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PubMed1996

Prevalence of overweight and associated factors among Oklahomans.

BACKGROUND: Obesity among adults in the, United States has been increasing for the last three decades. Overweight is associated with numerous health risks such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, etc. It also throws a very heavy economic burden on society, estimated at $39.3 billion in 1986. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of obesity and its associated factors so that efforts to achieve the Healthy Oklahomans 2000 objectives may be brought into sharper focus. STUDY DESIGN: The study design is cross-sectional. METHODS: The study is based on the data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (a three-stage cluster sample survey) for the years 1991 through 1994. Statistical analysis was done with SUDAAN software for complex survey. RESULTS: More than 25% of Oklahomans are overweight. To reach the Year 2000 objectives, a reduction of 10% in overweight will have to be achieved in about three and one-half years. Prevalence of moderate obesity among women is higher than among men. Prevalence of severe obesity is higher among the black community than among other communities. However, prevalence of moderate obesity is the same among blacks and whites. Severe obesity is significantly higher among those with less than a high school education than among those with college education. The prevalence of moderate obesity among non-smokers is significantly higher than among smokers. Among the severely obese, hypertension is more than twice as prevalent as normal blood pressure. Among the moderately obese, high blood pressure is more than one and one-half times more prevalent than normal blood pressure. Obesity increases with age in a predictive manner; it drops after the age of 54. Moderate obesity is significantly higher among women who have had a hysterectomy than those who have not had a hysterectomy. Prevalence of severe obesity as well as moderate obesity is very much higher among diabetics than among non-diabetics. A large proportion of severely obese people are physically inactive. We did not find an association between consumption of fruits and vegetables as a part of normal diet and prevalence of obesity. CONCLUSION: Strenuous and focused efforts need to be made among the vulnerable groups, in view of the short time left until year 2000, to reduce the prevalence of obesity to the level laid down in the Year 2000 objectives.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Physical activity of adults aged 50 years and older in Switzerland.

OBJECTIVE: This study explores the prevalence of guideline-compliant physical activity (PA) behavior based on socio-demographic, health-related and environmental variables. METHODS: Cross-sectional data of the Swiss Health Survey 2002 were used in a Swiss population segment aged 50+. Four categories of PA were created with respect to Swiss and US guidelines: "moderate sports/exercise", "vigorous sports/exercise", "habitual PA", and "optimal PA" (i.e. combined variable used when both "vigorous sports/exercise" and "habitual PA" apply). Sedentary lifestyle was a fifth category. RESULTS: In the total sample considered for analysis (N = 8405) the prevalence of guideline-compliant PA was: 9.1% moderate sports/exercise; 18.2% vigorous sports/exercise; 45% habitual PA; 8.7% optimal PA. Almost 50% of the age groups 65-79 and 80+ were involved in habitual PA. Higher socio-economic status was associated with involvement in moderate sports/exercise, vigorous sports/exercise, or optimal PA. In contrast, lower socioeconomic status was associated with habitual PA. While living in an urban or rural environment had no differentiating effect on sports/exercise, living in rural areas was associated with a sedentary lifestyle and little involvement in habitual PA and/or optimal PA. Self-reported good health and/or health orientation were associated with vigorous sports/exercise, habitual PA and optimal PA, regardless of whether the person had chronic health problems or not. CONCLUSION: Habitual PA seems to have the greatest potential for increasing overall guideline-compliant activity levels. A behavioral/cognitive and political/environmental approach to improving PA is suggested.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Hydra biological detection of biologically active peptides in rat cerebrospinal fluid.

The Hydra bioassay system utilizes a tentacle ball formation (TBF), a component of the feeding response of hydra, elicited by S-methyl-glutathione. TBF is modulated by many biologically active peptides in a specific way to individual peptides, and is useful in investigating biologically active peptides in a complex biological sample. We applied the hydra bioassay to explore a possible biologically active substance responsible for the decrease in the motor activity of the mice. The suppression of the CSF obtained from rats after exhaustive exercise was marked lower than that of sedentary rats. Addition of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), which is the only substance known to nullify TBF, to CSF of the sedentary rat reproduced this change in the suppression of the TBF. This system is useful to screen active peptides in small amounts of biological samples containing very low concentrations of peptides.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Is participation in occupational physical activity associated with lifestyle physical activity levels?

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the prevalence of lifestyle physical activity (PA) by occupational PA (mostly sitting, walking, or heavy labor). METHODS: Descriptive and adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis of lifestyle PA (regularly active, irregularly active, inactive) and occupational activity was used (N = 6,360). RESULTS: The prevalence of regular lifestyle activity was 45.7% among those who sit/stand, 49.6% among walkers, and 59.7% among heavy laborers. The regression analysis showed that adults working in heavy labor were almost twice as likely to be regularly active as those who sit/stand. CONCLUSION: Contrary to expectation, adults who engage in physically demanding work appear to be more active outside the job. Those who are sedentary at work could benefit from having access to opportunities for PA during the workday and trying to engage in activity outside of work hours.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2002

An obligation for primary care physicians to prescribe physical activity to sedentary patients to reduce the risk of chronic health conditions.

Physical inactivity increases the risk of many chronic disorders. Numerous studies have convincingly demonstrated that undertaking and maintaining moderate levels of physical activity (eg, brisk walking 3 hours a week) greatly reduces the incidence of developing many chronic health conditions, most notably type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and many types of cancers. However, the underlying mechanistic details of how physical activity confers such protective effects are not well understood and consequently constitute an active area of research. Although changing an individual's ingrained behavior is commonly perceived to be difficult, encouraging evidence suggests that intensive and repeated counseling by health care professionals can cause patients to become more physically active. Therefore, counseling patients to undertake physical activity to prevent chronic health conditions becomes a primary prevention modality. This article summarizes the vast epidemiologic and biochemical evidence supporting the many beneficial health implications of undertaking moderate physical activity and provides a rationale for incorporating physical activity counseling as part of routine practice in the primary care setting.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Long-term weight gain prevention: a theoretically based Internet approach.

BACKGROUND: A major focus of Healthy People 2010 is promoting weight management and physical activity because overweight, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle are strongly associated with risk for heart disease and stroke, diabetes, cancers, and premature death. METHODS: Prevalence data and a focused review of weight management and physical activity studies point to the long-term weight gain prevention in normal weight (21-25 BMI), overweight (25-29 BMI), and even moderate obese (30-34 BMI) people as one alternative to prioritizing weight loss in health behavior interventions. This is because on a population basis annual weight gain is small (approximately 0.8 kg/year) and preventing weight gain appears to require only an energy shift of about 100 cal/day either through a modest increase in physical activity and/or consuming slightly less calories to maintain an energy balance. A more dynamic use of social cognitive theory (SCT) for developing programs to maintain health behavior changes is emerging with some evidence of long-term maintenance. The high use of the Internet provides a vehicle to reach different population segments with readily accessible, SCT-tailored long-term programs. Research studies using the Internet with tailored SCT interventions have shown changes in nutrition practices, physical activity, and weight loss for up to a year. CONCLUSIONS: One promising approach to weight gain prevention in population segments is the development and wide spread use of longer-term Internet programs using specific principles and procedures from SCT.

Counseling↗

PubMed2005

Study of urban community survey in India: growing trend of high prevalence of hypertension in a developing country.

The prevalence pattern of hypertension in developing countries is different from that in the developed countries. In India, a very large, populous and typical developing country, community surveys have documented that between three and six decades, prevalence of hypertension has increased by about 30 times among urban dwellers and by about 10 times among the rural inhabitants. Various factors might have contributed to this rising trend and among others, consequences of urbanization such as change in life style pattern, diet and stress, increased population and shrinking employment have been implicated. In this paper, we study the prevalence of hypertension in an urban community of India using the JNC VII criteria, with the aim of identifying the risk factors and suggesting intervention strategies. A total of 1609 respondents out of 1662 individuals participated in our cross-sectional survey of validated and structured questionnaire followed by blood pressure measurement. Results showed pre-hypertensive levels of blood pressures among 35.8% of the participants in systolic group (120-139mm of Hg) and 47.7% in diastolic group (80-89 mm of Hg). Systolic hypertension (140 mm of Hg) was present in 40.9% and diastolic hypertension (90 mm of Hg) in 29.3% of the participants. Age and sex-specific prevalence of hypertension showed progressive rise of systolic and diastolic hypertension in women when compared to men. Men showed progressive rise in systolic hypertension beyond fifth decade of life. Bivariate analysis showed significant relationship of hypertension with age, sedentary occupation, body mass index (BMI), diet, ischemic heart disease, and smoking. Multivariate analysis revealed age and BMI as risk factors, and non-vegetarian diet as protective factor with respect to hypertension. Prevalence of prehypertensives was high among younger subjects - particularly students and laborers who need special attention. Role of non-vegetarian diet as a protective factor might have been related to fish-eating behavior of the sample population, who also use mustard oil as cooking medium - both of which have significant level of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. The observed prevalence of hypertension in this study and other studies suggest the need for a comprehensive national policy to control hypertension in India, and, in other similar developing countries.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

[Coronary risk factors in adolescence. The FRICELA study].

AIMS: In a grou of adolescents, to examine the prevalence of behaviors and risk factors that predispose to coronary heart disease and ascertain their associations. METHODS: A population of 2,599 adolescents, age 12 to 19 years, both sexes, was studied. The study sites were 30 public or private medical centers located in the Federal District and 12 provinces of Argentina. RESULTS: Teenagers with hypercholesterolemia had a greater body mass index, higher incidence of hypertension, and more frequent sedentary lifestyle. There was a positive correlation between hypertension, body mass index, and family history of hypertension, and a negative correlation with physical exercise. Obesity in the young correlated with obesity in their parents. At the age of 19 years, 42% consumed alcohol and 28% smoked. The association between smoking and alcohol consumption was very high (p < 0.0001). The smoking habits of parents strongly influenced their children. CONCLUSIONS: Early inculcation of a healthy lifestyle, consisting of regular physical exrcise, a healthy diet, and no smoking, could be the most important behavorial and risk factor interventions in the effort to curtail atherosclerosis in adults.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[The significance of diet and physical activity for the development of obesity in Denmark from 1985 to 1995].

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Denmark were compared to changes in diet and physical activity by using data from the nationwide dietary surveys of 1985 and 1995 comprising 2,000 adults, aged 15-80 years. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased by more than 20% in men (1985: 35.7% vs 1995: 44.1%) and women (1985: 22.3% vs 1995: 29.4%). The prevalence of obesity rose especially in men from 1985 (5.0%) to 1995 (8.8%), less dramatically in women (1985: 5.3% vs 1995: 6.6%). A decrease of 20% and 5% in energy intake has been registered, respectively in men and women. At the same time, sedentary work increased considerably from 1995 (19.5%) to 1985 (38.2%), whereas leisure time physical activity was higher than before. DISCUSSION: The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity is probably explained by a decrease in the total energy expenditure, owing to the fact that sedentary work has doubled. Hence, a rise in the level of leisure time physical activity did not compensate for the lower expenditure of energy during working hours.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Prevalence of dysmenorrhoea in Wellington women.

A survey of 1826 women in the Wellington region was carried out. Participants were asked about their general and gynaecological health and their menstrual, contraceptive and obstetric history. Detailed questions were asked about the menstruating women's last menstrual cycle. Half the women reported some dysmenorrhoea, and 520 had 'significant period pain.' Severity, duration and timing of pain were indexed. There was maximum prevalence at 20 to 24 years and positive associations with smoking, short cycles, and moderate to severe premenstrual symptoms. There was association with method of contraception but no association with sedentary occupation or body mass index. The apparent negative relationship with parity was not significant when age, smoking and premenstrual symptomatology were taken into account.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Influence of fasting and exercise on the daily rhythm of serum leptin in the horse.

The hormone leptin is secreted by white adipocytes and regulates food intake and energy expenditure in rodents and humans. The goal of the present study was to investigate the existence of a daily rhythm of serum leptin in horses and its dependence on fasting and physical exercise. A robust daily rhythm of leptin was found in both athletic and sedentary horses, with a daytime trough and a peak in the dark phase. While physical exercise never induced changes in circulating leptin, fasting reliably affected serum leptin levels. Food deprivation did not abolish the daily rhythm of serum leptin, but daily mean leptin levels in fasted horses were significantly lower than in regularly fed horses. This result indicates that leptin production is not a mere consequence of feeding behavior. The fact that in a large animal such as the horse a short fast decreases leptin without significantly changing the body weight demonstrates that changes in levels of circulating leptin associated with food restriction do not solely reflect changes in amount of body fat.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Children's perceptions of their home and neighborhood environments, and their association with objectively measured physical activity: a qualitative and quantitative study.

Environmental factors may have an important influence on children's physical activity, yet children's perspectives of their home and neighborhood environments have not been widely assessed. The aim of this study was to investigate children's perceptions of their environments, and to examine associations between these perceptions and objectively measured physical activity. The sample consisted of 147, 10-year-old Australian children, who drew maps of their home and neighborhood environments. A subsample of children photographed places and things in these environments that were important to them. The maps were analyzed for themes, and for the frequency with which particular objects and locations appeared. Physical activity was objectively measured using accelerometers. Six themes emerged from the qualitative analysis of the maps and photographs: the family home; opportunities for physical activity and sedentary pursuits; food items and locations; green space and outside areas; the school and opportunities for social interaction. Of the 11 variables established from these themes, one home and two neighborhood factors were associated with children's physical activity. These findings contribute to a broader understanding of children's perceptions of their environment, and highlight the potential importance of the home and neighborhood environments for promoting physical activity behavior.

Child↗

PubMed2005

Disturbance induces the contrasting evolution of reinforcement and dispersiveness in directed and random movers.

Spatial models commonly assume that dispersal rates are constant across individuals and environments and that movement directions are unbiased. These random-movement assumptions are inadequate to capture the range of dispersal behaviors revealed in diverse case studies. We examine an alternative assumption of directed movement, in which dispersal is a conditional and directional response by individuals to varying environmental conditions. Specifically, we assume individuals bias their movements to climb spatial fitness gradients. We compare the consequences of random and directed movement for local adaptation, the evolution of dispersal, and the reinforcement process. The implications of each movement strategy depend on the nature of environmental disturbance, and we examine the outcomes for undisturbed environments and with uncorrelated and autocorrelated disturbances. Both movement strategies offer advantages over sedentary life histories by allowing colonization of suitable habitats. However, random movement eventually becomes costly in stable environments because it inhibits local adaptation. In contrast, directed movement accelerates local adaptation. In disturbed environments, random movement offers bet-spreading advantages by distributing offspring across habitats. Despite being a more targeted strategy, an intermediate amount of directed movement provides similar bet-spreading benefits. These fitness consequences have implications for the evolution of dispersal. Dispersiveness is lost by random movers in undisturbed environments, is maintained in polymorphism with infrequent disturbances, and evolves when disturbances are uncorrelated. Directed movement becomes selectively neutral in the absence of disturbance, evolves when disturbances are autocorrelated, and is maintained in polymorphism with uncorrelated disturbances. Disturbance also determines the outcome of the reinforcement process for each strategy. For example, directed movers show no progress toward reinforcement in undisturbed environments, evolve random mating with uncorrelated disturbances, and can evolve assortative mating in infrequently disturbed environments.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Heart rate patterns in sedentary shift work: influence of circadian rhythm, meals and personality.

Heart rate was recorded at regular intervals during the course of 8-h sessions of simulated sedentary shift work performed for 12 consecutive days. Separate groups of subjects were assigned to one of three shifts, commencing either at 0400 hours ("morning" shift), 0800 hours ("day" shift) or 2200 hours ("night" shift). A major meal was taken during a break in the middle of each shift. In all groups heart rate fell during the pre-break period, but rose after the break in response to the meal. This pattern remained constant over the 12-day period in the morning and day shift groups, but in the night shift group a progressive rise in the general level of the readings, caused mainly by the adjustment of the circadian rhythm to the altered sleep/wake cycle, was accompanied by systematic changes in the extent of both the pre-break fall and the post-meal rise. Comparison with the results of a control study of 24-h variation in base heart rate suggested that differential responses to the meal observed in the three shift groups may have been due, at least in part, to differences in their personality make-up. It is concluded that, although systematic patterns of heart rate can be observed in sedentary shift work, both the timing of the shift and the personality of the subject must be taken into account when assessing the changes in physiological state likely to occur during work sessions that include a major break for refreshment.

Circadian Rhythm↗

PubMed2004

Mind versus metabolism in the control of food intake and energy balance.

In a restrictive food environment, the homeostatic control system regulates body weight and adiposity with remarkable precision. However, this regulation appears to break down in many genetically predisposed individuals under conditions prevailing in the modern era characterized by a sedentary lifestyle and easy availability of large portions of palatable and calorically dense food. The nervous system is the main interface by which food-related environmental factors influence the regulatory process. Thus, focusing on the neural systems located in the telencephalon dealing with environmental factors, and on their connections with the homeostatic regulatory system distributed mainly in the hypothalamus and brainstem, should result in new drug targets and behavioral strategies for prevention and therapy. The structures providing this interface with the environment are involved in the initiation, procurement, and appetitive phases of ingestive behavior and associative learning before, during, and after the consummatory phase. It is thought that learned and unlearned representations of foods and food cues in the orbitofrontal and other cortical areas are filtered for affective/emotional value in the amygdala and for motivational salience in the nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum to initiate goal-directed motor programs. Internal state signals generated by the metabolic sensing mechanisms in the hypothalamus interact with each of these corticolimbic structures through reciprocal connections. While many projections from the hypothalamus contain the various "feeding peptides," the neurochemistry of projections to the hypothalamus has not been well characterized.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mobility versus sedentariness in task arrangements for people with multiple disabilities: an assessment of preferences.

This study was an attempt to assess preferences between a task arrangement involving mobility and a task arrangement involving sedentariness with three adults with multiple disabilities. Periods in which participants were exposed to both task arrangements were followed by periods in which they were allowed to choose between them. One participant had a strong preference for the task arrangement involving mobility from the beginning of the assessment. The other two participants developed a strong preference for the same task arrangement and showed higher levels of on-task behavior and/or of positive mood expressions within that arrangement. Aspects of the assessment as well as the use of assessment in daily contexts were discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2006

Who changes body mass between adolescence and adulthood? Factors predicting change in BMI between 16 year and 30 years in the 1970 British Birth Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether factors common to obesity prevention programmes in adolescence, namely exercise, sedentary activities, eating behaviours and psychological factors, predict change in BMI in 'free-living' adolescents followed into adulthood. DESIGN: Longitudinal national birth cohort study. SUBJECTS: 1970 British Birth Cohort: 4461 subjects with data on BMI at 16 years (1986) and 30 years (2000). MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS: BMI z-score (zBMI) at 16 years (measured) and 30 years (self-reported). Obesity defined as BMI exceeding 95th British centile and 28.5 kg/m2, respectively. Self-report data on exercise, eating behaviours, dieting and measures of psychological function (depression, psychological distress, self-esteem) at 16 years. Models were produced for the regression of zBMI at 30 years on each variable at 16 years, adjusted for socioeconomic status, sex and zBMI at 16 years. RESULTS: In all, 467 (8.2%) were obese at 16 years and 730 (16.4%) were obese at 30 years. Of those obese at 16 years, 60.7% were also obese at 30 years. Loss of zBMI between 16 and 30 years was predicted by female sex (P=0.01), higher social class (P<0.0001) and higher frequency of playing sport, although this was of borderline significance (P=0.05). Increase in zBMI between 16 and 30 years was predicted by 4 or more hours per day of sedentary activities (P=0.01), eating takeaway meals twice or more per week (P=0.009), consuming two or more carbonated drinks per day (P=0.04) and a history of dieting to lose weight (P=0.04). CONCLUSION: These data from 'free-living' adolescents followed into adult life support the importance of known risk factors such as reduction of sedentary behaviours and reduction of unhealthy eating patterns (consumption of carbonated drinks and takeaway foods, dieting) in the prevention of the persistence of obesity from childhood into adult life.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

The effect of increasing physical activity on voluntary food intake and energy balance.

Energy homeostasis with increased physical activity is dependent upon compensatory changes in intake. Results from metabolic balance studies in obese women indicate a dissociation of energy intake from that expended as exercise. Voluntary intake remained fixed at a sedentary level whether activity was added to or subtracted from total daily expenditure. The importance of physiological factors such as excess energy stores or psychological factors such as habit or sensory perceptions in obesity needs consideration.

Adult↗