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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Skin irritancy and sensitivity to laundry detergents containing proteolytic enzymes. Part I.

In the present study the contact irritative--eczematogenic--effect of alkaline protease enzymes (PE) contained in syndet laundry detergents has been investigated. The method employed was the occlusive epicutaneous test (ET) involving the use of increasing serial dilutions of PE and various times of exposure. The tests were made on sympton-free skin, on skin showing premorbid or slight irritative changes, on skin previously acid- or base-treated, in the presence of increased skin permeability and following the skin stripping method. The results obtained in the 912 test series indicate that the PEs tested ("Tenzym prilled" Grindstedvoerkek, and "Maxatase" Gist-Brocases) caused no irritation or other damage to the intact or slightly lesioned skin even in response to close contact lasting several days. When as a result of increased irritation, or for other reasons, the PEs may be assumed to penetrate into the subcorneal layers, they may exert a proteolytic effect, as manifested in the increasing number of positive ETs. In such cases the PE concentrations exceeded by far those employed in the commercial detergents. It is most likely that the skin changes noted in connection with the use of bioactive laundry detergents are due not to the PE content of these detergents, but to other factors.

Detergents↗
PubMed1976

Dependence of corticosteroid penetration on the vehicle.

The penetration of corticosteroids through epidermal membranes in vitro proved to be better when the corticosteroid was dissolved in, or salicylic acid was added to, the vehicle. Hydrocortisone 17 butyrate (HCB) penetration from an ethanolic solution or a vehicle containing propylene glycol (PG) exceeds the penetration from an oil-in-water (O/W) cream or a petrolatum-polyethylene base (Plastibase), both without PG. The addition of PG led to higher penetration from a cream containing 0.2% HCB as compared with that from one containing 0.1% HCB. When the atmosphere on the donor side of the chamber was kept dry with a molecular sieve, the penetration from an O/W cream containing PG was enhanced, whereas that from an O/W cream without PG was substantially diminished.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2003

Effect of vehicles and penetration enhancers on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of celecoxib through human skin.

The aim of this study was the comparison of three different formulations (gel, o/w emulsion, oleagenous cream) and two penetration enhancers (oleic acid and menthol) as vehicle systems for celecoxib in respect of release and penetration through excised human skin in vitro. The influence of the vehicle on the release rate was studied in vitro using a cellulose acetate membrane. The release rate could be increased by up to 6.5 and 2.5 times with gel and o/w emulsion compared to oleagenous cream respectively. Further in vitro penetration measurements using human skin on Franz diffusion cells were performed with and without oleic acid and menthol as enhancers. It was shown that the penetration rate is strongly dependent upon the enhancer type and concentration but not on the vehicle itself and could be increased by 48% when 5% oleic acid was used in oleagenous cream. In all formulations tested, celecoxib was released and penetrated into human skin more quickly and to a greater extent from the gel formulations. There is no topical formulation available of celecoxib and its penetration properties through human skin have not been investigated. Since celecoxib creates some gastrointestinal disturbances, topical formulations of celecoxib preferably in gel form including 5% oleic acid could be suggested as an alternative.

Celecoxib↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The prevention of tumors in the aluminum industry].

Aluminium industry workers are exposed to various carcinogenic substances, the most important of which are asbestos and coal pitch and tar fumes. Primary prevention of cancer risk can be achieved either by eliminating the carcinogenic agent from the working environment, or by reducing the exposure levels or the number of exposed workers. In the aluminium industry the first type of approach is possible in the case of asbestos, which can be substituted with MMMF (man made mineral fibers), with the cancer risk thus passing from group 1 to group 2b of the IARC Classification. Complete abolition of exposure to pitch and coal-tar fumes is not feasible, but a reduction in risk can be achieved by using the pre-bake anode cell process instead of the Söderberg process, since the former reduces exposure of potroom workers to pitch and coal-tar fumes. A further reduction of exposure in pot-rooms can be achieved, as demonstrated by direct experience in an aluminium plant at Port Marghera (Province of Venice). Environmental monitoring performed from 1978 to 1989 showed a decrease in levels of total dust concentrations and thus of PAH and BaP concentrations as a result of a series of technical and/or organisational improvements. In biological monitoring, which can detect any skin absorption of the carcinogen, the concentrations of urinary hydroxypyrene confirmed low levels of exposure in the plant under study, excluding the pitch plant workers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1953

Organic phosphorus poisoning in general practice; parathion, TEPP, HEPT, EPN and others.

Inhalation, skin absorption or ingestion of insecticides containing organic phosphorus may result in abrupt onset of serious illness several hours following exposure. Because of the acute onset, often at night, the patients usually are observed by the first available physician rather than by an industrial physician. Prompt recognition and adequate treatment are essential to prevent death. The organic phosphorus radical has the specific effect of inactivating cholinesterase in the body. When cholinesterase is reduced below a critical level continuous stimulation of the entire parasympathetic nervous system results. The major symptoms are diarrhea, vomiting, pulmonary edema, respiratory difficulty and tonic convulsions. Myosis is frequently present and when found is almost pathognomonic, especially if associated with other symptoms. Treatment consists essentially of heroic doses of atropine or a similar parasympathetic inhibitor, plus supportive therapy. Patients who do not die recover rapidly and completely, but they should not risk re-exposure until cholinesterase activity in the blood reaches a static level which may take as long as ten weeks.

Atropine↗
PubMed1976

[Incidence and degree of unwanted adverse effects of corticoids in childhood: results of dermatological studies in children with chronic diseases in the age group of 1-15 years].

Out of 416 children suffering from atopic diseases 288 (69.2%) were treated topically, systemically or topically and systemically with corticosteroid preparations by the general practitioners. In 236 (81.9%) of these cases, children between the age of 1 and 15 years, developed undesirable, in part irreversible side effects. In some of the cases, topical corticosteroids by skin absorption also caused systemic side effects. It is therefore questionable if the application of corticosteroids during childhood in atopic diseases is really a therapeutic advance.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1992

Pharmacokinetic profile of [14C]flutrimazole following single topical application in normal and scarified skin of healthy volunteers.

14C-labelled 1-[(2-fluorophenyl)(4-fluorophenyl)phenylmethyl]-1H- imidazole (flutrimazole, UR-4056, CAS 119006-77-8) was administered topically (dermally) in three male volunteers to normal skin and scarified skin, respectively. Blood, urine and faeces were collected and radioassayed by liquid scintillation counting techniques. After topical application to healthy skin area, less than 1% of flutrimazole was absorbed percutaneously from a 1% cream and the amount absorbed was excreted with the urine. Following administration of the drug to scarified skin, the proportions absorbed were very similar to those measured after application to normal skin. About 0.5% of the administered dose is recovered in urine. The absorbed amount of drug leads to very low concentrations in the circulation, lower than a few ng/ml.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2003

Hand discomfort following heliox chamber dives.

During a series of dry chamber dives using compressed heliox, five attendants and one wet diver experienced eight episodes of hand discomfort, the character of which was atypical of limb pain during decompression sickness. Although immersed for most of the dive, during the compression and decompression phases, the wet diver's hands were out of the water and hence exposed to the helium-containing chamber atmosphere. In all cases, symptoms resolved within a maximum of 48 h. There was no response to hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the three cases that presented before spontaneous resolution. While the attendants wore dry suits to minimize skin absorption of helium, their hands, were exposed to the heliox atmosphere. After the first six cases of hand symptoms, a dry glove assembly was added to prevent helium absorption through the exposed hand. Two cases of hand discomfort occurred following the addition of the dry glove assembly to the dry suit. In both cases, the symptoms were less severe and resolved over a significantly shorter time period. Adoption of the dry gloves resulted in the incidence of hand discomfort among attendants falling from 25% (5/20) to 2.4% (2/84) (p = 0.005). Possible mechanisms of causation of this hand discomfort, thought to be the result of local tissue absorption of helium, are discussed.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2002

[Skin penetration of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim after oral administration].

The aim of this study was to determine the penetration of trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole and its main metabolite--N4-acetylsulphamethoxazole into cantharidin-induced skin blister fluid following administration of a single oral combination dose of 320 mg trimethoprim and 1600 mg sulphamethoxazole. Moreover, penetration of the two drugs into skin blister fluid was compared with penetration into the theoretical peripheral compartment calculated on the basis of plasma levels found. The material consisted of 12 male patients with bacterial skin diseases, treated at the Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Pomeranian Academy of Medicine in Szczecin. The age of the patients was 19-64 years (mean 42 +/- 14), weight 61-112 kg (mean 77 +/- 15), height 166-196 cm (mean 175 +/- 8). Prior to enrollment, normal function of gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidneys, and absence of allergy to the drugs studied was ascertained. The susceptibility of pathogens of cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole) was confirmed with bacteriological tests. Skin blisters were induced by applying 0.25% cantharidin ointment. Drug concentrations in plasma and skin blister fluid were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography. Peak concentrations of trimethoprim in plasma and skin blister fluid were 8.5 +/- 1.1 mumol/L after 3 +/- 1 h and 5.6 +/- 0.8 mumol/L after 7 +/- 2 h, respectively. The differences between both compartments as to parameters measured were statistically significant. In the theoretical peripheral compartment, peak concentration was 5.8 +/- 2.2 mumol/L after 9 +/- 6 h. Half-times of trimethoprim in plasma and skin blister fluid were 11.1 +/- 4.5 h and 12.3 +/- 4.9 h, respectively, and did not differ significantly. The degree of drug penetration into blister fluid defined as the ratio of area under concentration-time curves for blister fluid and plasma was 0.94 +/- 0.23. The differences between pharmacokinetic parameters of trimethoprim in skin blister fluid and theoretical peripheral compartment were not significant. Peak concentrations of sulphamethoxazole in plasma and skin blister fluid were 295 +/- 47 mumol/L after 3 +/- 1 h and 182 +/- 46 mumol/L after 8 +/- 2 h, respectively. The differences between both compartments as to parameters measured were statistically significant. In the theoretical peripheral compartment, peak concentration was 239 +/- 58 mumol/L after 7 +/- 4 h. Half-times of sulphamethoxazole in skin blister fluid and plasma were 9.7 +/- 3.3 h and 10.0 +/- 1.1 h, respectively and did not differ significantly. The drug penetrated into blister fluid to a high extent, although less than trimethoprim, the degree of penetration being 0.82 +/- 0.21. The majority of pharmacokinetic parameters in blister fluid and theoretical peripheral compartment did not differ significantly except for time to peak concentration. Peak concentration of N4-acetylsulphamethoxazole, the main metabolite of sulphamethoxazole, was significantly lower in blister fluid than plasma and took longer to achieve. The half-time of the metabolite was significantly longer in blister fluid than in plasma, whereas the ratio of area under concentration-time curves in these two biological fluids of 0.86 +/- 0.18 was similar to that of the parent drug. The results show that both trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole administered together penetrate from plasma into skin blister fluid to a great extent and achieve concentrations exceeding the MIC for susceptible pathogens. This finding confirms the usefulness of this treatment in bacterial skin diseases. The cantharidin-induced skin blister is a useful technique to determine the penetration into skin of a drug and its metabolite and to evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters. In some cases, this test cannot be replaced with theoretical calculations based on drug concentrations in blood.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

How to optimize drug penetration through the skin.

The main problem of the therapy with drugs applied to the skin is the high diffusional resistance of the intact stratum corneum. To increase the flux of a given drug the selection of the vehicle is of utmost importance. Incorporation of the drug at its maximal thermodynamic activity leads to the maximal possible flux, as in vivo studies show with different drugs. The formation of supersaturated solutions and dissociation equilibria as well as drug-vehicle interactions and drug depletion also result from the vehicle selection and influence the flux. The resistance of the stratum corneum is not a constant parameter. It may be reduced by specific vehicle effects, penetration enhancers and hydration. Examples for the increase of drug fluxes are given.

Animals↗