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PubMed2003

High rates of behavioral problems in perinatally HIV-infected children are not linked to HIV disease.

OBJECTIVE: Descriptive studies and clinical reports have suggested that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive children are at risk for behavioral problems. Inadequate control groups and sample sizes have limited the ability of investigators to consider multiple influences that place HIV-positive children at risk for poor behavioral outcomes. We examined the unique and combined influences of HIV, prenatal drug exposure, and environmental factors on behavior in children who were perinatally exposed to HIV. METHODS: Participants included 307 children who were born to HIV-positive mothers (96 HIV infected and 211 seroreverters) and enrolled in a natural history, longitudinal study of women to infant HIV transmission. Caregivers completed parent behavioral rating scales, beginning when the children were 3 years old. Data were also collected on prenatal drug exposure; child age, gender, and ethnicity; caregiver relationship to child; and birth complications. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses comparing the HIV-infected children with perinatally exposed but uninfected children from similar backgrounds failed to find an association between either HIV status or prenatal drug exposure and poor behavioral outcomes. The strongest correlates of increased behavioral symptoms were demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that although a high prevalence of behavioral problems does exist among HIV-infected children, neither HIV infection nor prenatal drug exposure is the underlying cause. Rather, other biological and environmental factors are likely contributors toward poor behavioral outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparing descriptive, experimental and informant-based assessments of problem behaviors.

In this study, the outcomes of descriptive, experimental and informant-based methods of functional assessment were compared in four individuals with developmental disabilities who showed problem behaviors. Results indicated that the descriptive and experimental assessments were concordant in only one of the four cases whilst informant-based and experimental assessments were concordant in three of the four cases. The descriptive assessment identified thin schedules of attention in all cases. These results appear to question the usefulness of employing descriptive assessments for problem behaviors either as an adjunct or replacement for experimental assessments, particularly given their time-consuming nature.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Revised memory and behavior problems checklist in Taiwanese patients with Alzheimer's disease.

The Revised Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist (RMBPC) is a 24-item caregiver report that measures observable behavioral and memory problems in dementia patients and their caregivers' reaction to these problems. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the applicability of the RMBPC for use in Taiwanese patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The subjects included 76 AD patients (39 men and 37 women, mean age 72.3) and their caregivers (34 men and 42 women, mean age 53.5) who participated in a comprehensive assessment at the Veterans General Hospital-Taipei. The Chinese version of the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument was administered to the patients. Their caregivers rated the RMBPC and the short version of the Geriatric Depression Score (GDS). To assess the test-retest reliability, 30 caregivers rated a second RMBPC 3 days after the first evaluation. The mean score for the frequency rating on the RMBPC was 32.63 (SD = 12.44, range = 5-61) and the mean reaction score was 10.96 (SD = 11.53). The reaction score was significantly correlated with the GDS score (r = .363, p = .001). The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for frequency and reaction scores were .816 and .895 respectively. The test-retest reliabilities of total frequency and reaction scores were significantly correlated; overall correlations were .89 for frequency (p < .001) and .74 for reaction (p < .001). These findings suggest that the RMBPC be recommended as a reliable tool to assess behavioral and memory disturbance in Taiwanese AD patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

A follow-up study of preschool children evaluated for developmental and behavioral problems.

Parents and teachers of preschool children evaluated for developmental and behavioral problems in a tertiary pediatric clinic were surveyed an average of 15 months after the initial visit to determine whether they thought the original presenting problem(s) were still present. In 46 percent of cases in which there was an initial concern about behavior, parents continued to be concerned. In contrast, only 24 percent of responding parents continued to be concerned about developmental problems. In more than half of the cases in which parents were no longer concerned, especially about behavior, teachers indicated that there continued to be problems. Age and sex of children were not related to outcome. The higher the socioeconomic status of parents, the more likely the parents were to report persistent developmental problems. Children with persistent problems tended to have difficult temperament characteristics. This study suggests that it is difficult to predict which problems will persist and that there are varying viewpoints as to the nature and existence of these problems.

Child↗
PubMed1991

The effects of maternal working conditions and mastery on child behavior problems: studying the intergenerational transmission of social control.

We assess the impact of maternal sense of mastery and maternal working conditions on maternal perceptions of children's behavior problems as a means to study the transmission of social control across generations. We use a sample of 521 employed mothers and their four-to six-year-old children from the National Longitudinal Survey's Youth Cohort in 1986. Regarding working conditions, we consider mother's hourly wage, work hours, and job content including involvement with things (vs. people), the requisite level of physical activity, and occupational complexity. We also consider maternal and child background and current family characteristics, including marital status, family size, and home environment. Maternal mastery was related to fewer reported behavior problems among children. Lower involvement with people and higher involvement with things, as well as low physical activity, were related significantly to higher levels of perceived problems. In addition, recent changes in maternal marital status, including maternal marriage or remarriage, increased reports of problems; stronger home environments had the opposite effect. We interpret these findings as suggesting how maternal experiences of control in the workplace and personal resources of control can influence the internalization of control in children.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Newborn minor physical anomalies and problem behavior at age three.

The authors followed up 136 three-year-olds who had high or low scores for minor physical anomalies of face, head, hands, and feet at birth. Interviews with parents revealed that high-anomaly infants were somewhat more likely to have problem behaviors at age three; this was particularly true for hyperactive-impulsive behavior for boys. Preschool teachers' ratings of hyperactivity, however, did not show a significant relationship to anomaly score. The results suggest some congenital contributors to behavior disorders of childhood, but the relationship between anomalies and problem behavior is weak and limits clinical usefulness of this measure when used alone for identifying a high-risk population.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed1999

Developmental and etiological characteristics of children with sexual behavior problems: treatment implications.

OBJECTIVE: Baseline data are reported on the demographics, psychological adjustment, victimization, and perpetration histories of 127 6- to 12-year-old children who have engaged in developmentally unexpected sexual behaviors. Information regarding the children's caregivers, and their extended families, is also presented. Data were collected during intake of the families into a longitudinal treatment outcome study. METHOD: A comprehensive battery of psychometric devices and a structured interview were completed with 127 children with sexual behavior problems and their primary caregivers at intake to a treatment outcome study. RESULTS: More than half of the children engaging in developmentally unexpected sexual behaviors had been abused both sexually and physically by more than two different perpetrators. One-third of the people who had maltreated these children were less than 18 years old. These children had acted out against an average of two other children. High levels of distress in the children and their caregivers were evident across a number of psychometric and historical variables. CONCLUSION: Children with sexual behavior problems exhibited a number of functional impairments commonly associated with maltreatment, including learning and psychiatric disorders. Their caregivers and families manifested several characteristics that deter children's recovery from maltreatment, including an impaired attachment between parent and child. The scope of the children's problems requires that treatment extend beyond the therapist's office to include schools and other agencies or individuals with whom the child and families have regular contact.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Assessment and treatment of low-rate high-intensity problem behavior.

Functional analysis of low-rate aggression was conducted during extended observation periods and showed behavior to be maintained by positive reinforcement. Treatment consisted of variable-momentary differential reinforcement of other behavior and was successful in reducing problem behavior throughout these extended observation periods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Social information-processing patterns as predictors of social adaptation and behavior problems among maltreated children in foster care.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this investigation was to determine if social information-processing patterns were predictive of later social adaptation and behavior problems within a group of maltreated children in foster care. METHOD: A longitudinal design was used to address the study hypotheses. The sample consisted of 124 maltreated children ages 5 to 10 who had been placed into foster care. Twelve months following entrance into foster care, children were presented with age-relevant hypothetical vignettes to assess the quality of the way in which they process social information. Six to 8 months following this assessment, caregivers completed the Vineland Adaptive Scales and the Child Behavior Checklist. RESULTS: Measures reflecting unbiased and competent processing were predictive of social adaptation, whereas measures reflecting biased and incompetent processing were predictive of behavior problems. In aggregate, processing measures accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in the outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the manner in which maltreated children process social information has a bearing on their later social adaptation and behavioral adjustment. Therefore, maltreated children in foster care may benefit from interventions that target the manner in which they process social information.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Psychiatric and behavioral problems in aggressive drivers.

Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are a leading cause of accidental death and injury, and aggressive driving has been identified as a risk factor for MVAs. Assessing psychiatric and behavioral disturbances in aggressive drivers is germane to the development of prevention and intervention programs for this population. The present study compared the prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses and behavioral problems in young adult drivers with self-reported high driving aggression to that of drivers with low driving aggression. Aggressive drivers evidenced a significantly higher current and lifetime prevalence of Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders, and Cluster B Personality Disorders, and a significantly greater lifetime prevalence of Conduct Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Aggressive drivers also had a significantly greater prevalence of self-reported problems with anger, as well as a greater family history of anger problems and conflict. The findings suggest that prevention and intervention programs designed to reduce aggressive driving may need to address the presence of psychiatric and behavioral problems that could potentially complicate treatment or impede responses to treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Family environment and adolescent psychological well-being, school adjustment, and problem behavior: a pioneer study in a Chinese context.

Chinese secondary school students (N = 365) responded to instruments measuring their family environment, psychological well-being, school adjustment, and problem behavior. Measures of the family environment include perceived paternal and maternal parenting styles, family functioning, and conflict with father and mother. Results from bivariate and canonical correlation analyses showed that in general, adolescents' perceptions of parenting styles, family functioning, and parent-adolescent conflict were significantly related to scores on measures of psychological well-being (general psychiatric morbidity, life satisfaction, purpose in life, hopelessness, and self-esteem), school adjustment (perceived academic performance and school conduct), and problem behavior (smoking and psychotropic drug abuse). The findings suggest that family factors play an important role in influencing the psychosocial adjustment, particularly the positive mental health, of Chinese adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Maternal reactions to problem behaviors and ordinal position of child.

Mothers' reactions to problem behavior patterns were contrasted in a sample of mothers of first-born and later-born boys. Mothers of 8- and 14-year-old boys were presented with six hypothetical cases. Mothers of first-born boys described themselves as more likely to seek outside professional help for problems than did mothers of later-born boys. Similar results held true for those stories that mothers reported as descriptive of their own sons in recent weeks. Interestingly, no difference in the reported prevalence of such problems was found between the two birth order groups. These findings hold true for moderate severity problems, but not for severe problems. Mothers of first-born boys were more inclined to attribute the cause of problems to parent factors, while mothers of later-borns tended to focus more on the sons' skill deficits. The findings are interpreted in terms of the differential parenting experiences of the two groups and suggest an explanation for the greater incidence of clinic referral among first-borns compared to later-borns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Attachment and behavior problems in middle childhood as reported by adult and child informants.

The predictive relation between attachment and mother, teacher, and self-reported psychopathology was examined for a diverse socioeconomic status French Canadian sample of 96 children. Attachment classifications were assigned on the basis of reunion behavior with mother when the children were approximately 6 years old, and child problem behavior was assessed 2 years later using the Child Behavior Checklist (mother report), the Social Behavior Questionaire (teacher report), and the Dominic Questionnaire (child self-report). Results indicated that both insecure/ambivalent and insecure/controlling children children were rated higher than secure children on a composite measure of externalizing problems. Concerning internalizing problems, only the controlling group was significantly higher on both a composite adult (teacher and mother) and self-report measure of internalizing problems. Analyses of clinical cutoff scores showed that only the controlling group had a significantly greater likelihood of overall problem behavior than other children.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

An analysis of the hyperactive syndrome: a comparison of hyperactive, behavior problem, asthmatic, and normal children.

In an attempt to determine whether the commonly described deficits associated with hyperactivity--inappropriate activity, short attention span, low frustration tolerance, and impulsivity--are unique to this population, hyperactive, behavior problem, asthmatic, and normal control children were studied. The test most often used in research with hyperactives were administered. Hyperactives, when compared to normals, did show deficits in the aforementioned areas. However, when compared to the behavior problem and asthmatic children only the attentional deficits clearly differentiated hyperactives from the other children.

Asthma↗
PubMed1985

Behavior problems of peer-neglected and peer-rejected elementary-age children: parent and teacher perspectives.

Rejected, neglected, popular, and average-status children were selected on the basis of positive and negative sociometric measures from a total sample of 870 8- and 11-year-old children. Teachers completed the School Behavior Checklist and parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist for selected children. No age or sex differences were found. On both scales, rejected children were found to exhibit more behavior problems than neglected, popular, or average children. Neglected children did not exhibit more behavior problems than children of average status.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Relation between curricular activities and problem behaviors of students with mental retardation.

The correlations between students' problem and appropriate behaviors and characteristics of the curricular activities in which they were engaged was examined. Curricular activities were rated to determine whether they were socially functional, peer-referenced, and behaviorally functional. Students' behaviors and curricular activities in 64 classrooms were directly observed during the regular daily routine. Results showed a significant negative correlation between ratings of the characteristics of curricular activities and students' problem behaviors and a significant positive correlation between ratings of curricular activities and students' appropriate behaviors. The pattern of significant correlations was also reflected in individual subscale scores. Implications of these results for classroom practice and the remediation of problem behaviors were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Neither too sweet nor too sour: problem peers, maternal control, and problem behavior in African American adolescents.

This study examined whether maternal control protects African American adolescents from the negative influence of problem peers. Two forms of control were examined, behavioral control and psychological control. It was hypothesized that there would be a curvilinear relation between control and adolescent problem behavior, with the strength of the relationship and the amount of control optimal for adolescent development varying by the level of peer problem behavior. In general, data supported this model, particularly in regard to behavioral control, where the predicted curvilinear interaction occurred even after controlling for initial levels of problem behavior. The predicted curvilinear interaction between psychological control and peer problem behavior was statistically significant if initial levels of problem behavior were not controlled for but was not significant after controlling for initial problem behavior. These findings suggest that high-quality parenting can play a modest but critical role in the face of environmental adversity.

Adolescent↗