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PubMed2001

Is Borrmann type IV gastric carcinoma a surgical disease? An old problem revisited with reference to the result of peritoneal washing cytology.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Borrmann type IV gastric carcinoma (B-4) remains a disease with poor prognosis despite an aggressive surgical approach. Cytology examination of the peritoneal washes is an established prognostic factor for gastric carcinoma in general, and may be useful for identifying adequate treatment strategy for B-4. METHODS: Pathologic data from 70 patients with B-4 who underwent laparotomy and peritoneal washing cytology during the recent 6 years were retrieved from a prospective computer database and reviewed. Prognostic significance of the cytology examination along with other known clinicopathologic variables was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Long-term survivors were observed only among the patients who were treated with curative R0 resection. Prognosis of the patients with positive cytology and no other residual disease (R1) was extremely poor and was equivalent to that of the patients undergoing noncurative R2 resection. No difference in survival, either, was observed between the patients treated by R2 resection and those who did not undergo resection. Multivariate analysis identified cytology examination as an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal washing cytology plays an important role in staging B4. Positive cytology findings as well as other evidence of disseminated disease may indicate that gastrectomy should be avoided.

Demography↗

PubMed2006

Determination of pesticides in washing waters of olive processing by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A simple and rapid SPE-GC method for the determination of 30 organochlorine, organophosphorus, and organonitrogen pesticides at ng/L levels in washing water of olive processing has been developed. Twenty-nine samples of water were collected directly in the inlet and outlet of the washing machines of three olive mills at various locations in Spain. Preconcentration and clean-up were performed by elution of the pesticides from a C18 SPE cartridge using dichloromethane. The target compounds were determined in the final extract by GC-MS/MS. The most frequently encountered pesticide residues were terbuthylazine, simazine, and diuron. In some of the water samples, coming from the inlet of the washing machines, terbuthylazine and diuron concentrations were above the maximum residue limit.

Food Handling↗

PubMed1989

Motility and fertilizing ability of rat epididymal spermatozoa washed by a continuous gradient of Percoll.

Removal of epididymal fluids from epididymal sperm suspension is an important step for the study of sperm motility, capacitation, and the acrosome reaction. The technique of washing should minimize damage to viable spermatozoa but at the same time efficiently remove debris, non-sperm cells, and biological fluids. We examined sperm motility and fertilizability in vitro of rat epididymal spermatozoa after washing with Percoll continuous gradient. Nine milliliters (ml) of 50% N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N1-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffered Percoll solution was centrifuged at 20,000 g for 45 minutes to form a continuous gradient. One hundred to 300 microliters of sperm suspension was loaded onto the surface of the gradient and centrifuged at 150 g and 1,500 g for 10 minutes. Two main layers of spermatozoa were formed, one of high (lower layer) and one of low (upper layer) motility. At centrifugation 1,500 g, the sperm density and motility in the lower layer were greater than at 150 g. Spermatozoa from both layers at 150 g and at 1,500 g were diluted with modified Krebs-Ringer's bicarbonate solution (mKRB) and preincubated for 5 hours. Superovulated eggs collected from 21-25-day-old Wistar strain immature rats were introduced into the preincubated sperm suspension for insemination and fixed 5-5.5 hours later for observation of fertilization. Spermatozoa from both layers, 150 g and 1,500 g, showed the same fertilizability in vitro as control spermatozoa. From these results we conclude that Percoll gradients can be used for washing rat epididymal sperm for the study of sperm physiology including fertilization.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Applications of the telomerase assay in peritoneal washing fluids.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to detect telomerase activity in peritoneal ascites and to assess whether it can be used as an assistant tool for the early detection of ovarian cancer. METHODS: Telomerase activity was measured by TRAP assay in 47 patients with ovarian malignancies and 50 patients with benign uterine leiomyomas (control group). RESULTS: All 26 peritoneal washing cytology positive cases were telomerase positive. Of the 21 peritoneal washing cytology negative cases, 3 were telomerase positive. When these 3 were reevaluated for peritoneal cytology, malignant ascitis was identified in 1. All telomerase negative cases were negative for peritoneal washing cytology. The sensitivity and specificity of peritoneal cytology and telomerase testing in correlation with true malignant cells were 96 (26/27) and 100% (20/20) versus 100 (27/27) and 90% (18/20), respectively. The false negative rate of peritoneal cytology was 4.7% (1/21). The false positive rate of the telomerase test in relation to malignant ascites was 6.9% (2/29). CONCLUSION: Our preliminary results reveal a high sensitivity and specificity of both telomerase testing and conventional cytology in peritoneal fluids. Our data suggest that the telomerase test in peritoneal fluids can be used as an adjuvant to cytopathological methods in the diagnosis of malignant peritoneal ascites, particularly in cases of negative cytology. In these cases, a review of peritoneal histocytology is advised.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Characterization and CO2 Adsorptivity of Acid-Washed and Cation-Exchanged Natural Mordenites

A Japanese natural mordenite was modified by acid washing as well as cation-exchange. Crystal structure, porosity, and active sites of the modified natural mordenites were characterized, and their CO2 adsorptivity were examined. Contraction as well as expansion of the mordenitic unit cell in the natural zeolite and distortion of zeolite structure by acid washing are plausibly shown by XRD. Long-term washing by nitric acid induces enlargement of micropore volume, increasing the micropore dimension but decreasing the large pore dimension over the mesoporous range. The degree of dehydration has an important role in CO2 adsorption. Metal ionic sites affect both the irreversible CO2 adsorption and the CO2 equilibrium adsorption at low concentration. Li+ ion-exchange brings about a great CO2 adsorption but reduces the CO2-surface interaction due to molecular size effect. Ca2+ ion-exchange has its main effect in the enhancement of CO2 desorption energy. Copyright 1997 Academic Press. Copyright 1997Academic Press

Journal Article↗

PubMed1979

A bacteriological evaluation of a programme for preoperative total body-washing with chlorhexidine gluconate performed by patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery.

Twenty-eight orthopaedic patients were taught to wash their entire bodies with chlorhexidine gluconate on two consecutive days preoperatively, starting in their homes. The operation field was also washed a third time. A bacteriological evaluation was performed using contact plates. A significant reduction of the skin flora, including Staph. aureus, was registered. No adverse side effects of total body-washing were observed.

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMed1987

Comparison of the effects of a preliminary hepatic washing and of saponin on the intracellular penetration of peroxidase-labeled anti-rat albumin antibodies in hepatocytes.

The effect of a preliminary hepatic washing with saline before liver fixation either by perfusion or immersion was compared to the effect of saponin, a membrane-permeabilizing agent, in order to ascertain which procedure is best to obtain a homogeneous distribution of albumin-containing hepatocytes in the hepatic lobule. Albumin was located in the hepatocytes by peroxidase-labeled antibodies using light and electron microscopy. The efficacy of the two procedures on the intracellular penetration of labeled antibodies in liver sections was judged by preparing transverse ultrathin sections. Both procedures yielded similar results. Liver fixation by perfusion with saponin and without a preliminary washing, however, distributes albumin-containing hepatocytes more homogeneously in the hepatic lobule and enables labeled antibodies to penetrate more satisfactorily. In contrast, when the liver is fixed by immersion, the preliminary washing is the only way to obtain an even distribution of albumin-containing hepatocytes, as saponin is not effective under these conditions. In conclusion, the localization of albumin in the hepatocytes must be adapted according to the technique used to fix the liver.

Albumins↗

PubMed1982

Immunoregulatory activity of cell-free peritoneal washings of mice with Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma.

Cell-free peritoneal washings (PW) were collected from mice with Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma at various time intervals after tumor transplantation and tested on the immunosuppressive activity in vitro. Two assays were used: (1) stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and (2) inhibition of human leukocyte migration with PPD. Fluids collected in the early phase of tumor growth (up to day 6) were ineffective, or weakly suppressive, and those collected in advanced and terminal stages of carcinoma development, were suppressive in both tests applied. Control cell-free peritoneal washings obtained from normal mice without the tumor exerted suppressive activity when adjusted to the same protein concentration as the PW from mice with Ehrlich carcinoma. This suggests that host's cells in tumor-bearing animals, rather than tumor cells themselves, may be responsible for the production of inhibitory substance(s). Cell-free peritoneal washings were also tested on their ability to influence the growth of Ehrlich carcinoma cells in vitro, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Samples collected from mice with advanced tumors stimulated the growth of tumor cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Evaluation of the washing system efficiency in sugar cane mills by neutron activation analysis.

The effectiveness of industrial washing operation in minimizing soil in sugar cane delivered to mills is evaluated. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was the nuclear analytical technique chosen for this work, with Fe, Hf, Sc, and Th selected as soil tracers. On the basis of differences between elemental concentration of integral and prepared cane, that is before and after washing, the feasibility of the method for evaluation of the washing efficiency is demonstrated.

Brazil↗

PubMed2000

[Mechanical autotransfusion procedures. The effect cytokines and leukocytes on washed erythrocyte concentrate].

BACKGROUND: The use of mechanical autotransfusion devices has been sporadically associated with adverse effects including pulmonary dysfunction and systemic inflammatory response. Stimulated immune cells and proinflammatory cytokines are suspected mediators of these complications. This study was designed to evaluate whether mechanical autotransfusion stimulates immune cells in wound blood thus leading to an increase in cytokines. METHODS: The wound blood of 100 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty was collected and processed using four different devices in a randomized order. Leucocyte and cytokine concentrations (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10) were determined in the collected wound blood and in the washed erythrocyte concentrate. RESULTS: IL-6 concentrations in the collected wound blood were markedly higher. TNF-alpha and IL-10 could also be detected at lower concentrations. Cell washing reduced IL-6 and IL-10 levels efficiently, while TNF-alpha concentrations were significantly increased. Leucocyte concentrations were decreased only slightly. A content of 1.0 x 10(9) leucocytes remained in the processed blood. CONCLUSION: High concentrations of IL-6 in the collected wound blood are reduced extensively by all mechanical autotransfusion devices investigated. However, a large amount of leucocytes remains in the processed blood. Considering the increase in TNF-alpha concentration after the washing, an elevated activity of mononuclear cells in the blood product must be assumed.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production by washed cells of Alcaligenes eutrophus; purification, characterisation and potential regulatory role of citrate synthase.

Washed cells prepared from carbon-limited continuous cultures of Alcaligenes eutrophus synthesised poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) rapidly when supplied with glucose, DL-lactate or L-lactate. Unlike growing cultures, washed cells excreted significant amounts of pyruvate. The combined rates of PHB production (qPHB) and pyruvate excretion (qPyr) were linearly related to the rate of carbon substrate utilisation (qS), showing that washed cells behaved similarly to growing cultures when corrected for the absence of non-PHB biomass production. The addition of formate (as a potential source of NADH and/or ATP) significantly stimulated both qPHB and qPyr, but slightly decreased qS and substantially decreased the flux of carbon through the tricarboxylic acid cycle (qTCA). Citrate synthase activity of broken cells was inhibited by physiological concentrations of NADH, but not of ATP, in a manner that was not reversible by AMP. Citrate synthase was purified and shown to be a "large" form of the enzyme (Mr 227,000), comprising a single type of subunit (Mr 47,000) as found in several other gram-negative aerobes. The potential role of citrate synthase in the regulation of PHB production via its ability to control carbon flux into the tricarboxylic acid cycle is discussed.

Alcaligenes↗

PubMed1976

Citrate anticoagulation and cell washing for intraoperative autotransfusion in the baboon.

Extracorporeal citrate was used for anticoagulation during autotransfusion of baboons. A cell-washing plasmaphoresis procedure was added in one group of animals in order to remove activated clotting materials. Both groups became hypocoagulable, but the cell-washed group had less evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation as well as lower plasma hemoglobin levels. Citrate anticoagulation plus cell washing is a potential alternative to heparinization for autotransfusion.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

A new system for washing ion-exchange paper disks used in radiochemical enzyme assays.

A new device has been developed for the removal of radioactive substrate from ion-exchange paper disks, leaving ionized product bound to the paper. It has a number of important advantages over older methods of washing the ion-exchange paper: (1) It is much more thorough and efficient; background absorption of unionized material is reduced to relatively low levels. (2) Fragile media such as DEAE-substituted paper (DE81) are not subjected to the erosive effects of stirrers or agitators. (3) The disks remain organized throughout the sample application and washing procedure, eliminating need for time-consuming sorting of wet radioactive disks after washing. A larger number of assays can therefore be processed conveniently at one time. (4) Radioactive nucleosides and other adsorbable substrates are collected in a cartridge, eliminating the handling and sink-disposal of large volumes or excessive quantities of radioactive materials.

Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗

PubMed1990

Enhanced removal of detergent and recovery of enzymatic activity following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: use of casein in gel wash buffer.

The inclusion of 1% casein or bovine serum albumin in buffer used to reactivate enzymes subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide electrophoresis resulted in accelerated removal of SDS and restoration of nuclease and beta-galactosidase enzyme activities. Nuclease and beta-galactosidase activities which are absent from gels after longer wash procedures are detectable with this technique. Enzyme activity in gels prepared with SDS which contained inhibitory contaminants was partially restored by the casein wash procedure. The threshold of detection of two-dimensionally separated deoxyribonuclease I using the casein wash procedure was 1 picogram.

Autoradiography↗

PubMed1977

The rise in chlorophyll a fluorescence yield and decay in delayed light emission in tris-washed chloroplasts in the 6-100 microseconds time range after an excitation flash.

Parallel measurements of the rise in chlorophyll a fluorescence yield and delayed light emission decay, after a 10 ns saturating excitation flash, have been made in tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-washed chloroplasts. Various electron donor systems (Mn2+; ascorbate; reduced phenylenediamine and benzidine) were used in conjuction with different preillumination regimes to alter [P+-680], the oxidized form of the Photosystem II reaction center chlorophyll a. Conditions giving rise to high [p+ -680] resulted in only a small rise in fluorescence yield, an inhibition of a 6 microseconds component of delayed light emission. These results confirm the hypothesis that P+-680 acts as a quencher of fluorescence and that delayed light emission in the microsecond time range is due to the back reaction of P+-680 and Q-. (Q is the first "stable" electron acceptor of Photosystem II.) Two preillumination flashes are required before the full effect of Tris washing is observed in the delayed light emission decay and fluorescence yield rise; this suggests that a capacity to hold two charges exists between the Tris block and P+-680. Tris washing has no direct effect on the movement of electrons from Z (the first electron donor to P+-680. Finally, Mn2+ donates electrons to P+-680 via Z.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed1990

Wash-resistant inhibition of phencyclidine- and haloperidol-sensitive sigma receptor sites in guinea pig brain by putative affinity ligands: determination of selectivity.

Several putative affinity ligands, based on the structures of phencyclidine etoxadrol, 5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d] cycloheptene-5,10-imine (MK801) and 1,3-di-(2-methylphenyl)guanidine (DTG) were evaluated in vitro for their ability to produce a wash-resistant inhibition of phencyclidine and sigma receptor sites in homogenates of the brain of the guinea pig. All the phencyclidine-based ligands, including 1-[1-(3-isothiocyanatophenyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (Metaphit) and (+/-)-N-(2-isothiocyanatoethyl) MK801 [(+/-)-MK801-NCS], produced a wash-resistant inhibition of binding sites for phencyclidine, labelled by [3H]-1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine ([3H]TCP) and sigma binding sites, labelled by [3H]DTG. The DTG-based ligands, 1-(4-isothiocyanato-2-methylphenyl)-3-(2-methylphenyl)guanidine (DIGIT) and 1-(4-[2-(2-isothiocyanatoethoxy)ethoxy]-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-(2- methylphenyl)guanidine (DIGIE), produced a wash-resistant inhibition of sigma sites, at concentrations as small as 1 microM and also inhibited binding sites for phencyclidine at larger concentrations (100 microM). Both 1-(3-isothiocyanatophenyl)-1-ethyl-4-(2-piperidyl)-1,3-dioxolane (ETOX-NCS) and 1-[1-(3-bromoacetyloxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyri din e (Bromoacetyl-PCP) were the most potent and selective inhibitors of the binding of [3H]TCP, while DIGIT was the most selective inhibitor of the binding of [3H]DTG. Future studies will examine the selectivity of these agents in vivo after intracerebroventricular administration.

Affinity Labels↗

PubMed1982

Interruption of shigellosis by hand washing.

High attack rates, increasing resistance to antibiotics and high mortality make shigellosis a serious problem. As Shigella is associated with poor hygiene we examined the effectiveness of a simple intervention, washing hands with soap and water, in checking the spread of the disease. The study population was comprised of confirmed cases of shigellosis. These and matched controls were followed up for 10 days. Several pieces of soap and earthenware pitchers for storing water were provided to the study families and they were advised to wash their hands with soap and water after defaecation and before meals. Compliance was monitored daily by observing the size of the soap and residual water. Rectal swabs of contacts of both the groups were obtained for culture. The secondary infection rate was 10.1% in the study group and 32.4% in the control group. The secondary case (symptomatic) rate was 2.2% in the study group and 14.2% in the control group. These results suggest that hand-washing has a positive interrupting effect, even in unsanitary environments.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Preparation of washed platelets from non-anticoagulated human blood.

Sodium citrate is almost always used to anticoagulate blood for the preparation of washed platelet suspensions. Several adverse effects of citrate on platelet functional responses have been reported. We investigated the extent of activation of platelets and plasmatic coagulation during the preparation of washed platelets from human blood to which no anticoagulant was added. Washed platelets from native blood (PNB) were prepared by passing freshly-drawn human blood rapidly through a mixed Sephadex G-25/G-50 column to remove divalent cations. Gel-filtered blood (GFB), diluted by the elution medium containing 0.35% albumin and 2U/ml apyrase, was obtained within 5 minutes of venepuncture. Using CaCl2, the GFB was found to contain a mean of 1.65 X 10 mM calcium. Fibrinopeptide A measurements indicated less activation of plasmatic coagulation in GFB than in citrated blood. Measurements of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 during the various stages of the preparation of PNB showed no platelet activation. No platelet aggregates, as measured by the platelet aggregate ratio method, were observed in GFB. Transmission electron microscopy showed intact discoid platelets similar to those in platelet-rich plasma. The reduced activation of platelets and of plasmatic coagulation was due to the more effective removal of calcium ions from the blood by gel filtration than chelation by citrate. PNB may thus provide a model for studying the requirements for calcium in platelet function in the absence of any citrate-platelet interactions.

Anticoagulants↗