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PubMed1999

A population-based, case-control study of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis.

A two-phase study was conducted in a rural community in Honduras, to evaluate the association between neurocysticercosis (NCC) diagnosed by computed tomography (CT), epilepsy, seropositivity for antibodies to the cysticerci of Taenia solium [determined by enzyme-linked-immunoelectrotransfer-blot (EITB) assays], intestinal infection with this parasite, and various epidemiological factors. Of the 480 individuals studied in the first phase, 17% were seropositive and 2.5% supplied faecal samples which contained T. solium eggs. In the second phase, 148 individuals (74 of the seropositive subjects from the first phase and 74 matched controls from the seronegatives) underwent CT and neurological examinations. The CT results appeared normal in 110 (74%) of the 148, showed anatomical abnormality in seven (5%), and active or calcified lesions compatible with NCC in 31 (23% of the seropositives and 19% of the seronegatives). Only five of the latter had neurological symptoms (two being epileptics) and only five lived in households in which intestinal taeniasis had been detected. Subject age was significantly associated with NCC-compatible lesions but all the other factors investigated, including seropositivity, showed no significant association with the CT findings. The overall sensitivity of the EITB assays was found to be 55%. Taken together, the present results indicate that, even though it is a valuable tool in determining transmission levels in sero-epidemiological studies, the EITB assay should not be used to predict the existence of NCC or to estimate the prevalence of NCC. The results do provide further evidence that taeniasis and cysticercosis are widely prevalent in Honduras, and indicate that much larger studies of hyper-endemic communities may be necessary if the factors associated with the transmission of T. solium are to be elucidated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Fatal cysticercosis by Taenia crassiceps (Cyclophyllidea: Taeniidae) in a presumed immunocompromised canine host.

Cysticercosis in a canine host (Canis familiaris) attributable to the taeniid cestode Taenia crassiceps is reported for the first time in North America. Numerous parent and daughter cysticerci occurred in a massive intrapleural and intraperitoneal infection in an apparently immunocompromised host. The largest cysticerci were ovoid to elongate, 5-9 mm in maximum length, and armed with 32-34 rostellar hooks in 2 rows; small hooks measured 114-143 microm long (x = 124+/-8.2 microm), and large hooks were 156-180 microm (x = 163+/-7.4 microm). Taenia crassiceps is widespread in boreal North America and, like a number of other taeniids, constitutes a potential risk as a zoonotic parasite. The immunological status of the host may be important in determining the outcome of infections for this and other taeniids in atypical hosts.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Optic nerve cysticercosis: imaging findings.

We present the imaging findings of retrobulbar optic nerve cysticercosis in a 50-year-old woman with a 6-month history of vision loss. Contrast-enhanced CT revealed an approximately 7-mm ring-enhancing cyst with a mural nodule located in the anterior portion of the left optic nerve. A contrast-enhanced MR imaging study revealed a cystic lesion with peripheral enhancement of the mural nodule. Sonography showed a cystic mass with a focal area of increased echogenicity corresponding to the mural nodule.

Cysticercosis↗
PubMed1976

Research needs in taeniasis-cysticercosis.

This Memorandum discusses the epidemiology of taeniasis-cysticercosis, particularly the survival of taeniid eggs in nature, and goes on to consider diagnostic procedures (parasitological and serological), resistance to infection, pathogenesis and clinical pathology, chemotherapy, and the economic and social consequences of infection. Topics requiring further research are listed, and recommendations are made concerning the approach to the problem.

Cysticercosis↗
PubMed1999

Cytomorphological spectrum of cysticercosis--a review of 132 cases.

A retrospective analysis of fine needle aspirates of 132 cases of cysticercosis presenting as palpable nodule is presented. In 98 cases, larval parts, detached hooklets and scolex established the diagnosis; in another 24 cases, the background inflammatory pattern was helpful in suggesting the diagnosis of a parasitic lesion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Subretinal cysticercosis.

Subretinal cysticercosis was discovered in two South African Bantu-speaking blacks. A 50-year-old man had a live, mobile, subretinal cyst, 0.3 mm in diameter, at the macular of his only eye, causing retinal edema and superficial and deep hemorrhage. A 25-year-old woman had a 6-mm wide, live, mobile cyst at the posterior pole of her right eye, surrounded by retinal edema, hemorrhage, and vasculitis involving the disk. This cyst was removed intact, after division of the lateral rectus muscle and maximum rotation of the eye. Massive vitreous hemorrhage occurred despite diathermy application, and vision was lost. Localization and incision of the sclera were difficult; in retrospect, a lateral orbitotomy would have been advisable. Histology of the cyst showed typical features of the larva of Taenia solium-a single scolex with suckers and hooks-gland-shaped folds in the neck and membrane of the cyst wall.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Potential diagnostic test for experimental and natural ovine Taenia hydatigena cysticercosis.

An ion-exchange chromatographic fraction of Taenia hydatigena metacestode was evaluated for use in the immunodiagnosis of ovine cysticercosis. Analysis of the fraction by sodium dodecyl sulphate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a 68 KDa protein. Antibodies against the isolated protein were detected in 7 out of 10 experimentally infected lambs. The diagnostic potential of the 68 KDa protein was further confirmed by testing sera from naturally infected post-mortem positive (PM+) and from apparently healthy groups of animals. Eighty % and 8% of animals were found positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the groups of PM+ and apparently non-infected lambs, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

An epizootic of bovine cysticercosis.

In March, 1973, a large feedlot near Phoenix, AZ, reported an increased incidence of bovine cysticercosis. Approximately 10% of cattle sent to slaughter from January to April, 1973, were infected with the cysticercus stage of Taenia saginata. One employee who worked at the feed mill and loaded hay in the fields was also found to be infected with T saginata. Recommendations for control of similar epizootics included educating employees about mode of transmission and improved personal hygiene, the inauguration of a surveillance program that included examination of employees prior to employment and periodically thereafter, maintenance of animal source and destination records, restriction of unauthorized personnel to critical areas, and periodic microbiologic assay of water supply.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

[Ocular cysticercosis - case report].

This paper presents a particularly case regarding ophthalmic cysticercosis. It was necessary the association of clinical dates with the paraclinical investigations (echography, immunological tests) to degree the diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Double compartment hydrocephalus in a patient with cysticercosis meningitis.

The authors discuss encystment of the fourth ventricle and upward herniation complicating a case of cysticercosis cerebri. The "double compartment" hydrocephalus followed occlusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius and the foramena of Luschka and Magendie in a patient who had previously received a ventriculo-atrial shunt for communicating hydrocephalus. The clinical presentation of this particular form of double compartment hydrocephalus is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Muscular cysticercosis from Taenia ovis in feedlot lambs.

From a Colorado enterprise annually fattening about 50,000 lambs, 3,664 animals were examined for muscular cysticercosis. Of the total number, 406 (11.1%) were parasitized, wheras an estimated 0.1% of Colorado lamb carcasses are infected. Of the infected lambs, 60% had cardiac lesions. Two types of cysticerci-viable and degenerated-were found. The lambs probably acquired infection from grazing summer ranges and pastures where coyotes or dogs infected with Taenia ovis contaminated the forage.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Intraocular cysticercosis: a difficult diagnosis].

The authors describe a case of intraocular cysticercosis discovered in the ophthalmology department ef Edouard Herriot Hospital. With no biological signs, the diagnosis was made after vitrectomy because the visit was late in the course of the disorder, the patient lived in the mountains, and he had failed to mention a trip to the West Indies 3 months before. The symptomatology began with uveitis worsened in 10 days by greater inflammation in spite of successive corticosteroids, antibiotic, and antiviral therapy. Repeated examination and serological and radiological investigations did not help establish the etiology. Only vitrectomy provided the diagnosis, the vitreous containing cysticercus. This discover was all the more surprising that the patient lived in the French Alps and a trip 3 months before had been forgotten. A review ol the literature allowed us to rapidly start a postoperative parasite examination to check for cerebral, muscular, cardiac, and subcutaneous localizations and to start treatment with praziquantel (50 mg/kg per day) with corticotherapy (1 mg/kg per day). The eye evolved toward a very inflammatory phthisis, which led to evisceration.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Particularities in the immune response in ocular cysticercosis].

In addition to the unique physiological and immunological features of the eye, previously presented, some parasitic factors of recent knowledge are induced during ocular cysticercosis. A modulation of the immune response of the host, mediated by larval products (a soluble RNA-peptide, some metacestode surface sphingoglycolipids) seems to occur in vivo. These recent findings lead us to make a critical review of the antigenic profiles obtained by Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay (EITB) on samples collected from malagasy patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[A case report of bronchial cysticercosis].

Cysticercosus cellulosae is usually located in muscles, subcutaneous tissues, brain and eyes. The authors reported a rare case of bronchial cysticercosis in a 20-year-old man. The only clinical signs were hemoptysis. Bronchial fibroscopy allowed to have a visual field of the cysticercus lesion. This parasitological tumor was removed by surgical resection. The diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination. A drug therapy by praziquantel completed the treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Ophthalmic cysticercosis-case report].

This paper presents a particular case regarding ophthalmic cysticercosis with subretinian localization associated with large subretinian hemorrhage, surgically addressed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Host-parasite interactions in Taenia solium cysticercosis.

Human neurocysticercosis results from infestation of the central nervous system with the metacestode form (tissue cyst) of Taenia solium. Cysticercosis is being increasingly recognized as a cause of neurologic symptoms in residents and emigrants from developing countries. Taeniid parasites have developed elaborate mechanisms to persist in the tissues of their intermediate hosts. The invasive larvae, termed oncospheres, are susceptible to antibody and complement. However, by the time that the host has generated an antibody response, the parasites have begun to transform to the more resistant metacestode form. The metacestodes also have means of evading complement-mediated destruction, including paramyosin, which inhibits C1q; taeniaestatin, which inhibits both classical and alternate pathways (likely by inhibiting factor D and C3 esterase); and sulfated polysaccharides, which activate complement away from the parasite. Similarly, antibody does not seem to be able to kill the mature metacestode. The parasites may even stimulate the host to produce antibody, which could be bound via Fc receptors, and used as a source of protein. Finally, taeniaestatin and other parasite molecules may interfere with lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage function, thus paralyzing the cellular immune response. Because the symptoms of neurocysticercosis are typically associated with a brisk inflammatory response, we hypothesize that disease is primarily the result of injured or dying parasites. This hypothesis raises important questions in assessing the role of chemotherapy in the management of neurocysticercosis as well as in evaluation of clinical trials, most of which have been uncontrolled.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Immunodiagnosis of Taenia saginata cysticercosis].

Many different serological tests have been investigated in order to replace the current "knife and eye" method at the slaughterhouse, which detects only a small fraction of the cattle infected with cysticercosis. Among the assays for the detection of antibodies against the cysticerci of Taenia saginata, the ELISA is certainly the most sensitive, although it is unable to detect lightly infected animals. Consequently it only allows a group diagnosis in naturally infected cattle. The use of purified antigens of T. saginata, T. crassiceps and T. hydatigena did not improve significantly the reliability of these antibody detection tests. Recently monoclonal antibodies have been developed against surface or excretory- and secretory antigens of T. saginata metacestodes, allowing the detection of circulating antigens in the serum of infected cattle. Furthermore these monoclonal antibodies can distinguish animals carrying living, infectious cysticerci from those harbouring only dead cysticerci. Research is currently going on in order to improve the sensitivity of this antigen detection test, so that it can replace the current unreliable meat inspection methods in the slaughterhouse.

Animals↗