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PubMed2026

Genome sequence of Staphylococcus epidermidis H1G7 from hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) gut.

We report the genome of Staphylococcus epidermidis strain H1G7 from hilsa (Tenualosa Ilisha) fish gut. Nanopore sequencing produced a 2.5-Mb assembly (32% GC, two contigs). The genome encodes metal-chelate transport, short-chain fatty acid production, and biosynthetic clusters and lacks virulent factors, revealing genomic features potentially associated with beneficial host interactions.

cyclodipeptide synthase↗

PubMed2007

Prevalence and mechanisms of macrolide resistance among Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from neutropenic patients in Tunisia.

The prevalence of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) resistance phenotypes was determined among erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates collected at the Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Tunisia during 2002. The erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), msrA, mefA and icaA genes were detected by PCR. The vga, vgb and vat genes were amplified from pristinamycin-resistant isolates. The icaA gene was detected in 76.5% of 34 isolates examined in detail. The erm(C) (53%) and erm(A) (32%) genes predominated because of clonal dissemination, followed by msrA (15%). Gene distribution was related to the methicillin resistance pattern. The vga gene was present in combination with erm(A) in three isolates.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed1986

Multiresistant Staphylococcus epidermidis as a pathogen.

The purpose of this study was to examine the occurrence and the present clinical significance of multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis (MSE) at the departments of internal medicine, general surgery, neurology and lung diseases of an university hospital. All those 178 consecutive in-patients from whom, during a half-year investigation period, a strain of MSE was isolated, were immediately enrolled in the study. A strain was defined as multiresistant if it was resistant to 3 or more antimicrobial agents. The clinical course of the patients was followed prospectively daily for any sign of infection. The multiresistant strains amounted to 57.9% of all recovered Staph. epidermidis strains. The mean age of the patients was 50.3 years. A chronic underlying disease was present in 97%. There was a clinical infection in 155 patients, and in 115 of these (65% of the total) the MSE very probably was the true pathogen. The distribution of these infections was as follows: wound infection in 49 (43%), urinary tract infection in 43 (37%), local soft tissue infection in 13 (11%) and septicaemia in 10 (9%) patients. In 40 patients (22% of the total) the role of the MSE in the infection remained uncertain and in 23 patients (13%) the finding obviously was an accidental skin contamination.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of antibiotic combinations including rifampin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis: in vitro and in vivo studies.

Rifampin in combination with other antibiotics has been used successfully in the treatment of serious infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis. The authors evaluated the efficacy of rifampin in combination with either cephalothin, nafcillin, gentamicin, or vancomycin to determine in vitro synergistic or antagonistic interactions of the combinations and to determine the role of the second antibiotic in preventing the emergence of rifampin-resistant mutants. The authors found that among 10 isolates of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis, synergy was found in checkerboard studies (inoculum, 10(5) colony-forming units/ml) for only two isolates and only with nafcillin and rifampin; antagonism was present with one combination for each of four different isolates. Time-kill studies showed each antibiotic capable of preventing the emergence of rifampin-resistant mutants for all 10 isolates, but no synergy or antagonism was present. In experimental endocarditis, however, the addition of cephalothin did not prevent the emergence of rifampin-resistant mutants, and rifampin-resistant mutants were as capable of causing endocarditis as were their rifampin-sensitive parents. Thus, rifampin was a bactericidal antibiotic against methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis. The benefit of a second antibiotic in vitro was the prevention of the emergence of rifampin-resistant mutants. However, in vivo results with a beta-lactam antibiotic did not confirm in vitro observations. More animal and human studies should be performed with antibiotic combinations including rifampin against methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reduction of mucoid Staphylococcus epidermidis adherence to intraocular lenses by selected antimicrobial agents.

The effect of low concentrations of various antimicrobial agents on the adherence of mucoid Staphylococcus epidermidis to intraocular lenses was investigated. Adherent growth of S. epidermidis on to polymethylmethacrylate lenses was greatly diminished by ciprofloxacin and clindamycin (>75%), followed by ceftazidime ( approximately 50%) and less affected by gentamicin and vancomycin (<25%) compared to the adherent growth of control untreated cells. The reduction in adherence growth was concentration-dependent and found to be due to the inhibition of slime production since no growth inhibition was observed at the concentrations used. Cell surface hydrophobicity was markedly reduced in parallel to the inhibition of adherence as compared to the control cells. The differential effect of antibiotics on adherence, regardless of their antimicrobial activity, may have a clinical significance in reducing the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis and intraocular inflammation due to the reduction of cell adherence.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1988

Plasmid DNA analysis of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from blood and colonization cultures in very low birth weight neonates.

We prospectively studied the course of colonization and sepsis with Staphylococcus epidermidis among 29 very low birth weight neonates undergoing prolonged umbilical catheterization. S. epidermidis bacteremia occurred in 7 patients. In 6 bacteremia was preceded by positive colonization cultures. Isolates obtained from nares, base of umbilicus, umbilical catheter entry sites, catheter tips and blood were examined for plasmid DNA profiles. In 4 patients the plasmid profiles of the catheter entry site isolates were identical with those of the blood isolates. In the other 3 bacteremic patients plasmid profiles of the catheter entry site and blood isolates were different. No correlation was observed in the plasmid DNA patterns of isolates obtained from catheter tip cultures as compared to the corresponding blood cultures. The blood isolates from bacteremic patients had different plasmid profiles.

Catheterization↗

PubMed1999

The effects of low-frequency ultrasound on Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Low frequency ultrasound (LFUS) significantly enhances skin permeability to a variety of drugs; however, its bacterial effects have not been well studied. Staphylococcus epidermidis organisms were grown and standardized to 10(5) cfu/ml 24 h prior to investigation and suspended in normal saline. LFUS was applied with two probes immersed in the bacterial suspensions over a range of suspension volumes, intensities, and exposure times. The suspension temperature was measured, and a sample was removed, streaked onto blood agar plates, and incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Quantitative bacterial counts were then obtained. LFUS resulted in significant reductions in bacterial counts that correlated with fluid temperature. Probe size and ultrasound intensity appeared to affect bacterial counts, but were also correlated with temperature. Bacterial growth was minimal with temperatures exceeding 45 degrees C. While LFUS can reduce bacterial counts, these conditions have the potential to cause burns in humans.

Colony Count, Microbial↗

PubMed1997

Pharmacodynamic effects of antibiotics and antibiotic combinations on growing and nongrowing Staphylococcus epidermidis cells.

The pharmacodynamic effects of amikacin, imipenem, ofloxacin, rifampin, and vancomycin were studied on the slime-producing, oxacillin-resistant strain Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 growing in Mueller Hinton broth or, in order to inhibit growth, incubated in phosphate-buffered saline. The investigated parameters were postantibiotic effect (PAE) and control-related effective regrowth time (CERT), which were determined by bioluminescence assay of bacterial ATP. PAE describes the delayed regrowth after drug removal, and CERT describes the combined effects of initial change in bacterial density during antibiotic exposure and delayed regrowth after drug removal. In growth cultures, PAE and CERT were drug concentration dependent for all antibiotics. The length of the PAE and CERT in the growing cultures were as follows: ofloxacin > rifampin > amikacin > vancomycin > imipenem. Imipenem combined with amikacin and vancomycin, respectively, induced a synergistic effect against growing cultures. In nongrowing cultures rifampin was the only drug that induced strong concentration-dependent effects. The combination of drugs induced no synergistic effects against nongrowing bacteria.

Amikacin↗

PubMed1993

Daily scrub with chlorhexidine reduces skin colonization by antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis.

The aim of this study was to establish whether long-term use of chlorhexidine would prevent skin colonization by antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Ten nurses, working on a ward for haematological disorders, volunteered to participate in the test. They washed one arm every morning for three weeks with chlorhexidine gluconate, ('Hibiscrub' ICI Pharmaceuticals). The other arm served as a negative control. Samples from the antecubital fossa of both arms were taken two to three times a week during the wash period and two weeks thereafter, giving a total of 216 samples. The appearance of resistant S. epidermidis with different antibiograms was analysed. During the wash period the total bacterial counts and the counts of the resistant S. epidermidis strains on the test arm were both about one-tenth of those on the control arm, a significant difference (P < 0.05). Moreover, there were significantly fewer resistant S. epidermidis on the test arm, 1.3 per sample, than on the control arm, 2.5 per sample (P < 0.01). Most of the resistant S. epidermidis were only found once or a few times on the same site, after which they disappeared, though a few persisted on the skin even during 'Hibiscrub' washing. In an agar dilution test, chlorhexidine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of persisting strains were the same as for strains disappearing from the skin following 'Hibiscrub' washing, 1.0 or 2.0 mg l-1, but somewhat higher than MICs of strains isolated from healthy carriers outside the hospital whose MICs were 0.5 mg l-1. The relative contribution to the skin counts by those S. epidermidis strains found only occasionally were compared with those found repeatedly but no difference in reduction was found between these categories during 'Hibiscrub' washing.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Lipid S, a novel Staphylococcus epidermidis exocellular antigen with potential for the serodiagnosis of infections.

We describe the characterisation of a novel glycerophosphoglycolipid (termed lipid S) produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis grown in a chemically defined medium. Lipid S is a short chain length form of the cellular lipoteichoic acid (LTA). It shares common antigenic determinants with LTA, but its chain length of six glycerophosphate units contrasts with 40-42 units in LTA. Lipid S is exocellular and can be recovered from liquid growth medium whereas LTA is associated with the cell wall and membrane. Healthy individuals have low serum levels of IgG against lipid S, but significantly higher titres have been detected in serum from patients with central venous catheter-related sepsis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci and infection of orthopaedic prostheses. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test based on lipid S allows the rapid diagnosis of Gram-positive infection and may have clinical applications in the management of patients with sepsis.

Antigens, Bacterial↗

PubMed1996

Increased resistance among Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates in a large teaching hospital over a 12-year period.

The prevalence of drug resistance among clinically significant blood isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 464) and consumption of antibiotics at a tertiary care teaching hospital (Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki) were analysed for the period 1983-1994. Resistance to methicillin increased from 28 to 77%. Simultaneously, usage of third-generation cephalosporins increased nearly sevenfold (from 8.6 kg/ to 56.4 kg/year). A significant correlation was found between percentages of methicillin resistance and usage of penicillinase-stable beta-lactam agents, including cloxacillin, imipenem, and first-, second-, and third-generation cephalosporins (r = 0.737, p < 0.0062). The increase in ciprofloxacin resistance occurred soon after the introduction of ciprofloxacin. Moreover, there was a remarkable increase in resistance to fusidic acid (from 10 to 40%) and rifampin (from 0 to 23%) despite the low usage of these agents. Overall, the rate of multiply resistant isolates roughly tripled (from 20 to 71%) and, by 1994, the frequency of isolates susceptible to vancomycin only was as high as 11%, which remarkably limits options for therapy.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Ciprofloxacin therapy of experimental endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Ciprofloxacin or rifampin was significantly (P less than 0.05) more effective than vancomycin or the combination of vancomycin plus gentamicin for the treatment of Staphylococcus epidermidis experimental endocarditis. There were no significant differences in efficacy among any of the combinations of antimicrobial agents that included ciprofloxacin or rifampin. One animal treated with rifampin alone and one treated with the combination of vancomycin, rifampin, and gentamicin were found to be infected with rifampin-resistant strains of S. epidermidis during therapy. Resistant subpopulations of S. epidermidis were not detected during therapy with any other antimicrobial agent used alone or in combination. Ciprofloxacin alone or in combination with rifampin was effective therapy against S. epidermidis experimental endocarditis.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Cross protection between a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis and eight other species of coagulase-negative staphylococci.

Passive protective activity of rabbit antiserum prepared by a representative capsular type II strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis in mice was absorbed out with homologous capsular type strains of S. simulans, S. cohnii, S. xylosus, S. hominis, S. capitis, S. hyicus, S. haemolyticus, and S. saprophyticus in addition to the homologous strain. The minimum amount of the strains required for absorption differed greatly, depending upon the strain. No absorption of the activity was shown with a strain of capsular type I and III of S. epidermidis, S. simulans, and S. cohnii, and a strain of capsular type III of S. hominis. These results suggest a possible capsular type specificity in the cross protection between strains of S. epidermidis and other species of coagulase-negative staphylococci.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis to extracellular matrix proteins and effects of fibrinogen-bound bacteria on oxidase activity and apoptosis in neutrophils.

Staphylococcus epidermidis often causes foreign-body infections such as those associated with hip prostheses, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are not fully understood. We performed spectrophotometry to study the ability of S. epidermidis to bind to immobilised fibrinogen, fibronectin, vitronectin, and collagen. The strains were isolated from infected hip prostheses or from normal flora and the well-known protein-binding strain Staphylococcus aureus Cowan was used as positive control. We also analysed the interaction between neutrophils and a fibrinogen-bound prosthesis-derived strain of S. epidermidisby measuring chemiluminescence to determine the neutrophil oxidative response and binding of annexin V to indicate neutrophil apoptosis. We found that binding of S. epidermidis to extracellular matrix proteins varied under different growth conditions, and that prosthesis isolates adhered better to vitronectin than did strains from normal flora. The oxidative response caused by fibrinogen-bound S. epidermidis was not above the background level, which was in marked contrast to the distinct response induced by fibrinogen-associated S. aureus Cowan. Furthermore, fibrinogen-adhering S. epidermidis retarded neutrophil apoptosis. We conclude that surface-bound S. epidermidis induces only a weak inflammatory response, which in combination with the ability of the adherent bacteria to retard neutrophil apoptosis may contribute to low-grade inflammation and loosening of prostheses.

Apoptosis↗

PubMed1981

Penicillin and tetracycline resistance plasmids in Staphylococcus epidermidis.

The genetic nature of penicillin (Pc) and tetracycline (Tc) resistance plasmids in Staphylococcus epidermidis were studied and compared with those in S. aureus. Of 10 S. epidermidis strains transduced for penicillin resistance, we could isolate Pc plasmids from only 3. One of these plasmids also encoded for cadmium resistance and another encoded for resistance to ethidium bromide, traits also associated with S. aureus Pc plasmids. Endonuclease fingerprinting of the Pc plasmids from the two species revealed extensive heterogeneity. Two S. epidermidis strains were also transduced for tetracycline resistance. Both harbored plasmids indistinguishable from S. aureus Tc plasmids as judged by endonuclease fingerprinting. These data suggest that genetic exchange between S. aureus and S. epidermidis occurs in vivo.

Culture Media↗

PubMed1991

In vitro measurement of the adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis to plastic by using cellular urease as a marker.

A rapid and sensitive in vitro assay was developed to quantitatively assess the adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis to a hydrophobic plastic surface. The assay is based upon the detection of cell-associated urease activity as a marker of bacteria remaining adherent to the polystyrene microwells of flat-bottomed, 96-well tissue culture plates. Using ATCC 35984, a slime-producing strain of S. epidermidis, the assay could detect as few as 3 x 10(3) bacteria and was linear to 3.5 x 10(7) bacteria. The adherence of both slime-positive and slime-negative coagulase-negative staphylococci could be evaluated by using this method. This assay could be used to examine factors which influence the adherence of individual S. epidermidis strains to hydrophobic surfaces and to develop agents or coating materials which suppress the adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to biomedical implants.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMed2000

Subcutaneous abscess formation around catheters induced by viable and nonviable Staphylococcus epidermidis as well as by small amounts of bacterial cell wall components.

The use of catheters is often complicated by infection, mainly due to Staphylococcus epidermidis. Recently, a novel poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-grafted silicone elastomer catheter (SEpvp) was introduced. Less bacteria adhered to SEpvp than to conventional SE catheters in vitro. The frequency of S. epidermidis infection associated with SEpvp and SE was assessed in a rabbit model. Unexpectedly, abscesses were induced by the injection of low numbers of S. epidermidis along subcutaneously inserted SEpvp. No abscesses were seen around SE, even when very high numbers of S. epidermidis were injected. This bioincompatibility reaction observed around the SEpvp was independent of the host, bacterial strain, and method of inoculation. Abscesses were also induced by nonviable S. epidermidis and by bacterial cell wall components. Because these incompatibility reactions were not observed in the absence of bacteria, biocompatibility testing should include experiments in which the inflammatory effects of the combination of catheter and (non)viable bacteria are tested.

Abscess↗

PubMed1993

Staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion to hydrophobic biomedical polymer is mediated by platelets.

A quantitative investigation on the effects of plasma proteins and platelets on the adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A to a hydrophobic biomedical polymer (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute reference polyethylene) was carried out under well-defined shear conditions approximating human blood circulation by using a rotating disk system. The results showed that contact-activated platelets mediated S. epidermidis adhesion to the polymer surface. In the range of physiologic shear conditions, the adhesive coefficient (ratio of bacteria per unit area to the product of bacterial flux and the duration of the experiment) to platelets was significantly greater than to the protein-adsorbed polyethylene surface by at least one order of magnitude (P < or = .01). The presence of absorbed plasma proteins on polyethylene reduced the adhesion of S. epidermidis compared with that seen with the bare polymer surface. These studies show that S. epidermidis adhesion to polyethylene is mediated by contact-activated platelets, not absorbed plasma proteins.

Adsorption↗