurse-midwives.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Health self-perception in men and women among the elderly].

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the differences in health self-perception between men and women in the later stages of life and to assess their association with sociodemographic and health variables. METHODS: Data on 1,459 men and 1,993 women aged 60 or older from the 1994 Catalan Health Survey, were collected and an analysis of health self-perception according to age, gender, social class, reporting of chronic disease and handicaps was performed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used, taking into account the survey design. RESULTS: Of the women aged 60 and older, 57.3% reported poor health compared with 43.6% of men of the same age. The proportion of women with one or more handicaps was also greater (41.2%) than that of the men (28.7%), as was the case with chronic disease (92.2% in women and 85.6% in men). The multivariate model also revealed that health self-perception was poorer among women than among men. Other explanatory factors were the number of chronic diseases, having handicaps, and being a member of a lower social class. Age interacted with the number of chronic diseases to mitigate the effect of chronic diseases on perceived health status. CONCLUSIONS: In the elderly population, poor health self-perception was greater among women, even when other significant explanatory variable (social class, age, handicaps and chronic disease) were adjusted for. The most important explanatory factors in health self-perception were having chronic disease and/or handicaps. The impact of chronic disease on poor health self-perception decreased in older age groups.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1999

Nursing to care or caring to nurse: a qualitative investigation of perceptions of new recruits.

This article discusses the perceptions of nine student nurses at the commencement of a 3-year diploma programme in nursing. In particular, it focuses on new recruits' perceptions of nursing. As part of a larger longitudinal study which examines the impact of the nursing curriculum on perceptions of health, data were collected from a sample of students concerning their perceptions of nursing, health, illness and the course. Content analysis of indepth interviews identified four themes concerning perceptions of nursing. These were caring, nurture, healing and self-development. These themes are discussed in relation to the student nurses life experiences and in the context of a notion of health as a central goal for nurse education. The students' perceptions of nursing at the commencement of the course suggest that nursing may be a moral choice as an occupation underpinned by the desire to do something worthwhile, whilst the relationship between nursing and health was not explicit.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The influence of maternity units' intrapartum intervention rates and midwives' risk perception for women suitable for midwifery-led care.

OBJECTIVE: to test the hypothesis that midwives working in higher intervention units would have a higher perception of risk for the intrapartum care of women suitable for midwifery-led care than midwives working in lower intervention units. METHODS: an initial retrospective analysis of the computerised records of 9887 healthy Caucasian women in spontaneous labour enabled the categorisation of 11 units as either 'lower intrapartum intervention' or 'higher intrapartum intervention' units. A survey of the midwives involved in intrapartum care in these 11 units, using standardised scenario questionnaires, was used to investigate midwives' options for intrapartum interventions, their perceptions of intrapartum risk and the accuracy of these perceptions in the light of actual maternity outcomes. FINDINGS: midwives working in maternity units that had a higher level of intervention generally perceived intrapartum risks to be higher than midwives working in lower intervention units. However, midwives generally underestimated the ability of women to progress normally and overestimated the advantages of technological interventions, in particular epidural analgesia. CONCLUSIONS: variations in intrapartum care cannot be solely explained by the characteristics of the women. The influence of the workplace culture plays a significant role in shaping midwives' perceptions of risk, but it seems even more likely that the medicalisation of childbirth has had an influence on midwives' appreciation of intrapartum risks. Intervention rates for low-risk births are often higher than recommended by research. The level of interventions varies across hospitals and higher rates are associated with higher perception of risk by midwives. Attention needs to be given to the influence the workplace plays in shaping midwives' perception of risk; and to the effect of organisational culture on intervention rates.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Differences in somatic perception in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome with and without fibromyalgia.

BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and fibromyalgia (FM) are considered chronic syndromes of altered visceral and somatic perception, respectively. Because there is a significant overlap of IBS and FM, shared pathophysiological mechanisms have been suggested. Although visceral perception has been well studied in IBS, somatic perception has not. AIMS: To compare hypervigilance and altered sensory perception in response to somatic stimuli in patients with IBS, IBS+FM, and healthy controls. METHODS: Eleven IBS females (mean age 40), 11 IBS+FM females (mean age 46), and ten healthy female controls (mean age 39) rated pain perception in response to pressure stimuli administered to active somatic tender points, non-tender control points and the T-12 dermatome, delivered in a predictable ascending series, and delivered in an unpredictable randomized fashion (fixed stimulus). RESULTS: Although IBS patients had similar pain thresholds during the ascending series compared with controls, they were found to have somatic hypoalgesia with higher pain thresholds and lower pain frequency and severity during fixed stimulus series compared with IBS+FM patients and controls (P<0.05). Patients with IBS+FM were more bothered by the somatic stimuli and had somatic hyperalgesia with lower pain thresholds and higher pain frequency and severity. CONCLUSIONS: Both hypervigilance and somatic hypoalgesia contribute to the altered somatic perception in IBS patients. Co-morbidity with FM results in somatic hyperalgesia in IBS patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Threat perception abnormalities in children: the role of anxiety disorders symptoms, chronic anxiety, and state anxiety.

This study investigated the relative contribution of general (trait) anxiety and state anxiety to threat perception abnormalities in nonreferred children aged 8-13 years (N=299). Children were first asked to complete self-report measures of anxiety disorders symptoms and chronic anxiety. Next, they were individually interviewed using an ambiguous story paradigm from which a number of threat perception indexes were derived. Just before the interview started, children were asked to fill out a measure of state anxiety. Results showed that high levels of general anxiety (as indexed by anxiety disorders symptoms and chronic anxiety) were significantly related to increased threat perception and lower threat thresholds. High levels of state anxiety were also associated with increased threat perception and lower threat thresholds. Regression analyses indicated that general anxiety and state anxiety both accounted for a unique proportion of the variance in threat perception abnormalities, although the contribution of general anxiety was in most cases substantially larger than that of state anxiety. Finally, no support was found for the notion that threat perception abnormalities are the result of the conjoint influence of general anxiety and state anxiety.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Adolescents' perceptions of maternal disapproval of sex: relationship to sexual outcomes.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between adolescents' perceptions of maternal abstinence attitudes, adolescent-maternal relationship satisfaction, and the occurrence in the ensuing 12 months of: (a) sexual intercourse, (b) the use of birth control at intercourse, and (c) the occurrence of pregnancy. We also examined the accuracy of adolescents in perceiving the attitudes of their mothers as well as factors that predicted underestimations of these attitudes. Finally, the study evaluated the relative predictive power of adolescent perceptions of maternal abstinence attitudes and the actual maternal abstinence attitudes. METHODS: This was a prospective study using a subsample of the Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health database, which is a nationally representative school-based sample. The sample for the present study was approximately 10,000 adolescents in grades 7 to 11 who completed 2 interviews in their homes at a 1-year interval. Mothers of the adolescents were interviewed only during Wave 1. Interviews covered a variety of topics, including adolescent risk behaviors and family relationships. Measures at Wave 1 were used to predict outcomes at Wave 2, employing logistic and multiple regression techniques. RESULTS: Adolescents' perceptions of maternal attitudes toward the adolescents' engaging in sexual intercourse, and adolescent satisfaction with the maternal relationship were predictive of the occurrence of sexual intercourse between Wave 1 and Wave 2, as well as the occurrence of pregnancy. The more disapproving adolescents perceived their mothers to be toward their engaging in sexual intercourse and the more satisfied adolescents were with their relationship with their mothers, the less likely adolescents were to initiate sexual activity or to become pregnant. Only relationship satisfaction was predictive of the use of birth control, such that more satisfied adolescents were more likely to use birth control at their most recent intercourse. The correlation between adolescent perceptions of maternal abstinence attitudes and actual maternal attitudes was .26. Adolescent perceptions of maternal attitudes tended to be a more consistent predictor of outcomes than actual maternal attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with a growing body of literature that suggests the importance of adolescents' perceptions of maternal attitudes in determining sexual risk behaviors. Adolescents may misperceive the attitudes of parents, suggesting the need for communication between parent and teen.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Parents' perceptions of their 1-6-year-old children's pain.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Parents' perceptions of children's pain may have influence on how children's postoperative pain is alleviated at home after discharge from hospital. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To describe parents' perceptions of 1-6-year-old children's pain. METHODS: Mothers (N=201) and fathers (N=114) whose child had undergone a day surgery in 10 Finnish central hospitals between October 2000 and September 2001 filled in a questionnaire including statements of pain perceptions, a Visual Analogue Scale to assess children's pain intensity and Parents' Postoperative Pain Measure (PPPM) to measure children's pain behaviours. RESULTS: Most of the parents suggested that adults have the responsibility to alleviate child's pain and that alleviation of child's postoperative pain prevents the child's fears during future visits in child welfare clinic. However, majority of parents described that postoperative pain decreases every day or that pain is always a part of surgery. Differences in parents' perceptions were found by both parents' and children's background variables. Parents' perceptions of children's pain were related to children's pain intensity and pain behaviours after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Parents' perceptions of children's pain were related to children's pain after surgery at home. Adequate information of children's pain should be provided to the parents before discharge to promote children's pain alleviation at home. Special attention should be paid on parents' expectations of boys' higher pain tolerance.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Agreement in asthmatics' perception of dyspnea during acute and chronic obstruction].

OBJECTIVE: Three types of asthmatic patients can be identified during periods of clinical stability: "poor perceivers," "normal perceivers," and "over perceivers." When asthmatics undergo bronchial challenge in the laboratory, the same distinctions in type of perception can be observed. The aim of the present study was to determine the level of agreement between the 2 situations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 93 patients with persistent moderate asthma (36 men and 57 women; mean age 40 years) were studied. We asked them to assess their dyspnea on a modified Borg scale when stable and after each histamine dose in a bronchial provocation test. When a patient's Borg scale assessment in stable situation was below the 25th percentile, that patient was classified as a poor perceiver. Patients were considered over perceivers if their score in stable situation was in the 75th percentile. Others were labeled normal perceivers. Type of perception during acute bronchoconstriction was defined in function of the change in Borg assessment once forced expiratory volume in the first second had decreased 20%: poor perceivers were those whose change in Borg assessment was in the 25th percentile, over perceivers were in the 75th percentile, and normal perceivers in the middle percentiles. RESULTS: In stable situation, 23 patients were poor perceivers, 58 were normal perceivers, and 12 were over perceivers. During bronchoconstriction, there were 23 poor perceivers, 47 normal perceivers, and 23 over perceivers. Agreement was estimated by a kappa index of 0.0574 for poor perception, 0.1521 for over perception, and 0.3980 for normal perception. CONCLUSIONS: Asthmatics' perception of dyspnea during periods of stability and during acute bronchoconstriction are independent phenomena. It is therefore not possible to infer how a patient will perceive an asthmatic attack by evaluating only how he or she perceives breathlessness during stable periods.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Brightness perception, illusory contours, and corticogeniculate feedback.

A neural network model is developed to explain how visual thalamocortical interactions give rise to boundary percepts such as illusory contours and surface percepts such as filled-in brightnesses. Top-down feedback interactions are needed in addition to bottom-up feed-forward interactions to simulate these data. One feedback loop is modeled between lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and cortical area V1, and another within cortical areas V1 and V2. The first feedback loop realizes a matching process which enhances LGN cell activities that are consistent with those of active cortical cells, and suppresses LGN activities that are not. This corticogeniculate feedback, being endstopped and oriented, also enhances LGN ON cell activations at the ends of thin dark lines, thereby leading to enhanced cortical brightness percepts when the lines group into closed illusory contours. The second feedback loop generates boundary representations, including illusory contours, that coherently bind distributed cortical features together. Brightness percepts form within the surface representations through a diffusive filling-in process that is contained by resistive gating signals from the boundary representations. The model is used to simulate illusory contours and surface brightness induced by Ehrenstein disks, Kanizsa squares, Glass patterns, and café wall patterns in single contrast, reverse contrast, and mixed contrast configurations. These examples illustrate how boundary and surface mechanisms can generate percepts that are highly context-sensitive, including how illusory contours can be amodally recognized without being seen, how model simple cells in V1 respond preferentially to luminance discontinuities using inputs from both LGN ON and OFF cells, how model bipole cells in V2 with two colinear receptive fields can help to complete curved illusory contours, how short-range simple cell groupings and long-range bipole cell groupings can sometimes generate different outcomes, and how model double-opponent, filling-in and boundary segmentation mechanisms in V4 interact to generate surface brightness percepts in which filling-in of enhanced brightness and darkness can occur before the net brightness distribution is computed by double-opponent interactions.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1999

Factors associated with health perception of Saudi elderly.

To study the pattern and determinants of health perception among Saudi elderly a cross-sectional house-hold survey of 6,139 elderly in Saudi Arabia performed between January 1994 and December 1995. A stratified two stage sampling technique was used to select the elderly subjects (60 years and above). Using a pre-designed, pre-tested questionnaire, the subjects' physical, mental, social and environmental health status and health perception were assessed via personal interviews completed by trained researchers. The poor health perception was predominant among females and more with advanced age (75 years and more). It was also found to be associated with more social and economical underprivileges, and independence as measured by an Activity of Daily Living (ADL) scale. Multivariate analysis revealed the most significant determinants of poor perception of health as follows: inability to perform prayers standing (OR = 3.36; p < 0.0000), and the number of diagnoses (OR = 3.33; p = 0.000). A significant correlation was found between hospital visits, number of diagnoses and health perception. These socio-demographic and socio-medical factors found to be important determinants of health perception among Saudi elderly need to be modified.

Journal Article↗