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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Eating disorders and body image in Spanish and Mexican female adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of eating disorders (ED), socio-cultural risk factors, and body image characteristics in two populations of female adolescents, one Mexican and one Spanish, from similar socio-economic backgrounds. METHOD: A total of 467 Spanish and 329 Mexican girls aged from 11-12 to 17-18 years were assessed using the Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26), the CETCA (Eating Disorders Assessment Questionnaire), the CIMEC (Questionnaire on Influences on Body Shape Model), and a survey of socio-demographic and risk factors produced for this study. RESULTS: One out of four subjects showed a significant risk of an eating disorder and 6-7% probably already had one. No significant differences were found between the two samples. Significant differences were found in risk behaviors: more Spanish girls reported body dissatisfaction and binging; more Mexican girls had a history of psychiatric and psychological treatment, pressure from parents and friends to lose weight, dieting, physical activity and vomiting to lose weight, and a history of greater weight loss. In both the groups around 50% of subjects wanted to increase the size of their breasts. However, significantly more Mexican girls desired thinner arms and narrower shoulders and back, and more Spanish girls wanted thinner hips, buttocks, and legs, parts of the body that many Mexicans wanted to increase. CONCLUSIONS: Risk behaviors and the ideal body models of these Spanish and Mexican adolescent girls varied significantly, indicating major socio-cultural differences. However, the prevalence of ED was similar. Further research should aim to clarify whether the similarities found between this Spanish sample and a Mexican sample taken from an upper-middle class urban environment, a minority that is unrepresentative of the general population, are also observed in samples from other sectors of Mexican society.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Body image and psychological well-being in pregnancy. A comparison of exercisers and non-exercisers.

This study compared the perceptions of body image and psychological well-being between exercising and non-exercising pregnant women. A prospective longitudinal study was conducted with 65 nulliparous women (mean age years = 30.3, range = 23-39) who were allocated to 2 groups based on level of recreational exercise participation; 25 exercisers were compared with 18 non-exercisers. A self-report exercise history questionnaire and a 10 item Body Cathexis Scale were completed on two occasions during the pregnancy, at approximately 17 weeks and 30 weeks of gestation. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) was administered in late pregnancy. There was a significant difference between the exercise group and the non-exercise group in late pregnancy for some items on the Body Cathexis Scale. The exercise group had a lower level of probable caseness on the GHQ-28 with reduced frequency of somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, and a higher level of psychological well-being.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The Ste-Justine Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Cohort Study. Part II: Perception of health, self and body image, and participation in physical activities.

OBJECTIVES: This study determined the health and well being of persons with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) more than 10 years after referral. This communication will present results related to the perception of health, self and body image, and difficulty with selected physical activities. STUDY DESIGN: The study was designed as a comparative retrospective cohort study. Subjects referred for AIS between 1960 and 1979 to a large pediatric hospital in Montreal, Quebec were entered in the cohort. A population-based control group was selected from the general population of Quebec at the time of survey. METHODS: Health outcomes were assessed by a postal questionnaire administered to the AIS cohort and to the control group. Most outcomes were ordinal and, thus, odds ratios were estimated using ordinal regression while adjusting for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: AIS subjects, particularly those who were surgically treated, had a significantly higher prevalence of self-reported arthritis. Scoliosis subjects perceived themselves to be less healthy than other persons the same age and, particularly among women, scoliosis subjects had a poorer perception of body image, and had more physician visits and days ill than control subjects. In addition, male and female AIS subjects had more difficulty with physical activities. This rather negative perception of health could be a result of actual illness or a result of more concern about illness. Nevertheless, they had a more positive perception of self and appeared to be able to cope with their affliction and disfigurement in a positive way.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

The inner space of the body image.

In a review of the psychoanalytic literature the authors show that throughout life the ego structure and identity of an individual are founded to a significant degree on the sensations and awareness of the body. It is suggested that psychic processes processes primarily evolve from cathecting biological events, of which the quality of rhythm seems to be most important. Each of the erogenous zones has its own inner space which is integrated into the body image and the body self as the child grows. The authors introduce the idea of the inner space of speech, voice, and respiration developing concurrently with the erogenous inner spaces. The most highly developed form is the adult genital inner space and its sublimated derivatives which form the basis for the biological creativity of begetting offspring and the psychic creativity of begetting original ideas.

Body Image↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Body image disturbance in anorexia nervosa].

30 girls aged 13-19, who met DSM-IV criteria for anorexia nervosa, and control group were investigated by using: 1. semistructured interview with subjects and their mothers about the pubertal status, history of marked overweight and the teasing about weight, the discrepancy between actual and ideal body weight, 2. a specially prepared questionnaire aimed to establish onset of body image disturbances, and the connection with above-mentioned symptoms and life events and lowered self-esteem, 3. Hamilton Anxiety Scale and 4. subscale from the Eating Disorders Inventory--Body Dissatisfaction Scale. Body image disturbances were characterized for anorectic persons with low global self-esteem and high level of anxiety, and developed during the change of the peer group or a change of the patient's position within the peer group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Body image perception, satisfaction and somatotype in male and female athletes and non-athletes: results using a novel morphing technique.

Thirty-six adults (24 males, 12 females) were assessed for anthropometric somatotype and body image (perception and satisfaction) by a novel technique using quantitative distortion of a digital still image. Software produced random distortions in nine body regions. The participants manipulated interactive slider controls to adjust each body feature in turn, recreate their perceived image and indicate their desired image. There were no differences in perception between the sexes. However, the ideal-actual differences (i.e. satisfaction) indicated that males desired larger and females smaller features, respectively, in the chest and thighs (P < 0.001) and arms and calves (P < 0.01). When the male-derived data were partitioned by sport (strength, endurance, team-sport and controls), differences were found in the perceived image size in the chest and rib regions (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Strength athletes perceived these areas to be smaller and the control group perceived these areas to be larger than the true values. Somatotype analysis indicated that the physique associated with minimal dissatisfaction was 2.0-5.0-3.0 for males and 3.0-2.5-3.0 for females. Cluster analysis, combining anthropometric and satisfaction data, revealed seven distinct subgroups distinguished by particular attributes of physical appearance. We conclude that the method is reliable and that body image includes sex-specific, anthropometric, perceptual and personality-related components.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The out-of-body experience and body image: differences between experiments and nonexperiments.

The present study sought to examine various aspects of body image for persons reporting a previous out-of-body experience (OBE). A total of 64 people took part in the study, 34 of whom had had an OBE. Participants reporting a previous OBE were found to score significantly higher on measures of body dissatisfaction, social physique anxiety, and somatoform dissociation, and lower on a measure of physical self-presentation. OBE experiments also reported lower levels of body awareness during use of an immersive virtual reality system than nonexperiments.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Name variation and aspects of body image among male offenders.

The author studied 100 incarcerated adult male felons who were referred consecutively for psychiatric evaluation. As part of the investigation, he ascertained whether each man had ever used a name variation, either by self-report or as documented in official records. He also administered two body-image questionnaires, each to half of the sample population. Those who used a name variation, however defined, were found to have increased head awareness and decreased stomach awareness when compared with those who had not used a name variation. Otherwise, these groups had no statistically significant differences among a wide group of descriptive variables. The author suggests that the differences in body image may be associated with cognitive differences in the ways in which these subjects approach themselves and their environments.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Smoking, body image and reducing diet. A three-year follow-up of adolescents aged 15-18 years].

Several studies indicate that the differences in smoking habits which have hitherto prevailed between the sexes are decreasing, partly because of the increase in smoking among young Norwegian women. It has been suggested that concern about body image and weight gain is of particular relevance to women taking up smoking. In this article we present findings from a cohort study among 646 adolescents between the ages of 15 and 18 years. The results indicate that boys start smoking later than girls, and that concern about weight gain, body image and dieting plays a more important role in girls' than in boys' smoking habits at the age of 15. These factors are unrelated to boys' smoking habits at the age of 18, whereas they contribute significantly in predicting girls' smoking habits three years later. Furthermore, the results show that among girls, those who smoke are more concerned about gaining weight. Our findings emphasize the importance of implementing smoking prevention programmes at different age levels, using different motivating factors for boys and girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Smoking, body image and dieting habits among adolescents. A 3-year follow-up of adolescents aged 15-18 years].

Several studies indicate that the differences in smoking habits which have hitherto prevailed between the sexes are decreasing, partly because of the increase in smoking among young Norwegian women. It has been suggested that concern about body image and weight gain is of particular relevance to women taking up smoking. In this article we present findings from a cohort study among 646 adolescents between the ages of 15 and 18 years. The results indicate that boys start smoking later than girls, and that concern about weight gain, body image and dieting plays a more important role in girls' than in boys' smoking habits at the age of 15. These factors are unrelated to boys' smoking habits at the age of 18, whereas they contribute significantly in predicting girls' smoking habits three years later. Furthermore, the results show that among girls, those who smoke are more concerned about gaining weight. Our findings emphasize the importance of implementing smoking prevention programmes at different age levels, using different motivating factors for boys and girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Understanding Girls' Circle as an intervention on perceived social support, body image, self-efficacy, locus of control, and self-esteem.

The Girls' Circle is a support group for adolescent girls developed by Beth Hossfeld and Giovanna Taormina as a unique program that addresses the needs of girls by focusing on increasing connections, building empathic skills, and developing resiliency. The present study evaluates the effectiveness of the Girls' Circle intervention on improving social support, body image, locus of control, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Sixty-three girls from 9 support groups (comprising 5 to 15 girls each) across the United States completed the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Body Parts Satisfaction Scale, the Nowicki-Strickland Personal Reaction Survey, Schwarzer's General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale both before and after the 10-week Girls' Circle program. Results revealed a significant increase in social support, body image, and self-efficacy after completion of the program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Body image, maternal-fetal attachment, and choice of infant feeding method: a study in taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Many factors contribute to a pregnant woman's choice of infant feeding method, yet few studies have investigated which factors might be specific to pregnant women in Taiwan. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among factors of body image, maternal-fetal attachment, and the choices made by pregnant Taiwanese women about infant feeding method. METHODS: One hundred and ninety-five pregnant women were recruited during their third trimester at five hospitals in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Participants completed three questionnaires, including a demographic data form, an attitude to body image scale, and a modified maternal-fetal attachment scale. RESULTS: The results of stepwise logistic regression indicated that the best subset for predicting the criterion variable of breastfeeding intention included higher level of education, primiparity, and a higher level of maternal-fetal attachment. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal-fetal attachment, education, and parity are predictive of intended infant feeding method by pregnant women who choose breastfeeding, thereby adding to existing knowledge of the factors involved in feeding method choices of Taiwanese women. Further research should incorporate maternal-fetal attachment into a supportive model of breastfeeding.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Binge eating and self-esteem predict body image dissatisfaction among obese men and women seeking bariatric surgery.

OBJECTIVE: We examined body image dissatisfaction (BID) in extremely obese men and women seeking bariatric surgery. METHODS: The following predictors of BID were examined in a consecutive series of 260 (44 men and 216 women) gastric bypass candidates: gender, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), age at onset of overweight, childhood maltreatment, binge eating, depression, and self-esteem. RESULTS: Women reported significantly higher levels of BID than men. Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that gender, binge eating, and self-esteem levels accounted for 41% of the variance in BID. In predicting BID levels separately by gender, binge eating and self-esteem accounted for 56% of the variance among men and for 33% of the variance among women. DISCUSSION: Among bariatric surgery candidates, women reported significantly higher BID than men. Our findings suggest the importance of binge eating and lower self-esteem for understanding BID in both men and women who are extremely obese.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

A modified video camera for measuring body image distortion: technical description and reliability.

Previously employed techniques for the measurement of body image are briefly described, with a short consideration of methodological or procedural limitations associated with each technique. A new procedure is described which employs a simple modification to a standard video camera to produce an image which appears from 20% thinner to 40% fatter than the actual person, without other distortion of the image. Reliability and preliminary validity data for the new procedure are presented.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed2003

Acculturation process and its effects on dietary habits, nutritional behavior and body-image in adolescents.

Previous studies have indicated that the acculturation process may contribute to psychosocial and health problems among immigrants through the mediation of acculturation stress. This study focuses on adolescents with immigrant background permanently settled in the Croatian region of Dalmatia and the influences of the acculturation process on their dietary habits, nutritional behavior and perceived body-image. The survey was conducted on the total sample of 510 adolescents (aged 14-19) including 52 first generation and 248 second generation immigrants. The analysis included dietary habits and questions of restrictive diet as indicators of unhealthy influence on physical health. Psychological factors (stress and self-esteem) have been found to be associated with dietary habits, diet behavior and dissatisfaction with body-image among adolescents with significant differences by immigrant status. Immigrant status is viewed as a risk factor for psychological distress and unhealthy dieting behavior. Research stresses the need to study the interaction between acculturation and health not only from an individual perspective, but also from the broader socio-ecological context of population subgroups.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2004

Eating behavior and body image perception: an epidemiological study on Italian adolescents.

In order to identify some of the psychological-environmental factors behind an unbalanced diet or incorrect eating habits which may be connected to the onset of eating-behavior disorders. A sample of 4550 teenagers (2221 males and 2329 females) aged between 12,3 and 18,9 years (mean age = 14.49+/-3.8), was consecutively recruited taken from several secondary schools and high schools. The Pisa Survey for Eating Disorders (PSQ), a questionnaire aimed at evaluating both eating habits and self-perception of body image, was administered. Answers given to some items have highlighted a recurrence of cognitive distortions, an excessively rigid self-perception of body image as well as frequent, often daily, dysfunctional eating habits. The PSED questionnaire has proved itself to be a useful and easy-to-use tool. It helps to reveal maladjusted behavior and to evaluate probable risk factors connected with the development of eating and emotional disorders.

Adolescent↗