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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Glycosaminoglycan-lipoprotein interaction.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) bound to various proteoglycans (PGs) present in the cardiovascular system have been proposed to perform a wide range of functions. These include conferring viscoelastic properties; interacting with and modulating growth factors and enzymes; and as receptors and co-receptors in lipoprotein metabolism. Binding of apoB-100 lipoproteins, particularly low density lipoproteins (LDL), to GAGs of extracellular matrix PGs in arteries has been proposed to be an initiating event in development of atherosclerosis. This study was initiated with the aim of getting an overview of the binding patterns of different lipoprotein subclasses with individual GAG categories. We thus evaluated the interaction of lipoproteins with GAGs commonly found in the cardiovascular system using a gel mobility-shift assay developed for this purpose. The same procedure was used to measure lipoproteins binding to metabolically [(35)S]-labeled whole PGs prepared from three cell types, arterial smooth muscle cells, THP-1 macrophages and from HepG2 cells. The effect of GAG composition on PGs on lipoprotein binding was evaluated by enzymatic degradation of the carbohydrate chains. Heparan sulfate was found to bind beta very low density lipoproteins (beta-VLDL) and a chylomicron remnant model (beta-VLDL+apoE), but not LDL. Dermatan sulfate was found to bind LDL, but not beta-VLDL or the chylomicron remnant model. Chondroitin sulfate and heparin were found to bind all lipoproteins tested (LDL, beta-VLDL and beta-VLDL+apoE) although with different affinities. We can conclude that each lipoprotein subclass tested binds a specific assortment of the GAGs tested. The observations made contribute to the understanding of new and complex mechanisms by which carbohydrate and lipid metabolism may be linked.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed1992

Chemotaxis of metastatic tumor cells: clues to mechanisms from the Dictyostelium paradigm.

Amoeboid movement, and in some cases, amoeboid chemotaxis, is a key step in tumor metastasis. The high degree of conservation in signal transduction pathways and motile machinery in eukaryotic cells suggests that insights and molecular probes developed from the study of these processes in easily manipulated experimental model systems will be applicable directly to experimentally intractable tumor cells. One such model system, Dictyostelium discoideum, is discussed in terms of the molecular events involved in amoeboid chemotaxis. The application of insights and assays developed with Dictyostelium to early events in the chemotaxis of Lewis lung carcinoma cells is reviewed.

Actins↗
PubMed2005

Urea as an endogenous surrogate in human microdialysis to determine relative recovery of drugs: analytics and applications.

During in vivo microdialysis studies time-consuming and laborious bedside calibration methods, e.g. retrodialysis, have to be performed. To reduce the burden on the patient it would be desirable to establish a reliable, time-saving calibration technique to obtain the in vivo recovery describing the relative drug transfer across the membrane of the microdialysis probe. The performed study aimed to evaluate and validate the use of urea as an endogenous reference compound to determine relative in vivo recovery of anti-infectives, e.g. linezolid used herein as model drug. In order to meet the special requirements imposed by microdialysis to measure urea concentrations in very small sample volumes ( approximately 10 microL) a photometric assay in 96-well microtiter plates was established based on the method of Berthelot. Subsequently, concentration- and flow rate-dependence were evaluated in vitro to determine the relative recovery (RR) of urea. Finally, urea and linezolid concentrations in human microdialysis samples were measured. The developed assay was validated according to international guidelines and met all requirements. Relative in vitro recovery was found to be independent from concentration and dependent on flow rate. Subsequently, relative in vivo recovery of urea was correlated with relative in vivo recovery of linezolid obtained by the traditional retrodialysis method. In healthy volunteers, the mean ratio of the relative recovery of linezolid to the relative recovery of urea was 0.6 for the subcutaneous (s.c.: CV 33.4%, n = 48) and 0.7 for the intramuscular probe (i.m.: CV 18.8%, n = 40), respectively. In critically ill patients this ratio was 0.7 for both tissues (s.c.: CV 32.8%, n = 18; i.m.: CV 22.1%, n = 17). Successful calibration of the urea reference technique without the need to use in vitro data will further promote the application of microdialysis in clinical studies especially in critically ill patients, as it reduces the imposed burden to a minimum.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1995

A double-blind randomized placebo cross-over controlled trial using the antioxidant vitamin E to treat reactive oxygen species associated male infertility.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of the in vivo administration of vitamin E as treatment for reactive oxygen species-associated male infertility. SETTING: University-based center for reproductive medicine. DESIGN: Double-blind randomized placebo cross-over controlled trial. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: Thirty healthy men with high levels of reactive oxygen species generation in semen and a normal female partner. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were allocated to two groups according to the blinded randomization. Each patient received either 600 mg/d of vitamin E (Ephynal, 300 mg tablets; F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Basle, Switzerland) (order A) or identical placebo tablets (order B) for 3 months. Then after a 1-month wash-out period the patients were crossed-over to the other treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Improvement in the in vitro function of the spermatozoa measured by conventional semen analysis, computerized motility assessment, determination of reactive oxygen species generation, binding to the zona pellucida of the unfertilized human oocyte in a competitive zona binding assay, development of hyperactivated motility (both spontaneous and in the presence of 20% of the natural agonist, human follicular fluid) and pregnancy. RESULTS: Rise in the blood serum vitamin E levels after treatment accompanied by improvement in one of the sperm function tests: the zona binding assay. The zona binding ratio for order A improved from 0.2 (range 0 to 0.5) before treatment to 0.5 (range 0.1 to 1.0) after treatment, the corresponding values for order B were 0.2 (range 0 to 1.0) before treatment and 0.3 (range 0.1 to 0.7) after treatment. CONCLUSION: Oral administration of vitamin E significantly improves the in vitro function of human spermatozoa as assessed by the zona binding test.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A sensitive assay for measuring alpha-Gal epitope expression on cells by a monoclonal anti-Gal antibody.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of a-gal epitope (Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R) expression on various cells and tissues is important for the prediction of anti-Gal-mediated immune rejection of xenografts. This study describes an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA inhibition assay) developed for this purpose, which uses the monoclonal anti-Gal antibody M86. METHODS: Cells at various concentrations were incubated overnight with M86 at 1/100 dilution. The cells and bound antibody were removed, and the residual antibody in the supernatant was measured in an ELISA assay with a-gal-bovine serum albumin as a solid phase antigen. The extent of a-gal epitope expression on cells correlates with the subsequent inhibition of M86 binding in ELISA. The inhibition binding curves at various cell concentrations were compared with those of a standard cell line with a known number of epitopes per cell. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The mouse IgM M86 monoclonal antibody was highly specific for a-gal epitopes. Using this antibody in an ELISA inhibition assay with cells at a wide range of concentrations enables the detection of at least 5 x 10(4) and up to more than 5 x 10(7) a-gal epitopes per cell. This assay can be used also for the detection of a-gal epitopes on membranes from tissue homogenates, and thus it enables the determination of the extent of decrease in a-gal epitope expression in animals that are genetically manipulated to alter their carbohydrate make-up.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Detection of serum anti-ganglioside antibodies by latex agglutination assay in Guillain-Barré syndrome: comparison with ELISA.

OBJECTIVE: Rapid detection of serum anti-ganglioside antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) could facilitate early diagnosis and early initiation of treatment, which might shorten the term of illness and reduce sequelae. We examined serum anti-ganglioside antibodies in patients with GBS using the latex agglutination assay developed by Alaedini and Latov (J Immunoassay 21: 377-386, 2000) with some modifications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used 75 sera from GBS patients, which exhibited IgG anti-GM1, GD1b, or GQ1b, or IgM anti-GM2 antibodies on previous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blue latex beads (2.5% solution of 0.3 microm) were coated with 1 mg/ml of GM1, GD1b, GQ1b or GM2. Aliquots (4 microl) of serum and the ganglioside-coated particles were mixed and rocked on a glass slide for 30 to 40 seconds. The reaction was observed under a microscope and compared with the antiganglioside antibody titers determined with ELISA. RESULTS: Agglutination was strong in sera of which the IgM or IgG titers of anti-GM1, GD1b, GQ1b or GM2 antibodies were found to be more than 1:6,400 on ELISA except for 2 samples, but weak or absent in sera with titers of 1:3,200. Agglutination was absent in sera of which the antibody titers were less than 1:3,200 on ELISA. CONCLUSION: We could rapidly detect serum IgM and IgG anti-GM1, GD1b, GQ1b and GM2 antibodies in patients with GBS by means of the latex agglutination assay when sera exhibited high titers of the respective antibodies on ELISA. The sensitivity of our agglutination assay was much lower than that of ELISA.

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic↗
PubMed2005

The assessment of platelet activation in antiplatelet drug development.

Platelet activation plays an important role in a wide range of pathological conditions. For example, platelet activation has been shown to be involved in the defence against parasitic infection, the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease, and various arterial and venous thrombotic diseases. Indeed, there is considerable interest in the manipulation of platelet function for therapeutic gain. It is for these reasons that there is considerable interest in developing assays measuring in vivo platelet activation. Current modalities in the measurement of platelet activation include Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA), platelet flow cytometry and electron microscopy. It is proposed that methods in measuring platelet activation can also be classified into 'direct' and 'indirect' modalities, both of which have their distinct advantages and disadvantages. Unfortunately, there is at present no consensus on the ideal method of measuring platelet activation. Thus, studies on platelet activation should ideally include at least one of each of direct and indirect modality of studying platelet activation. This review provides an overview of basic platelet biology and the various methods of measuring platelet activation, with an emphasis on their role in drug development.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

A transcriptome-wide approach for rapid pathotype discrimination of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in north-western India.

Stripe rust of wheat caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) remains a major constraint to wheat production in India due to the rapid evolution and frequent emergence of virulent pathotypes. Rapid and reliable discrimination of Pst pathotypes is essential for effective resistance deployment and surveillance. In the present study, transcriptome-wide simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were exploited to develop and validate molecular markers for pathotype-specific detection of Pst pathotypes prevalent in North India (110S119, 238S119, 46S119, 110S84 and 78S84). Microsatellite mining from 6103 core orthologous clusters comprising 51,127 transcripts mined 14,634 SSR loci, from which 93 primer pairs were synthesized. However, only three SSR markers exhibited polymorphism indicating limited discrimination potential of expressed sequence-derived (EST) SSRs for pathotype differentiation. In contrast, SNP discovery through stringent variant calling and filtration yielded 186 pathotype-specific homokaryotic SNPs, of which 56 high-confidence loci were selected for Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) assay development. A total of 48 KASP markers were synthesized and 14 demonstrated clear pathotype- or cluster-specific polymorphism representing substantially higher resolution than SSR markers. The high SNP-to-KASP conversion efficiency (~ 95%) and reproducible fluorescence-based clustering emphasize the robustness of KASP assay. Comparative evaluation revealed that SNP-based KASP markers provide superior discriminatory capacity for closely related Pst pathotypes and represent a promising complementary molecular approach for rapid identification of predominant Indian Pst pathotypes. The validated marker panel developed in this study can complement conventional virulence phenotyping and field pathogenomics approaches for surveillance of currently known pathotypes, while continued refinement may accommodate future changes in pathogen populations.

India↗
PubMed2005

An evaluation of three new-generation tetrazolium salts for the measurement of respiratory activity in activated sludge microorganisms.

XTT (3'-[1-[(phenylamino)-carbonyl]-3,4-tetrazolium]-bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro)benzenesulfonic acid hydrate), MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt), and WST-1 (4-(3-4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio)-1,3-benzenedisulfonate) are tetrazolium salts that have become commercially available only in relatively recent years; they differ from earlier such compounds in that their reduction gives rise to a formazan product that is water soluble. We have established the sites in the prokaryotic respiratory chain at which each of the dyes is reduced to its corresponding formazan and have evaluated the suitability of each for the colorimetric estimation of electron transport system activity in populations of activated sludge microorganisms. Reduction of all three tetrazolium salts was shown to be proportional to cell biomass and oxygen uptake and to be susceptible to low levels of the reference toxicant 3,5-dichlorophenol. XTT, which was not inhibitory at concentrations of up to 2 mM and was reduced by 91% of isolates from a sample of culturable activated sludge bacteria, was chosen for further assay development. XTT-formazan production was found to be stimulated by the availability of an exogenous carbon and energy source, and by the presence of the electron-coupling agent phenazine methosulfate. Less than 3% of XTT reduction by an activated sludge sample was abiotic. An assay based on this compound could be a valuable and simple tool for the routine monitoring of the performance of wastewater treatment systems.

Bacterial Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

Drenching adult ewes: implications of anthelmintic treatments pre- and post-lambing on the development of anthelmintic resistance.

AIMS: To test the hypothesis that peri-parturient anthelmintic treatment of adult ewes, either pre-lambing with a controlled- release capsule (CRC) or at tail-docking with a short-acting oral formulation, would increase the rate of development of anthelmintic resistance, as compared to not drenching ewes and giving an additional drench to lambs in the autumn. Also, to evaluate the potential of routinely leaving 15% of the heaviest lambs untreated when drenching, as a means of slowing the development of anthelmintic resistance. METHODS: A replicated farmlet trial was run from 1999- 2004. Eleven farmlets, each consisting of five paddocks, were initially seeded with Ostertagia (=Teladorsagia) circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis parasites, these being a mixture of albendazole-susceptible and -resistant isolates to yield a 96% reduction in faecal nematode egg count (FEC) on drenching. Four prescriptive drenching regimes were applied; Treatments 1-3 were replicated three times and Treatment 4 twice. Treatments were as follows. Treatment 1: Ewes were given an albendazole CRC pre-lambing, and any ewes exceeding 65 kg liveweight were given two capsules simultaneously; lambs were given a five-drench preventive programme of treatments, orally, of albendazole on Days 0, 21, 42, 70 and 98 after weaning. Treatment 2: Ewes were given a single oral treatment of albendazole at docking (2-3 weeks after lambing), and lambs were given the same five-drench preventive programme as in Treatment 1. Treatment 3: Ewes remained untreated, while lambs were given a six-drench preventive programme of treatments, orally, of albendazole on Days 0, 21, 42, 70, 98 and 126 after weaning. Treatment 4: Ewes remained untreated, while lambs were given the same six-drench preventive programme as in Treatment 3, but the heaviest 15% of lambs were left untreated each time. Albendazole-resistance status was measured at least twice-yearly, using faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRTs) and larval development assays (LDA). In addition, controlled slaughter of drenched and undrenched tracer lambs was undertaken in the last 3 years. RESULTS: Resistance to albendazole increased most rapidly in Treatment 1, as measured by FECRT and LDA results, and worm burdens in tracer lambs. In Treatment 2, resistance developed slower than in Treatment 1 but faster than in Treatments 3 and 4, as measured by LDA; resistance in Treatment 2 developed more quickly than in Treatment 4, as measured by FECRTs. There was no significant difference between Treatments 3 and 4, although this approached significance in Ostertagia spp, as measured by LDA. CONCLUSIONS: Anthelmintic treatments to adult ewes around lambing time are likely to be more selective for resistance than additional treatments administered to lambs in the autumn. Farmers wishing to slow the emergence of anthelmintic resistance on their farms should look to minimise the administration of peri-parturient treatment of ewes. A trend to slower development of resistance where a proportion of lambs were left untreated at each drench suggests further work on this aspect of management of resistance is warranted.

Albendazole↗
PubMed1991

Monocyte-derived giant cell formation in patients with breast cancer.

Recent reports of monocyte-derived giant cell formation in breast cancer and associated retroviral findings have attracted much interest in the scientific literature and with the media, revitalising hypotheses of a viral role in the aetiology of the disease. We describe an assay developed to investigate further the giant cell forming phenomenon and report results which conflict with earlier work. We observed a smaller proportion of patients with breast cancer forming giant cells than in previous reports. Conversely, a much larger proportion of controls formed giant cells. Using our assay to calculate a fusion index the formation of giant cells, as defined in earlier work, was found to be a poor indicator of the degree of cell fusion in our samples. We discuss our experiences with the assay and suggest the calculation of a fusion index as a more comparable and quantitative measurement of cell fusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1972

Classification of Neisseria meningitidis group B into distinct serotypes. II. Extraction of type-specific antigens for serotyping by precipitin techniques.

Over 10 distinct serotypes of group B Neisseria meningitidis have been found to date by using a sensitive microbactericidal assay developed by the authors. The serotype antigens have now been extracted by hot acid or saline extraction procedures. It was found that these extracted serotype antigens may be used in a simple capillary precipitin method. This method uses unadsorbed, undiluted rabbit antisera. In the capillary precipitin method a 3+ to 4+ reaction was considered significant. The microbactericidal assay and capillary precipitin methods for serotyping group B meningococci show excellent agreement. Group B meningococci were also serotyped by an agar gel double diffusion technique. The latter technique conserves reagents and has the further advantage that it does not show the minor cross-reactions observed in the capillary precipitin method. Thus two simple, reproducible methods for serological typing of group B meningococci have been developed. These methods developed for the serological typing of group B meningococci will aid in epidemiological studies of meningococcal disease. They may also be of value for selecting suitable strains for vaccine production.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Rapid determination of reduced and oxidized glutathione levels using a new thiol-masking reagent and the enzymatic recycling method: application to the rat liver and bile samples.

A microtiter plate assay for quantitation of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione in the rat liver tissue and bile is described. The assay is based on the established enzymatic recycling method and a new thiol-masking reagent, 1-methyl-4-vinyl-pyridinium trifluoromethane sulfonate (M4VP). Samples were first processed by homogenization with (liver) or addition of (bile) sulfosalicylic acid. The total glutathione and GSSG were then determined before and after rapid (< or = 2 min) and efficient (100%) masking of the GSH content of the samples with M4VP followed by the enzymatic recycling assay. The percentages of error and coefficient of variation of the assay were within the accepted guidelines, indicating the accuracy and precision of the assay in the range of 6.25-100 pmol GSH per microplate well and 2.17-140 pmol GSSG per well, with lower limit of quantitation of 6.25 and 2.17 pmol per well for GSH and GSSG, respectively. Furthermore, the recoveries of added GSH or GSSG from the liver and bile samples were accurate and precise. The assay was applied to measurement of GSH, GSSG, and GSH:GSSG ratio in the liver and serially collected bile samples in sham-operated and ischemic rat livers, demonstrating a depletion of glutathione and a decrease in the GSH:GSSG ratio as a result of ischemia. The developed assay is rapid, sensitive, accurate, and precise and is suitable for studies of the redox status of liver under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A strategy based on 5' nuclease multiplex PCR to detect enterotoxin genes sea to sej of Staphylococcus aureus.

We describe the development of a strategy based on 5' nuclease multiplex PCR for the rapid detection of nine enterotoxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej) of Staphylococcus aureus. The genotyping scheme consists in identifying these nine enterotoxin genes by three 5' nuclease Triplex-PCR assays. The strategy was evaluated using a collection of S. aureus reference strains previously examined with conventional PCR assays, and by testing previously characterized food S. aureus field strains. The 5' nuclease Triplex-PCR assays correctly detected the se genes in all the reference strains. In tests with field strains there was generally excellent agreement with the results obtained by conventional PCR, except for some strains harbouring variant se genes. The detection limits of the Triplex-PCR assays evaluated using fivefold dilution of recombinant plasmids for each se gene ranged from 16 to 2000 copies of target se genes in the PCR tube. The 5' nuclease Triplex-PCR assays developed are fast and specific, and provide a useful diagnostic tool for the detection and genotyping of se genes. The development of this method is an improvement that should facilitate epidemiological investigations of staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1999

A multi-epitope synthetic peptide and recombinant protein for the detection of antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi in radioimmunoprecipitation-confirmed and consensus-positive sera.

Peptide epitopes of Trypanosoma cruzi have been identified through expression cloning. A tripeptide (2/D/E) containing three epitopes (TcD, TcE, PEP-2) was used in ELISA to detect antibodies to T. cruzi in 239 of 240 consensus-positive sera and 41 of 42 sera confirmed positive by radioimmunoprecipitation assay. The 1 discrepant consensus-positive serum was used to expression-clone a novel gene that contained a repeat sequence. A peptide corresponding to this sequence, TcLo1.2, was specific for T. cruzi. This antigen detected the discrepant consensus-positive serum and enhanced reactivity of low-positive sera in the tripeptide assay. A branched synthetic peptide, 2/D/E/Lo1.2, or a linear recombinant, r2/D/E/Lo1.2, realized all of the diagnostic features of the four epitopes, including the ability to boost reactivity of low-reactive sera. These studies show that peptides and recombinants containing multiple repeat epitopes are powerful tools for developing assays for T. cruzi antibody detection and have direct application in blood screening.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of three serum assays for bone collagen formation during postmenopausal estrogen-progestin therapy.

Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) lowers the turnover rate of the mineralized bone matrix, the predominant organic component of which is type I collagen. The effect of estrogen on bone metabolism has been monitored by measuring the circulating concentration of the carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP), which decreases during HRT. We have recently developed assays for the intact amino-terminal propeptide (PINP) of type I procollagen, a protein set free from the other end of the same gene product. PICP and PINP, both derived from the synthesis of type I collagen, but differing in their further metabolism, were assessed in 47 postmenopausal women, aged 45-66 years, undergoing postmenopausal HRT. Estradiol-gel applied daily was combined to a continuous progestin administered by three different routes. Serum samples obtained before the treatment and 6 and 12 months after its commencement were analyzed for PICP, PINP, PINP Col 1 (assay variant measuring also the degradation product of PINP) and PIIINP (amino-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen). During HRT the circulating concentration of PICP decreased by 20%, that of PINP by 42% and that of PINP Col 1 by 32% in 12 months. The correlation between the two propeptides, which was 0.676 before the treatment, increased to 0.851 in 6 months and to 0.815 in 12 months. The correlations between PINP and PINP Col 1 were 0.872 before the treatment and increased to 0.925 and 0.941 after 6 and 12 months of treatment, respectively. The serum concentration of PIIINP, which reflects the turnover of the soft tissue collagens, did not change remarkably. Our findings indicate that the intact PINP is a more dynamic marker of bone metabolism than PICP and can therefore be recommended as a marker reflecting the effect of estrogen on bone collagen formation during HRT.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Lectin capture strategies combined with mass spectrometry for the discovery of serum glycoprotein biomarkers.

The application of mass spectrometry to identify disease biomarkers in clinical fluids like serum using high throughput protein expression profiling continues to evolve as technology development, clinical study design, and bioinformatics improve. Previous protein expression profiling studies have offered needed insight into issues of technical reproducibility, instrument calibration, sample preparation, study design, and supervised bioinformatic data analysis. In this overview, new strategies to increase the utility of protein expression profiling for clinical biomarker assay development are discussed with an emphasis on utilizing differential lectin-based glycoprotein capture and targeted immunoassays. The carbohydrate binding specificities of different lectins offer a biological affinity approach that complements existing mass spectrometer capabilities and retains automated throughput options. Specific examples using serum samples from prostate cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma subjects are provided along with suggested experimental strategies for integration of lectin-based methods into clinical fluid expression profiling strategies. Our example workflow incorporates the necessity of early validation in biomarker discovery using an immunoaffinity-based targeted analytical approach that integrates well with upstream discovery technologies.

Amino Acid Sequence↗