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PubMed2006

Superior reproductive success on human blood without sugar is not limited to highly anthropophilic mosquito species.

Anthropophilic mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) have been shown to have superior reproductive success on human blood when sugar is not available. Life-table experiments were conducted with Aedes albopictus Skuse and Ae. aegypti to compare the effects of sugar availability on age-specific survivorship, lifetime and daily fecundity, and blood-feeding frequency when offered human blood daily. There were no significant interactions between the effects of sugar availability and mosquito species for these four variables, indicating similar effects of sugar availability for both species. Lifetime fecundity was not significantly affected by sugar availability, but sugar-deprived females had significantly reduced age-specific survivorship than did sugar-fed females. In absence of sugar, females took bloodmeals twice as often, resulting in a higher daily fecundity. The results indicate that superior reproductive success on human blood without sugar does not seem to be limited to highly anthropophilic mosquito species, such as Ae. aegypti. We conclude that evolution of a highly anthropophilic feeding strategy is not an inevitable result of the ability to thrive on human blood alone.

Aedes↗

PubMed1989

Rapid intramolecular turnover of N-linked glycans in plasma membrane glycoproteins. Extension of intramolecular turnover to the core sugars in plasma membrane glycoproteins of hepatoma.

Plasma membrane glycoproteins of rat hepatocytes undergo a rapid terminal deglycosylation in that the terminal sugars of the oligosaccharide side chains are rapidly removed from the otherwise intact glycoproteins [Tauber, R., Park, C.S. & Reutter, W. (1983) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 80, 4026-4029]. The present paper demonstrates that this rapid intramolecular turnover of plasma membrane glycoproteins is not restricted to peripheral sugars but, in contrast to liver, in hepatoma the core sugars of the oligosaccharide chains are also involved. Intramolecular turnover was measured in Morris hepatoma 7777 in five plasma membrane glycoproteins with Mr of 85,000 (hgp85), 105,000 (hgp105), 115,000 (hgp115), 125,000 (hgp125), 175,000 (hgp175) (hgp = hepatoma glycoprotein) that were isolated and purified to homogeneity by concanavalin-A--Sepharose affinity chromatography and semipreparative SDS gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the carbohydrates of hgp85, hgp105, hgp115 and hgp125 revealed the presence of N-linked oligosaccharides containing L-fucose, D-galactose, D-mannose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, but only of trace amounts of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine; hgp175 additionally contained significant amounts of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, indicating the presence of both N- and O-linked oligosaccharides. As shown by digestion with endoglucosaminidase H, the N-linked oligosaccharides of hgp105, hgp115, hgp125 and hgp175 were of the complex type, whereas hgp85 also contained oligosaccharides of the high-mannose type. Half-lives of the turnover of the oligosacharide chains and of the protein backbone of the five glycoproteins were measured in the plasma membrane in pulse-chase experiments in vivo, using L-[3H]fucose as a marker of terminal sugars, D-[3H]mannose as marker of a core sugar and L-[3H]leucine for labelling the protein backbone. Protein backbones of the five glycoproteins were degraded with individual half-lives ranging over 41-90 h with a mean of 66 h. Compared to the degradation of the polypeptide backbone, both the terminal sugar L-fucose and the core sugar D-mannose turned over with much shorter half-lives averaging about 20 h in the five glycoproteins. The data show that, conversely to liver, within plasma membrane glycoproteins of hepatoma not only peripheral sugars but also core sugars of the oligosaccharides are split off during the life-span of the protein backbone. It may therefore be assumed that this reprocessing of plasma membrane glycoproteins is sensitive to malignant transformation.

Animals↗

PubMed2007

Doubled sugar content in sugarcane plants modified to produce a sucrose isomer.

Sucrose is the feedstock for more than half of the world's fuel ethanol production and a major human food. It is harvested primarily from sugarcane and beet. Despite attempts through conventional and molecular breeding, the stored sugar concentration in elite sugarcane cultivars has not been increased for several decades. Recently, genes have been cloned for bacterial isomerase enzymes that convert sucrose into sugars which are not metabolized by plants, but which are digested by humans, with health benefits over sucrose. We hypothesized that an appropriate sucrose isomerase (SI) expression pattern might simultaneously provide a valuable source of beneficial sugars and overcome the sugar yield ceiling in plants. The introduction of an SI gene tailored for vacuolar compartmentation resulted in sugarcane lines with remarkable increases in total stored sugar levels. The high-value sugar isomaltulose was accumulated in storage tissues without any decrease in stored sucrose concentration, resulting in up to doubled total sugar concentrations in harvested juice. The lines with enhanced sugar accumulation also showed increased photosynthesis, sucrose transport and sink strength. This remarkable step above the former ceiling in stored sugar concentration provides a new perspective into plant source-sink relationships, and has substantial potential for enhanced food and biofuel production.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed1997

Current trends of sugar consumption in developing societies.

This paper reviews recent data on sugar consumption in developing countries that may lead to a potential increase in caries prevalence. A search of the business, dental and nutritional literature was conducted through May 1995. There is evidence that sugar (sucrose) use was increasing in China, India, and Southeast Asia. In South and Central America (except Haiti) sugar use was either equivalent to or higher than that in most developed societies. In the Middle East, average sugar use was higher than that of other developing areas. However, it was either lower than or equivalent to the levels reported by other developed countries. Many central African countries consumed less than 15 kg of sugar/ person/year. Of particular concern is a rise in the consumption of sugar-containing carbonated beverages in a number of developing societies: China, India, Vietnam, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries are currently major growth markets for the soft drink industry. Consumption of high-sugar desserts and snacks may also be increasing in urban centers in some developing countries. To counteract the potential increase in the prevalence of dental caries in some developing countries, preventive and oral health promotion programs should be planned and implemented. We contend that taxation of sugar-containing products as well as efforts to reduce the level of sugar consumption to "safe" levels may be impractical, and in most countries, cannot be supported for political, economic, or health reasons. Instead, we recommend that collaboration be established between public health authorities and manufacturers/distributors of soft drinks and sweets in developing countries to establish a dental health fund that could be used to support caries preventive programs. The fund could be supported through donations from manufacturers based on the principle of the "milli-cent" (1 cent for every 1000 cents of sales). This minimal contribution would provide enough financial support for planning and implementing dental preventive and restorative programs in developing countries.

Africa, Central↗

PubMed2002

Effects of temperature, water activity, and syrup film composition on the growth of Wallemia sebi: development and assessment of a model predicting growth lags in syrup agar and crystalline sugar.

We investigated the effects of temperature, water activity (a(w)), and syrup film composition on the CFU growth of Wallemia sebi in crystalline sugar. At a high a(w) (0.82) at both high (20 degrees C) and low (10 degrees C) temperatures, the CFU growth of W. sebi in both white and extrawhite sugar could be described using a modified Gompertz model. At a low a(w) (0.76), however, the modified Gompertz model could not be fitted to the CFU data obtained with the two sugars due to long CFU growth lags and low maximum specific CFU growth rates of W. sebi at 20 degrees C and due to the fact that growth did not occur at 10 degrees C. At an a(w) of 0.82, regardless of the temperature, the carrying capacity (i.e., the cell concentration at t = infinity) of extrawhite sugar was lower than that of white sugar. Together with the fact that the syrup film of extrawhite sugar contained less amino-nitrogen relative to other macronutrients than the syrup film of white sugar, these results suggest that CFU growth of W. sebi in extrawhite sugar may be nitrogen limited. We developed a secondary growth model which is able to predict colony growth lags of W. sebi on syrup agar as a function of temperature and a(w). The ability of this model to predict CFU growth lags of W. sebi in crystalline sugar was assessed.

Agar↗

PubMed2005

Urinary sucrose and fructose as biomarkers for sugar consumption.

The use of 24-hour urinary sucrose and fructose as potential biomarkers for sugars consumption was investigated in two studies of 21 healthy participants living in a volunteer suite where dietary intake was known and all specimens collected. The dose-response was assessed in 12 males using a randomized crossover design of three diets containing constant levels of 63, 143, and 264 g of sugars for 10 days each. Both sugars and sucrose intake were significantly correlated with the sum of sucrose and fructose concentration in urine (0.888; P < 0.001). To assess effects with volunteers consuming their habitual varying diets, seven males and six females were fed their usual diet (assessed beforehand from four consecutive self-completed 7-day food diaries) for 30 days under controlled conditions in the volunteer suite. The mean (+/-SD) calculated total sugars intake was 202 +/- 69 g/d, 41% from sucrose. Mean (+/-SD) urinary sucrose and fructose were 36.6 +/- 16.6 and 61.8 +/- 61.3 mg/d, respectively. The sum of sucrose and fructose in urine was significantly correlated with sugars (0.841; P < 0.001) and sucrose intake (0.773; P = 0.002). In the regression, 200 g of sugars intake predicted approximately 100 mg of sucrose and fructose in urine. The correlation between individual means of randomized 16 days of sugars intake and 8 days of sugars excretion data (as used in validation studies) remained as high as that obtained with the means of 30-day measurements and the regression estimates were very similar. Twenty-four-hour urinary sucrose and fructose could be grouped into a new category of biomarkers, predictive biomarkers, that can be used in studies determining the structure of dietary measurement error in free living individuals and to relate sugars intake to disease risk.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer in two prospective cohorts.

BACKGROUND: A history of diabetes mellitus and a diet high in glycemic load are both potential risk factors for pancreatic cancer. Sugar-sweetened soft drinks are a prevalent source of readily absorbable sugars and have been associated with an increased risk of obesity and diabetes. We investigated whether higher consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks increases the risk of pancreatic cancer. METHODS: We examined the relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and the development of pancreatic cancer in the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Among 88,794 women and 49,364 men without cancer at baseline, we documented 379 cases of pancreatic cancer during up to 20 years of follow-up. Soft drink consumption was first assessed at baseline (1980 for the women, 1986 for the men) and updated periodically thereafter. RESULTS: Compared with participants who largely abstained from sugar-sweetened soft drinks, those who consumed more than three sugar-sweetened soft drinks weekly experienced overall a multivariate relative risk (RR) of pancreatic cancer of 1.13 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.81-1.58; P for trend = 0.47]. Women in the highest category of sugar-sweetened soft drink intake did experience a significant increase in risk (RR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.02-2.41; P for trend = 0.05), whereas there was no association between sweetened soft drink intake and pancreatic cancer among men. Among women, the risk associated with higher sugar-sweetened soft drink was limited to those with elevated body mass index (>25 kg/m(2); RR, 1.89; 95% CI, 0.96-3.72) or with low physical activity (RR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.06-3.85). In contrast, consumption of diet soft drinks was not associated with an elevated pancreatic cancer risk in either cohort. CONCLUSION: Although soft drink consumption did not influence pancreatic cancer risk among men, consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks may be associated with a modest but significant increase in risk among women who have an underlying degree of insulin resistance.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Relationships between the biochemical composition of both free smooth surface and approximal plaque and salivary composition and a 24-hour retrospective dietary history of sugar intake in adolescents.

The relationships between the composition of both free smooth surface and approximal plaque and salivary composition and sugar intake assessed from a retrospective 24-hour dietary history were investigated. The inorganic phosphorus concentrations of both types of plaque collected from the permanent dentition were directly related to concentrations in stimulated whole saliva of 45 males aged 12-13 years. The calcium, inorganic phosphorus, water-soluble carbohydrate and protein concentrations of free smooth surface plaque were related to both the time since the last reported sugar intake and the amount of sugar and number of sugar intakes consumed in the previous 24 h as assessed from the retrospective diet histories of 75 females aged 14-15 years. A similar relationship with the reported time since sugar was observed for the calcium and carbohydrate concentrations in approximal plaque, but an association with the reported 24-hour sugar intake was not observed. Fewer statistically significant correlation coefficients were observed between the composition of both types of plaque and the reported sugar intake in the male subjects. The results indicate that the composition of both types of plaque are related to the composition of saliva and the time elapsed since the last sugar intake, but the relationship between the composition of plaque and sugar intake may differ between free smooth surface and approximal plaque.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

The effect of sugar cane chewing on the development of dental caries.

In Tanzania, the effect of sugar cane chewing on the development of caries was investigated. Two groups were selected; those who had easy access to sugar cane (sugar cane cutters) and those who did not (sisal plant workers). These groups had a similar socio-economic background, had similar levels of fluoride in drinking water, consumed similar amounts of refined sugar per day, but had a significant difference in number of pieces of sugar cane chewed per day. The caries prevalence in both groups was low compared with that in adult populations in Western countries. Sugar cane cutters had significantly higher mean DMT/S scores than sisal plant workers. Analysis of Variance revealed a weakly significant effect of sugar cane chewing on the caries scores (p = 0.02 from DMT and p = 0.05 for DMS). Results of the study suggest that sugar cane chewing in large quantities over a long period has a caries-promoting effect in populations with a low caries prevalence, and further, that sugar sales figures reported for such populations are of questionable reliability.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Haemolymph sugar levels in foraging honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica): dependence on metabolic rate and in vivo measurement of maximal rates of trehalose synthesis.

Previous investigations of haemolymph sugar levels in honeybees have reported very different results, probably because different experimental conditions affected the activity levels of the animals. The present study investigated the dependence of haemolymph sugar levels in foraging honeybees on metabolic rate and whether the haemolymph sugar level is regulated. Free-flying foraging bees were trained to collect controlled amounts of sucrose solution of different concentrations (15%, 30% or 50% sucrose w/w). Immediately after feeding, metabolic rate was measured over a given time depending on the sucrose concentration, then crop-emptying rate and haemolymph sugar levels were measured. Bees exhibiting a wide range of metabolic rates were compared to establish whether the observed differences in haemolymph sugar levels were due to limits in the supply of sugars from the crop or in the rate of trehalose synthesis in the fat bodies. Independent of the concentration of the sucrose solution supplied, haemolymph trehalose, glucose and fructose levels were constant for metabolic rates from 0 to 4.5 ml CO(2)h(-1). At higher metabolic rates, trehalose concentration decreased while that of glucose and fructose increased, with the exception of bees fed 15% sucrose solution. As the supply of sugar from the crop via the proventriculus was sufficient to support even the highest metabolic rates, the observed pattern must result from an upper limit in the capacity of the fat body to synthesise trehalose. The maximal rate of conversion of glucose to trehalose in the fat body was therefore calculated to average 92.4 microg glucosemin(-1). However, for bees fed 15% sucrose solution both the rate of conversion of glucose to trehalose and the rate of sugar transport from the crop to the ventricle were limited, together resulting in a decrease in total haemolymph sugar levels for metabolic rates higher than 5 ml CO(2)h(-1).

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Improvement of impact toughness of sugar-coated tablets manufactured by the dusting method.

The purpose of this study was to improve the impact toughness of sugar-coated tablets manufactured by a dusting method. The effects of sugar-coating formulations, which were the sugar-coating suspension formulations and the dusting powder formulations, on impact toughness of sugar-coated tablets were investigated. Impact toughness of sugar-coated tablets was measured by the friability test. We found that the dusting powder formulation was a control factor in impact toughness of sugar-coated tablets manufactured by the dusting method. The dusting method using dusting powder containing 20% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC, Avicel PH-F20) was a useful method for improvement of the impact toughness of sugar-coated tablets. The mechanism of improvement of impact toughness was that MCC in the subcoating layer resulted in a tight bond between the subcoating layer and the smoothing layer and prevented separation of the two layers on impact, because MCC improved the wettability of the subcoating layer, increased the surface roughness of the subcoating layer, and played the role of a binder between the two layers. We confirmed that the MCC between the subcoating layer and the smoothing layer acts to prevent separation of the two layers by impact. We demonstrated that MCC is a suitable material for sugar-coating in order to improve the impact toughness of sugar-coated tablets.

Carbohydrates↗

PubMed2002

Differentiated response to sugars among labellar chemosensilla in Drosophila.

Recent findings have indicated that the Gr genes for putative gustatory receptors of Drosophila melanogaster are expressed in a spatially restricted pattern among chemosensilla on the labellum. However, evidence for a functional segregation among the chemosensilla is lacking. In this work, labellar chemosensilla were classified and numbered into three groups, L-, I- and S-type, based on their morphology. Electrophysiological responses to sugars and salt were recorded from all the accessible labellar chemosensilla by the tip-recording method. All the L-type sensilla gave good responses to sugars in terms of action potential firing rates, while the probability for successful recordings from the I-type and S-type sensilla was lower. No differences were found in the responses to sugars between chemosensilla belonging to the same type; however, dose-response curves for several different sugars varied among the sensilla types. The L-type sensilla gave the highest frequency of nerve responses to all the sugars. The I-type sensilla also responded to all the sugars but with a lower magnitude of firing rate than the L-type sensilla. The S-type sensilla gave a good response to sucrose, and lower responses to the other sugars. These results suggest that there might be variations in the expression level or pattern of multiple receptors for sugars among the three types of chemosensilla. The expression pattern of six Gr genes was examined using the Gal4/UAS-GFP system, and sensilla were identified according to the innervation pattern of each GFP-expressing taste cell. None of the spatial expression patterns of the six Gr genes corresponded to the sugar sensitivity differences we observed.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed2005

Nutrient digestibility in sheep fed diets containing Roundup Ready or conventional fodder beet, sugar beet, and beet pulp.

The objective of this digestibility assessment was to determine whether there are significant differences in the digestibility of Roundup Ready (glyphosate-tolerant) and conventional sugar beet, fodder beet, and beet pulp produced from sugar beet varieties when fed to sheep (seven wethers per treatment group). Three experiments were conducted in this assessment. Experiment 1 (35 wethers) compared one glyphosate-tolerant fodder beet variety with four conventional varieties, Exp. 2 (42 wethers) compared one glyphosate-tolerant sugar beet variety with five conventional varieties, and Exp. 3 (42 wethers) compared beet pulp derived from glyphosate-tolerant sugar beet with beet pulp from five European locations. The experimental phase consisted of a 2-wk preliminary period followed by a 1-wk collection period for Exp. 1 and 2, and a 1-wk preliminary period followed by a 1-wk digestibility collection period for Exp. 3. Diets were comprised of grass hay at 30, 30, and 20% of DM for Exp. 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with the balance being beet components. Urea and sodium sulfate were supplemented (8 and 2.9 g, respectively, for Exp. 1 and 2; and 6 g and 2.16 g, respectively, for Exp. 3) to supply sufficient dietary N and S. Each diet was fed to sheep (96 +/- 0.9 kg) in the three experiments to at or near maintenance energy levels. Treatment differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and DE for glyphosate-tolerant fodder and sugar beets did not differ from those for commercial fodder and sugar beets in Exp. 1 and 2. There were differences (P < 0.05) in DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and DE digestibilities influenced by the different varieties of beet pulp in Exp. 3, but these were not unique to just the Roundup Ready sugar beet variety. Digestibilities and feeding values of Roundup Ready fodder beet, sugar beet, and beet pulp produced from Roundup Ready sugar beet varieties were not influenced by the introduction of the Roundup Ready trait compared with conventional varieties.

Animal Feed↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Gastric emptying of sugar solutions and cow's milk with and without carbohydrates in adult rats].

In this study, we determined the gastric retentions in rats of aqueous solutions or cow's milk containing different compositions of sugars. The following meals were tested: 1. aqueous solutions containing one sugar at 10% (lactose, sucrose or maltose), or 2. containing a combinations of two sugars (lactose + sucrose, lactose + maltose, sucrose + maltose), 3. cow's milk alone, or 4. containing one of the above sugar at 5%. Wistar male rats received a test meal (2 mL/100 g weight) with a marker: phenol red (6 mg/dL) in the sugars aqueous solutions ant polyethyleneglycol (PEG) 4000 (2 g/dL) in the cow's milk test meal. The gastric retention was measured by determining the amount of the marker remaining in the stomach by spectrophotometry. The results show larger gastric retention of maltose solutions, alone or in association with other sugar, than the lactose or sucrose ones. There was no difference between gastric retentions of cow's milk without sugar and those with addition of sucrose 5% or maltose 5%, 15 minutes after the administration of test meal. Nevertheless, 30 minutes later the administration, the gastric retention of whole cow's milk plus maltose 5% was larger than that of cow's milk without additional sugar. At the time of 45 minutes, the gastric retention of cow's milk plus sucrose 5% was larger than that of cow's milk without additional sugar. In conclusion the gastric emptying of maltose in aqueous or milk solution is smaller than those of lactose or sucrose in solutions at the same energetic density. Yet, this effect is seen even when the maltose is associated with one of the other two disaccharide in the same solution.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Development and evaluation of a sugar-free medicines campaign in north east England: analysis of findings from questionnaires.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a strategy for a campaign aimed at general medical practitioners (GPs) and pharmacists and to evaluate the effectiveness of the campaign on (a) awareness of the role of liquid oral medicines containing sugar in dental disease and (b) changing prescribing and dispensing of sugar-containing medicines. DESIGN: Pre- and post-campaign questionnaires were sent to community pharmacists and GPs and following a series of qualitative interviews with them, a campaign was developed. Following post campaign questionnaires, changes due to the effects of the campaign were evaluated. SETTING: The test area was Newcastle and North Tyneside Health Authority area with Sunderland and South Tyneside Health Authority areas as control. INTERVENTIONS: An information pack followed up by a personal contact was the main form of intervention. The pack comprised a Smile for Sugar-Free Medicines leaflet used in the north west campaign, abstracts from professional journals illustrating the benefits of sugar-free medicines, local dental health information and computing information which could be used to adapt computer terminals in surgeries to display sugar-free options more prominently. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in the knowledge and awareness of both pharmacists and GPs to liquid oral medicines containing sugar as assessed by questionnaires. RESULTS: Increased knowledge and awareness of both pharmacists and GPs to the role of liquid oral medicines containing sugar and the use of sugar-free medicines had taken place but these were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The campaign created awareness amongst GPs and pharmacists about dental issues and it is hoped that this awareness can be built upon in future oral health promotion campaigns. However, it is likely that facilitation of sugar-free medicines use will occur only if sustained and constant reinforcement is available. The methodology used presented several difficulties in evaluating change.

Carbohydrates↗

PubMed2000

Glutaraldehyde cross-linking of lectins to marker enzymes: protection of binding site by specific sugars.

The role of bound specific sugars in protecting the sugar binding activity of several galactose binding proteins during their covalent conjugation to horse radish peroxidase by glutaraldehyde-mediated cross-linking was examined by: a) affinity matrix binding of the conjugate, b) enzyme linked lectin assay and c) hemagglutination assay. During conjugation using 1% glutaraldehyde, protection of jack fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia) lectin (jacalin) activity depended on concentration of specific sugar present during conjugation; optimum protection was offered by 50 mM galactose. This indicated the presence of one or more primary groups at the binding site of jacalin, which is (are) essential for sugar binding. On the other hand, such essential amino group(s) was not indicated at the sugar binding site of the peanut lectin, bovine heart galectin or of the human serum anti alpha-galactoside antibody, since exclusion of sugar during their conjugation to HRP did not diminish sugar binding activity. The differential behavior is discussed in the light of reported differences in sugar specificities. Results indicated that sugar mediated blocking of active site may be used in characterization of the latter in lectins.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Kinetics and postmucosal effects on urinary recovery of 5 intravenously administered sugars in healthy cats.

The objective of this study was to describe the kinetics of urinary recovery and to evaluate the effects of postmucosal factors on urinary recovery of 5 intravenously administered saccharides. Ten cats received an isotonic sugar solution containing lactulose, rhamnose, xylose, methylglucose, and sucrose intravenously. These sugars were selected because of their prior use for intestinal permeability and mucosal function testing in humans and dogs. Urethral catheterization with a closed collection system was used for collection of cumulative urine samples prior to and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 h after administration of the sugar solution. High-pressure anion exchange liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection was used to measure the concentrations of each sugar in the urine and calculate urinary recovery. Twenty-four hour cumulative urinary recovery for each sugar from the cats, was lower than expected compared to dogs and humans. All 5 sugars had the highest percentage of urinary recovery during the first 2 h after administration. Mean sugar elimination rate constants and half-lives ranged from 0.268/h for methylglucose to 0.415/h for lactulose and 1.67 h for lactulose to 2.59 h for methylglucose, respectively. Metabolism and incomplete urine collection are possible reasons for lower cumulative urinary recoveries of these 5 sugars in cats compared with dogs. Although these 5 sugars are not ideal marker molecules, they may still be useful for intestinal permeability and mucosal function testing in cats.

3-O-Methylglucose↗

PubMed2006

Effects of long term consumption of sugar as part of meal on serotonin 1-a receptor dependent responses.

In view of an effect of high intake of sugar on brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and a role of serotonin in the regulation of appetite, the present study concerns pre and postsynaptic responses to a selective 5-HT-1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) following long term consumption of sugar as part of meal in rats. Sugar diet was prepared by mixing standard rodent diet and table sugar in ratio of 3:1 (w/w) and rats were fed freely on this diet for five weeks. Control rats were fed freely on standard rodent diet. After five weeks 8-OH-DPAT at a dose of 0.5mg/kg/ml was injected to both the groups to compare effectiveness of the drug to elicit hyperphagia (presynaptic response) and elicited hyperactivity syndrome (postsynaptic response). Results showed that 8-OH-DPAT-induced forepaw treading and flatbody posture were smaller in sugar than normal diet treated rats. Conversely 8-OH-DPAT-induced hyperlocomotion was greater in sugar than normal diet treated rats. 4h Food consumption was greater in sugar than normal diet treated rats while 8-OH-DPAT-induced hyperphagia significant in normal diet treated rats was not observed in sugar diet treated rats. The results show a decrease in the effectiveness of pre as well as postsynaptic 5-HT-1A receptor dependent responses following long term consumption of sugar diet. Role of serotonin receptor responsiveness on mood and impaired adaptation to stress is discussed.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗