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PubMed2003

Trans fatty acids in human milk in Poland and their association with breastfeeding mothers' diets.

AIM: To determine the content of trans fatty acids in human milk in relation to breastfeeding mothers' diet. METHODS: Samples of milk were collected from 100 breastfeeding mothers and 7-d dietary records and anthropometry from 69 mothers were obtained. RESULTS: The following total trans fatty acids contents (median (lower-upper quartile); % wt/wt) in milk samples were determined: 1) data for Spring: colostrum--1.37 (1.00-2.00), mature milk at 5-6 wk of lactation--2.59 (1.49-3.34) and at 9-10 wk of lactation--2.36 (1.55-3.92); 2) data for Autumn: colostrum--1.80 (1.42-2.48), mature milk at 5-6 wk of lactation--2.41 (1.79-4.31) and at 9-10 wk of lactation--2.77 (1.53-4.18). The major sources of trans fatty acids in mothers' diets were bakery products, confectionery and snacks. Mothers who had high level of trans isomers in their milk consumed significantly higher amounts of these products. CONCLUSIONS: Bakery products, confectionery and snacks are a major source of trans fatty acids in maternal diet in Poland. The levels of trans fatty acids in human milk may reflect the current diet of the mother as well as the diet consumed early in pregnancy.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The effects of sugar-free vs sugar-rich beverages on feelings of fullness and subsequent food intake.

This study compared the effects of equal volumes of sugar-rich and sugar-free beverages on feelings of hunger and fullness and the ad libitum consumption of a palatable, fat-rich snack. Eleven healthy males consumed equal volumes (375 mL) of three drinks (sugar-rich cola, sugar-free cola, mineral water) in random order on separate mornings. After 20 min, the subjects were able to snack freely on potato crisps during the next 90 min. Each subject's individual bowl of potato crisps was covertly replenished at 15 min intervals while the subjects were completing appetite and mood ratings. After the 110 min experimental period, the subjects' ad libitum food intake from a buffet-style lunch was covertly recorded. On leaving the laboratory, the subjects filled in a weighed food dairy for the rest of the day. The equal-volume preloads initially decreased hunger to a similar degree and potato crisp intake during the first 15 min interval was not significantly different among the three preloads. On average, total energy intakes from the crisps and lunch were not significantly different among the preloads, and by the end of the day, total energy intakes were similar for the three test conditions. Therefore, the low-calorie/low-sugar drinks did not facilitate a reduced energy intake by the lean, non-dieting male subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Nutritive value of meals, dietary habits and nutritive status in Croatian university students according to gender.

The aim of this study was to evaluate daily menus at students' restaurants and to report dietary habits and other health-related behaviour of Croatian university students (n=2075) according to gender. A specially designed self-administered questionnaire was used. One hundred and twenty daily menus were chosen by random sampling, and the nutritive value was calculated using food composition tables. Daily menus on average provide an adequate amount of energy, protein and most micronutrients: 88.2% of daily menus provide a balanced intake of protein, fat and carbohydrates, 22.5% of daily menus provide more than 300 mg of cholesterol, and 58.8% have more than 25 g dietary fibre. On average, students had 2.4 meals and 1.3 snacks per day. Breakfast was the most often skipped meal. Red meat, cereals and fast food were consumed more often by males (P<0.05). Low-fat dairy products, whole grain products and breakfast cereals were consumed more often by females (P<0.05). The most common choice for snacks was fruit. Males exercised more than females (4.4 h/week versus 1.6 h/week; P<0.05). A higher percentage of females (29.8%) than males (17.2%) smoked cigarettes. For alcohol consumption it was vice versa: 88.9 and 84.8% of males and females, respectively. A total of 80.4% of students were well nourished. This study showed that meals offered at students' restaurants are adequate. Dietary and other health-related behaviour differed according to gender. Clustering of some behaviours was observed.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Meals at medical specialty society annual meetings: a preliminary assessment.

Little isd known about how meals are chosen for medical meetings. We surveyed the annual meeting planners for 20 major specialty societies. Thirteen (65%) responded; all were currently planning their next meeting. Attendance in 2000 was reported at 113,477 physicians, with 2 million planned meals and snacks. No physician was named as responsible for food choices; the meeting planner and staff were primarily responsible for deciding what food to serve, excluding exhibit halls. Twelve (92%) respondents rated "available budget" as the most important factor. "Nutritional guidelines" were rated "very important" by eight of 13 (63%). However, no specific nutritional guidelines could be identified by any planner. All respondents indicated that members would attend a meeting if "healthy" food were the only option. For 2000, 100% of respondents indicated that for each lunch and for each dinner, a dessert had been included. No annual meeting and no planned 2001 meeting excluded potato chips, snack mixes, or candies at breaks; soda pop was offered at each break. Most respondents (89%) relied on a concluding questionnaire about the meeting facilities to evaluate the food. Respondents reported no difference in charges for "special meals," including vegetarian and kosher meals. Physicians may be unaware that some food served at medical meetings may impair learning, with excessive calorie, fat, and carbohydrate consumption. Small changes can improve the quality of food and beverages selected, without increased cost, and provide choices that conform to national nutritional guidelines. Medical meetings should serve flavorful, healthful food.

Congresses as Topic↗

PubMed2006

Olestra is associated with slight reductions in serum carotenoids but does not markedly influence serum fat-soluble vitamin concentrations.

BACKGROUND: The 1996 Food and Drug Administration approval of the fat substitute olestra (sucrose polyester) called for active postmarketing surveillance because preapproval studies showed that olestra may lower circulating concentrations of fat-soluble nutrients such as vitamins and carotenoids. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the Olestra Post-Marketing Surveillance Study was to examine whether customary consumption of olestra-containing savory snacks was associated with changes in serum fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid concentrations among free-living persons in geographically and ethnically distinct US cities. DESIGN: Adults (n = 2535) and their children aged 12-17 y (n = 272) in Baltimore, Minneapolis, and San Diego attended clinic visits during which data were collected on diet, savory snack consumption, lifestyle, and anthropometric indexes. Blood samples were drawn to assay carotenoids and vitamins A, D, E, and K. Data and blood samples were collected both before and after the nationwide introduction of olestra. General estimating equations were used in multivariate-adjusted models that examined olestra's association with the specified serum nutrients. RESULTS: Compared with no intake, the top 2 tertiles of olestra use in adults were associated with circulating carotenoid concentrations that were modestly but significantly lower (4.3% to 22.4%). There were no significant associations of olestra with any serum nutrients among adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: This active postmarketing surveillance study of a food additive suggests that small decreases in serum fat-soluble nutrients are attributable to olestra use. Although health outcomes were not measured here, it is unlikely that these small changes in nutrient measures would adversely affect health.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Sucrose polyester and covert caloric dilution.

Total daily caloric intake was measured in 10 obese subjects when sucrose polyester (SPE), a nonabsorbable synthetic fat, covertly replaced conventional fats in a single crossover study consisting of three periods: a period of 7 to 14 days to determine baseline caloric intake and two 20-day study periods. An average of 60 g SPE/day replaced conventional fat in one of the two study periods. During both study periods, 60% of the base line caloric intake was "required intake" at mealtime; an additional 60% of base line caloric intake was allowed as "free choice" foods at a specified snacktime. It was thus possible during both study periods to consume more than 100% of the base line caloric intake. In the SPE study period, 40 g SPE replaced 40 g conventional fat for every 1200 kcal of required intake, resulting in a 30% reduction in mealtime caloric intake. Mean total caloric intake (meal and snack) fell 23% during the SPE period (p less than 0.05), despite an average daily weight loss of 0.18 kg. Snack caloric intake did not increase significantly to compensate for caloric dilution of the meals during the SPE period. These results indicate that the obese may not detect or may not compensate for covert dilution of fat calories with SPE. In addition, during the SPE period, there was a 10% reduction in total plasma cholesterol, a 14% reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and a 10% reduction in triglyceride concentration. Thus, fat replacement with SPE may benefit weight reduction regimens in obese subjects by facilitating decreased caloric intake and by improving the circulating lipoprotein profile as well.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Patterns of food selection during meals in women with bulimia.

Eating behavior of women with bulimia was compared with that of control subjects who had no eating disorders. Both groups were presented with two buffet-style multiple-item meals. In one meal subjects were instructed to eat normally and in the other they were instructed to eat as much as they could. The eating patterns of patients differed from control subjects in the quantity of food selected and in the rate of eating. During the binge meal, patients spent more of their meal time eating dessert and snacks than did control subjects and began their dessert and snack consumption earlier than control subjects. Patients distributed their meat consumption more evenly across the meal, whereas control subjects ate meat predominantly early in the meals. Most patients consumed either more or less than control subjects when not binge eating, indicating that the eating disturbances in bulimic patients are not confined to episodes of binge eating.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Metabolic advantages of spreading the nutrient load: effects of increased meal frequency in non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

The acute effect of increasing meal frequency as a model of slow absorption was studied for 1 d in 11 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. On 1 d they took 13 snacks (the nibbling diet) and on another day the same diet was taken as three meals and one snack (the three-meal diet). The nibbling diet reduced mean blood glucose, serum insulin, and C peptide concentrations over the 9.5 h of observation and 24-h urinary C peptide output by 12.7 +/- 3.7% (mean +/- SE) (P = 0.0062), 20.1 +/- 5.8% (P = 0.0108), 9.2 +/- 2.6% (P = 0.0073), and 20.37 +/- 8.12% (P = 0.039), respectively, compared with the three-meal diet. Serum triglyceride concentrations were lower by 8.5 +/- 3.2% (P = 0.037). Despite lower insulin concentrations on the nibbling diet, the concentrations of free fatty acids, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and the insulin-sensitive branched-chain amino acids responded similarly on both treatments. Metabolic benefits seen with increased meal frequency may explain the success of similar agents that prolong absorption, including fiber and enzyme inhibitors.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Circadian variation of diet-induced thermogenesis.

The objective of this study was to assess a circadian variation of diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) that could favor weight gain among night workers used to eating a night time snack. Nine young men were given the same mean at 0900, 1700, or 0100. Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry 1 h before and during the 6 h after the snack. DIT was calculated as the 3 h of energy expenditure above basal metabolic rate. Morning DIT was significantly higher than afternoon DIT (P = 0.04) and night DIT (P = 0.002). Afternoon DIT was higher than night DIT (P = 0.06). We conclude that the time when a meal is consumed affects the thermogenic response and must be considered in the energy balance.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Effect of fat-free potato chips with and without nutrition labels on fat and energy intakes.

This study investigated the effect on fat and energy intakes of fat-free potato chips made with olestra compared with regular potato chips. Ninety-five participants (unrestrained and restrained males and females) were tested in 2 conditions. In the information condition, participants were given nutrition information about the chips and were aware that the chips differed in fat and energy contents. In the no-information condition, participants were not aware of the differences. In both conditions, participants ate either regular or fat-free potato chips ad libitum for an afternoon snack in a crossover design in two 10-d periods. To assess 24-h intake, participants completed food diaries twice in each 10-d period. The results showed that all groups significantly reduced their fat and energy intakes in the snack when eating the fat-free chips compared with the regular chips (P< 0.0001). Also, potato chip intake did not differ across time for either type of chip. Over 24 h all participants had lower fat intakes (P< 0.05) when eating the fat-free potato chips compared with the regular chips, but 24-h energy intake was not significantly different between groups. When information was provided, restrained participants ate more of the fat-free chips than the regular chips; however, this increase did not negate the reductions in fat and energy associated with eating the fat-free chips. This study showed that substituting fat-free (olestra-containing) potato chips for regular-fat chips can help reduce fat and energy intakes in short-term (within meal) situations and reduce fat intake over 24 h.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Metabolic and weight-loss effects of a long-term dietary intervention in obese patients.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a chronic disease that has become one of the most serious health problems in Western society. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the long-term effects of an energy-restricted diet combined with 1 or 2 daily meal replacements on body weight and biomarkers of disease risk in 100 obese patients. DESIGN: Phase 1 consisted of a 3-mo, prospective, randomized, parallel intervention study of 2 dietary interventions to reduce weight. The energy-restricted diet (5.2-6.3 MJ/d) consisted of conventional foods (group A) or an isoenergetic diet with 2 meals and 2 snacks replaced daily by energy-controlled, vitamin-and-mineral-supplemented prepared foods (group B). Phase 2 consisted of a 24-mo, case-control, weight-maintenance study with an energy-restricted diet and 1 meal and 1 snack replaced daily for all patients. RESULTS: Total weight loss (as a percentage of initial body weight) was 5.9+/-5.0% in group A and 11.3+/-6.8% in group B (P < 0.0001). During phase 1, mean weight loss in group B (n = 50) was 7.1+/-3.5 kg, with significant reductions in plasma triacylglycerol, glucose, and insulin concentrations (P < 0.0001). Group A patients (n = 50) lost an average of 1.3+/-2.2 kg with no significant improvements in these biomarkers. During phase 2, both groups lost on average an additional 0.07% of their initial body weight every month (P < 0.01). During the 27-mo study, both groups experienced significant reductions in systolic blood pressure and plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol, glucose, and insulin (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: These findings support the hypothesis that defined meal replacements can be used for successful, long-term weight control and improvements in certain biomarkers of disease risk.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Bioconversion of plant carotenoids to vitamin A in Filipino school-aged children varies inversely with vitamin A status.

BACKGROUND: It is important to understand the factors affecting strategies to improve the vitamin A status of populations. We reported previously that a 3-d deuterated-retinol-dilution (DRD) procedure might be used to indicate total body stores of vitamin A. OBJECTIVE: We studied the ability of 3-d DRD to detect changes in the body pool size of vitamin A and the effect of vitamin A status on the bioconversion of plant carotenoids to vitamin A. DESIGN: Two separate, unrelated studies were conducted in 7-13-y-old children with poor or marginal serum retinol concentrations (0.32-0.93 micromol/L) by feeding them controlled diets daily for 5 d/wk for 12 wk, after treatment with an anthelmintic drug. In school 1 (n = 27), lunch and 2 snacks that were provided at school contained 2258 retinol equivalents/d (mostly from orange fruit and vegetables) and 5.3 MJ/d from 33 g fat, 37 g protein, and 209 g carbohydrates; in school 2 (n = 25), 2 snacks provided 2.5 MJ/d from 9.4 g fat, 9.6 g protein, and 119 g carbohydrates, but no carotenes. RESULTS: In school 1, mean serum beta-carotene increased from 0.12 to 0.62 micromol/L (P = 0.0001) and serum retinol increased from 0.68 to 1. 06 micromol/L (P = 0.0001). In school 2, serum beta-carotene increased from 0.06 to 0.11 micromol/L (P = 0.0001) and serum retinol increased from 0.66 to 0.86 micromol/L (P = 0.0001). In school 1, but not school 2, improvement in serum retinol varied inversely with baseline retinol (r = -0.38, P = 0.048). In both schools, 3-d DRD showed reductions in the ratio of serum deuterated to nondeuterated retinol (D:H retinol) postintervention, denoting improvements in vitamin A status; the higher D:H retinol (ie, the poorer the status) at baseline, the greater the reduction in D:H retinol postintervention (school 1: r = -0.99, P = 0.0001; school 2: r = -0.89, P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Three-day DRD can detect changes in the body pool size of vitamin A, although a predictive equation to quantitate total body stores of vitamin A with the use of 3-d data needs to be developed. Bioconversion of plant carotenoids to vitamin A varies inversely with vitamin A status; improvement in status after dietary interventions is strongly influenced by total body stores of vitamin A and is influenced little or not at all by serum retinol.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Sensory-specific satiety in obese and normal-weight women.

BACKGROUND: Sensory-specific satiety has been found to play an important role in food choice and meal termination, and it might be a factor contributing to obesity. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that obese and normal-weight people have different sensitivities to sensory-specific satiety for high-fat foods. DESIGN: Sensory-specific satiety was measured in 21 obese [x body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)): 33.1] and 23 normal-weight (BMI: 22.8) women who were matched for restrained eating behavior, physical activity, age, and smoking behavior. Food intake, appetite ratings, and liking scores before and after an ad libitum lunch were measured. Products differed in fat content and taste (ie, low-fat sweet, low-fat savory, high-fat sweet, and high-fat savory), and the subjects tested all 4 products. In the first study, sandwiches were tested; in the second study, snacks were tested. RESULTS: Sensory-specific satiety for all products was observed in both subject groups. No significant differences were observed between the obese and normal-weight subjects in either sensory-specific satiety or food intake for any of the products or product categories tested. Taste (sweet or savory) had a significantly (P < 0.05) stronger effect on sensory-specific satiety than did fat content. Appetite ratings strongly decreased after lunch, and appetite for a meal or snack after lunch was significantly higher in obese than in normal-weight subjects, whereas scores before lunch did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Obese and normal-weight people do not differ in their sensitivity to sensory-specific satiety, and factors other than fat content have the greatest effect on sensory-specific satiety.

Appetite Regulation↗

PubMed2007

Carbohydrate intake and HDL in a multiethnic population.

BACKGROUND: Ethnic differences in serum lipids are not explained by genetics, central adiposity, lifestyle, or diet, possibly because dietary carbohydrate has not been considered. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the relation between carbohydrate intake and HDL and triacylglycerol concentrations in a multiethnic population. DESIGN: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study of 619 Canadians of Aboriginal, South Asian, Chinese, and European origin with no previously diagnosed medical conditions. Energy-adjusted carbohydrate intake was measured by a validated food-frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: South Asians consumed the most carbohydrate, followed by European, Aboriginal, and Chinese persons. Mean (95% CI) HDL concentrations in the lowest and highest categories of carbohydrate intake after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, physical activity, smoking, the waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, alcohol intake, and intakes of total energy, protein, and fiber were 1.21 mmol/L (1.16, 1.27 mmol/L) and 1.08 mmol/L (1.02, 1.13 mmol/L), respectively, and HDL cholesterol was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the lowest tertile of carbohydrate intake than in the highest tertile. High carbohydrate intake was associated with higher fasting triacylglycerols (P = 0.04); the adjusted mean fasting triacylglycerol concentrations in the lowest and highest categories of carbohydrate intake were 1.43 mmol/L (1.28, 1.60 mmol/L) and 1.71 mmol/L (1.57, 1.87 mmol/L), respectively. Fewer servings of sugar-containing soft drinks, juices, and snacks were associated with higher HDL (P for trend = 0.02); the multivariate-adjusted mean HDL in the lowest and highest categories of carbohydrate intake was 1.22 mmol/L (1.17, 1.27 mmol/L) and 1.11 mmol/L (1.06, 1.26 mmol/L), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in HDL and triacylglycerols observed in different ethnic groups may be due in part to carbohydrate intake. Reducing the frequency of intake of sugar-containing soft drinks, juices, and snacks may be beneficial.

Beverages↗

PubMed2001

Frequency of eating during pregnancy and its effect on preterm delivery.

Frequency of eating or meal patterns during pregnancy may be a component of maternal nutrition relevant to pregnancy outcome. To identify meal patterns of pregnant women and investigate the relation between these meal patterns and preterm delivery, the authors performed an analysis using data from the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study (n = 2,065). Women recruited from August 1995 to December 1998 were categorized by meal patterns on the basis of their reported number of meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) and snacks consumed per day during the second trimester. An optimal pattern was defined according to the Institute of Medicine recommendation of three meals and two or more snacks per day. In this population, 72 percent of the women met this recommendation, and 235 delivered preterm. Women who consumed meals/snacks less frequently were slightly heavier prior to pregnancy, were older, and had a lower total energy intake. In addition, these women had a higher risk of delivering preterm (adjusted odds ratio = 1.30, 95 percent confidence interval: 0.96, 1.76). There was no meaningful difference in the risk by early versus late preterm delivery, but those who delivered after premature rupture of the membranes (adjusted odds ratio = 1.87, 95 percent confidence interval: 1.02, 3.43) had a higher risk than those who delivered after preterm labor (adjusted odds ratio = 1.11, 95 percent confidence interval: 0.64, 1.89). This study supports previous animal model work of an association between decreased frequency of eating and preterm delivery.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Active feeding behavior compensates for low interest in food among young Nicaraguan children.

The association of caregivers' feeding behavior with young children's anthropometric status was examined in 80 poor urban families from Nicaragua. Caregiver and child behaviors observed during eating were recorded for midday meals, snacks and bottle feeds. Two kinds of scales were constructed. The Active Feeding Scale measured the caregiver's attempts to encourage or promote the child's food ingestion through behaviors such as verbal encouragement, threatening, offering more food or demonstrating eating. The Child Demand Scale measured the child's interest and enthusiasm for food. Results suggested the following: 1) there were significant differences in caregiver encouragement of feeding by meal type (midday meal, snack or bottle-feed); 2) mothers were significantly more likely to encourage eating than were other caregivers; and 3) active feeding was not associated with child anthropometric status but often appeared to be associated with child disinterest in the meal. It is suggested that active feeding may be used to compensate for child disinterest in food rather than to enhance the child's growth and developmental trajectory. The importance of lack of child interest in food, probably related to poor appetite, needs to be recognized and incorporated into nutrition education programs.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Applying a nutribusiness approach to increase animal source food consumption in local communities.

Animal source foods (ASF) in the diets of schoolchildren are beneficial for supporting optimal physical and cognitive development. Nevertheless, behavioral change and economic development are needed to increase and sustain adequate meat product consumption by schoolchildren in developing countries. A NutriBusiness enterprise may be one way for local communities to promote economic development while increasing the availability of meat for children. This work evaluates the feasibility of a NutriBusiness enterprise involving the production of rabbits and the manufacture of solar dried snack food. Some rabbits would be kept for home use, whereas others would be used in the manufacture of a rabbit-sweet potato dried snack food that could be fed to children or sold for income. The NutriBusiness enterprise would be composed of participants from the community contributing to a cooperative effort for setting up a manufacturing facility and organizing production, manufacturing and marketing functions. A unit operation for rabbit-sweet potato Chiparoos, based on full-capacity operation of a single solar drier would involve up to 110 shareholder families, each producing 240 rabbits/y with 120 used at home and 120 sold for Chiparoos manufacture. Participation in the enterprise would increase the availability to children of iron, zinc and vitamin B-12, and other nutrients, and provide approximately 350 dollars/y additional income for the family.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Pricing effects on food choices.

Individual dietary choices are primarily influenced by such considerations as taste, cost, convenience and nutritional value of foods. The current obesity epidemic has been linked to excessive consumption of added sugars and fat, as well as to sedentary lifestyles. Fat and sugar provide dietary energy at very low cost. Food pricing and marketing practices are therefore an essential component of the eating environment. Recent studies have applied economic theories to changing dietary behavior. Price reduction strategies promote the choice of targeted foods by lowering their cost relative to alternative food choices. Two community-based intervention studies used price reductions to promote the increased purchase of targeted foods. The first study examined lower prices and point-of-purchase promotion on sales of lower fat vending machine snacks in 12 work sites and 12 secondary schools. Price reductions of 10%, 25% and 50% on lower fat snacks resulted in an increase in sales of 9%, 39% and 93%, respectively, compared with usual price conditions. The second study examined the impact of a 50% price reduction on fresh fruit and baby carrots in two secondary school cafeterias. Compared with usual price conditions, price reductions resulted in a four-fold increase in fresh fruit sales and a two-fold increase in baby carrot sales. Both studies demonstrate that price reductions are an effective strategy to increase the purchase of more healthful foods in community-based settings such as work sites and schools. Results were generalizable across various food types and populations. Reducing prices on healthful foods is a public health strategy that should be implemented through policy initiatives and industry collaborations.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗