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PubMed1993

Expression of human COL1A1 gene in stably transfected HT1080 cells: the production of a thermostable homotrimer of type I collagen in a recombinant system.

A recombinant system was developed for the production of homotrimeric type I collagen in stably transfected HT1080 cells. A DNA construct (COL1A1-CMV) was prepared that contained the cDNA for the human COL1A1 gene under the transcriptional control of the promoter and enhancer of the immediate early gene of CMV. The construct, which also contained a neomycin-resistance gene, was transfected into HT1080 cells, a human fibrosarcoma cell line that synthesizes type IV collagen but does not normally synthesize any of the fibrillar collagens. Cells derived from the neomycin-resistant transfectants were then screened using a polyclonal antibody specific for human pro alpha 1(I) chains in order to identify clones that secreted high levels of the pro alpha(I) chain of type I procollagen. About 2% of neomycin-resistant clones secreted procollagen that consisted of a homotrimer of pro alpha 1(I) chains. The procollagen was post-translationally over-modified as judged by slower migration on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the pro alpha 1(I) chains compared to pro alpha 1(I) chains of normal type I procollagen. The procollagen was triple helical as assayed by protease digestion with a variable cleavage at 38 degrees C and a thermal transition of both the intact and partially cleaved protein of about 41 degrees C. The system provides a method of expressing genes for fibrillar procollagens so that fully recombinant proteins are generated and easily isolated.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1994

Further studies on the interaction of migrating keratinocytes with fibrinogen.

If glass implants placed under one edge of a skin wound in the adult newt are coated with fibrinogen (FGN), keratinocytes from the wound periphery migrate onto the implant. To learn more about the site(s) in FGN that permits this migration, we exposed keratinocytes to implants coated with forms of FGN containing modifications or deletions in the 3 most commonly studied cell binding sites; the RGDF sequence at A alpha 95-98, RGDS at A alpha 572-575 and the carboxy terminal 12 amino acids in the gamma A chain. Recombinant FGN with either RGD sequence altered to RGE supported migration as well as unmodified FGN did. Replacement of the carboxy terminal 4 amino acids in the gamma A chain by a 20 amino acid sequence that disrupts the ability of the gamma terminus to mediate platelet aggregation (the gamma' variant) likewise had no effect. Nor did simultaneous antibody blockade of the RGDS, RGDF, and gamma A sites have any effect. At its best, Dhem1, a fragment containing the RGDS and gamma A sites, produced only about half as much migration as the maximum obtained on intact FGN. Dhem2, a fragment differing from Dhem1 only by having a gamma' variant in place of gamma A, was even less active. Two other D fragments, both of which were missing a large part of the A alpha chain, and one of which contained none of the three major binding sites, supported considerable migration, suggesting that loss of the A alpha chain COOH terminus reveals a site that was not exposed in Dhem1 and 2. A alpha chain fragments containing the RGDF or RGDS sequence were active, but a much larger fragment without RGD was inactive. A soluble peptide consisting of the sequence, RGDS, was a potent inhibitor of migration on FGN but RGDF and the gamma A pentapeptide, KQAGD, were minimally effective. Longer versions of these peptides decreased the effectiveness in all cases. These results suggest that under certain circumstances, newt keratinocytes may interact with each of the 3 major binding sites in FGN as well as a site outside these sequences.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of interleukin-8 on suppression of human lymphocyte polarization and migration by anti-LFA-1 antibody.

We investigated the role of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) in human T cell polarization and migration assay by using monoclonal antibody specific to beta chain (CD18) and alpha chain (CD11a). T cell polarization in response to fetal calf serum (FCS) and colchicine was suppressed by the addition of CD18 and CD11a antibodies. Furthermore, T cell migration in response to lymphocyte chemotactic factor (LCF) and casein was markedly depressed by the addition of CD18 and CD11a antibodies. Additional studies to evaluate effects of interleukin 8 (IL-8) on polarization and migration of T cells preincubated with CD18 or CD11a antibody showed that IL-8 restored the capability of migration of T cells, whereas did not restore polarization activity of such cells. These studies indicate that LFA-1 plays a role in the polarization and migration of T cells and that IL-8 may positively interfer with LFA-1-adhesion molecules.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1994

Population screening of lactate dehydrogenase deficiencies in Fukuoka Prefecture in Japan and molecular characterization of three independent mutations in the lactate dehydrogenase-B(H) gene.

Screening for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) subunit deficiencies was performed on 2880 blood samples from healthy individuals in the Fukuoka Prefecture in Japan by means of electrophoresis. The frequencies of heterozygotes with either LDH-A or LDH-B deficiency were found to be 0.104% at each locus. These estimated frequencies of either LDH-A or LDH-B deficiencies were slightly lower than, but not significantly different from, those found previously in Shizuoka Prefecture. The genetic mutations in individuals heterozygous for LDH-B deficiency were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction and DNA conformation polymorphism. Abnormal migration patterns were observed in individuals heterozygous for LDH-B deficiency. Subsequent sequence determination of the mutant alleles revealed three novel mutations: an eight-base duplication in exon 3, a four-base duplication in exon 4, and a one-base deletion in exon 7 of the LDH-B gene. These three mutations result in frame-shift translation and premature termination. In addition, the mutations resulting in the duplication of eight or four nucleotides appear to cause a decrease in the levels of LDH-B mRNA.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1993

Rate-limiting step in electron transport. Osmotically sensitive diffusion of quinones through voids in the bilayer.

Respiration in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts varied with the osmotic stretch of the membrane such that these processes were uniformly inhibited at higher osmolalities. A systematic evaluation of segmental electron transport in these intact particles showed that no individual complex exhibited osmotic sensitivity, whereas osmotic sensitivity appeared wherever the assay involved crossing over the corresponding quinone in the electron transport chain. The evidence was consistent with the rate-limiting step in electron transport being the availability of voids for quinone migration rather than any of the components of electron transport chain per se. Evidence based on quinone reconstitution in mitochondria depleted of quinone by acetone treatment clearly distinguished the kinetic control in the hypotonic domain and diffusive control via availability of voids in the hypertonic domain. Influence as well as the presence of voids was further confirmed in quinone-depleted mitochondria reconstituted with quinone as well as cholesterol. Decrease in lateral diffusion of the fluorescent probe, 12-(9-anthroyl)stearic acid, on osmotic compression of the bilayer is consistent with a change in void size distribution on osmotic compression of the bilayer. A direct correlation between succinate cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity and diffusivity of fluorescent probe 12-(9-anthroyl)stearic acid confirmed the availability of voids as the rate-limiting step in electron transport.

Acetone↗

PubMed1998

Structural and functional analysis of J chain-deficient IgM.

Previous studies have discerned two forms of polymeric mouse IgM: moderately cytolytic (complement-activating) pentamer, which contains J chain, and highly cytolytic hexamer, which lacks J chain. To investigate the relationships among polymeric structure, J chain content, and cytolytic activity, we produced IgM in J chain-deficient and J chain-proficient mouse hybridoma cell lines. Both hexamer and pentamer were produced in the absence as well as the presence of J chain. Hexameric IgM activated (guinea pig) complement approximately 100-fold more efficiently than did J chain-deficient pentamer, which, in turn, was more active than J chain-containing pentamer. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that J chain-containing pentamer cannot activate complement. We also analyzed the structure of IgM-S337, in which the mu-chain bears the C337S substitution. Like normal IgM, IgM-S337 was formed as a hexamer and as both J chain deficient- and J chain-containing pentamers. Unlike normal IgM, IgM-S337 dissociated in SDS into various subunits. For IgM-S337 pentamer, the predominant subunits migrated as mu2kappa2 and mu4kappa4, and the subunit distribution was unaltered by J chain. However, J chain was found only in the mu2kappa2 species, suggesting that some arrangement of inter-mu bonds directs incorporation of J chain. IgM-S337 hexamer also dissociated to mu2kappa2 and mu4kappa4, but also yielded several species migrating much more slowly in SDS-PAGE than wild-type mu12kappa12. To account for these forms, we propose that each mu-chain can interact with three other mu-chains and that some hexameric molecules contain two catenated mu6kappa6 circles.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Structure and function of an early divergent form of laminin in hydra: a structurally conserved ECM component that is essential for epithelial morphogenesis.

As a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), laminin has been found in many vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Its molecular structure is very similar across species lines and its biological function in the ECM has been extensively studied. In an effort to study ECM structure and function in hydra, we have cloned a partial hydra laminin alpha chain and the full-length hydra laminin beta chain using ECM-enriched cDNA libraries. Analysis of deduced amino acid sequences indicated that both polypeptides have high sequence similarity to a number of invertebrate and vertebrate laminin alpha and beta subunits. Rotary shadow analysis of isolated hydra laminin indicates it has a heterotrimeric organization that is characteristic of vertebrate laminins. A putative integrin-class protein was also identified using a cell-binding peptide sequence from the laminin beta chain as an affinity probe, indicating that integrins are possible cell surface receptors in hydra. In agreement with previous results for the hydra laminin beta chain, in situ hybridization experiments revealed that hydra laminin alpha chain mRNA is restricted to endodermal cells. As with a number of other hydra ECM components, higher levels of laminin alpha chain mRNA are localized to regions where cell migration and differentiation are actively undertaken such as the base of tentacles, the peduncle region, buds, regenerating tentacles, and at the head end during regeneration. The role of laminin in morphogenesis was studied using an antisense approach and the results indicated that translation of the laminin alpha chain is required for head regeneration.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1993

Ontogenesis of chick iris intrinsic muscles: evidence for a smooth-to-striated muscle transition.

The iris sphincter muscle consists of striated muscle fibers in the adult chicken. The ontogenetic development of this muscle has been studied by immunocytochemistry, from Embryonic Day 7 to the time of hatching. The time course of expression of specific markers of either smooth or striated muscle, i.e., smooth and skeletal muscle myosin heavy chains along with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor, the intracellular Ca2+ release channel gated by the second messenger IP3, was investigated. We observed the parallel and transient expression, from about Embryonic Day 8 until hatching, of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain and IP3 receptor in early differentiating cells at the pupillary margin, as well as in migrating cells at subsequent stages; the sequential expression of sarcomeric myosin heavy chain around the end of the second embryonic week; and its spreading throughout the iris sphincter by the time of hatching. The present findings are consistent with a smooth muscle differentiation stage as an intermediate stage in the ontogenic development of the iris sphincter muscle of the chicken.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Titration curves of polypeptide chains by combined isoelectric focusing-electrophoresis in 8 M urea.

Titration curves of reduced and alkylated polypeptide chains can be successfully performed in 8 M urea-polyacrylamide gel plates by electrophoresis perpendicular to a stationary stack of focused carrier ampholytes. All buffers and thiol reagents with pK values in the range pH 3--10 should be removed, since their pH-dependent ionization affects the migration and apparent pI values of the protein chains. No blurring of the patterns below pH 4.5 is observed, as usually found in titration curves in the absence of urea, thus allowing the direct titration of Glu and Asp residues. It is not possible by the present technique to titrate any group below pH ca. 3 and above pH ca. 10, due to the lack of suitable carrier ampholytes and to a "flooding" phenomenon, with concomitant identical electrophoretic mobility for all protein species, irrespective of their relative pI values and amino acid composition. The "electrophoretic titration curves" thus obtained were well correlated with the overall amino acid composition of the polypeptide chains analyzed.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗

PubMed1996

Evidence of intramolecular cross-linked A alpha.gamma chain heterodimers in plasma fibrinogen.

A peptide band of approximately 105 kDa migrating near the gamma dimer position of disulfide bond reduced human plasma fibrinogen prepared from fresh single donor or outdated plasma was identified by SDS-PAGE. The band, amounting to approximately 2% of the total A alpha/gamma chain population, was thrombin and plasmin sensitive and reacted with antibodies to A alpha or gamma chains but not with antibodies to B beta chains, plasminogen, or factor XIII. Amino acid sequencing revealed a double sequence corresponding to that of A alpha and gamma chains, indicating that the band consists of covalently cross-linked A alpha.gamma chain heterodimers. A alpha.gamma heterodimers were identified as a component of monomeric fibrinogen by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE and by SDS-PAGE analysis of the monomer fraction isolated by gel sieving chromatography, thus indicating that A alpha.gamma heterodimers arise by intramolecular A alpha/gamma chain cross-linking.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1997

Kinesin-related KIP3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for a distinct step in nuclear migration.

Spindle orientation and nuclear migration are crucial events in cell growth and differentiation of many eukaryotes. Here we show that KIP3, the sixth and final kinesin-related gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is required for migration of the nucleus to the bud site in preparation for mitosis. The position of the nucleus in the cell and the orientation of the mitotic spindle was examined by microscopy of fixed cells and by time-lapse microscopy of individual live cells. Mutations in KIP3 and in the dynein heavy chain gene defined two distinct phases of nuclear migration: a KIP3-dependent movement of the nucleus toward the incipient bud site and a dynein-dependent translocation of the nucleus through the bud neck during anaphase. Loss of KIP3 function disrupts the unidirectional movement of the nucleus toward the bud and mitotic spindle orientation, causing large oscillations in nuclear position. The oscillatory motions sometimes brought the nucleus in close proximity to the bud neck, possibly accounting for the viability of a kip3 null mutant. The kip3 null mutant exhibits normal translocation of the nucleus through the neck and normal spindle pole separation kinetics during anaphase. Simultaneous loss of KIP3 and kinesin-related KAR3 function, or of KIP3 and dynein function, is lethal but does not block any additional detectable movement. This suggests that the lethality is due to the combination of sequential and possibly overlapping defects. Epitope-tagged Kip3p localizes to astral and central spindle microtubules and is also present throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus.

Alleles↗

PubMed2002

Essential role of growth factor receptor-mediated signal transduction through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in early embryogenesis of the echinoderm.

In this study it was shown that growth factor receptors (GFR) play a crucial role in early embryogenesis of the echinoderms Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Clypeaster japonicus by transmitting signals to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The phosphorylation ratio of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) changed dynamically during early embryogenesis and showed a peak at the swimming blastula (sBl) stage. Suramin, an inhibitor of GFR, when applied during the sBl stage perturbed morphogenesis, including primary mesenchyme cell (PMC) migration, cell proliferation, archenteron elongation, spiculogenesis, pigment cell differentiation and phosphorylation of myosin light chains (MLC). Genistein, a receptor-type protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, severely inhibited PMC migration, gastrulation and the phosphorylation of MLC. Manumycin A, a Ras inhibitor, inhibited spiculogenesis and invagination. PD98059, a MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor, perturbed early PMC migration and pigment cell differentiation, but not spiculogenesis and gastrulation (although these two events were significantly delayed). PMC ingression was not perturbed by genistein, suramin, manumycin A or PD98059. All of the inhibitors perturbed the phosphorylation of ERK1, which was completely restored by exogenous platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB. PDGF-AB also partially restored elongation of the archenteron by restoring cell proliferation that had been perturbed by suramin.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Fibrin derived from patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is resistant to lysis.

RATIONALE: Although acute pulmonary embolism is epidemiologically associated with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, the factors responsible for resistance to thrombolysis and a shift toward vascular remodeling within the pulmonary arteries of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension are unknown. OBJECTIVE: Determine whether fibrin from patients is more resistant to plasmin-mediated lysis than fibrin from healthy control subjects. METHODS: Fibrinogen purified from patients and control subjects was used to prepare fibrin clots, which were subsequently digested with plasmin for various periods of time. The degradation of the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-chains of fibrin and the appearance of peptide fragments over time were assessed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Densitometry of Coomassie-stained gels revealed significantly slower cleavage of all three polypeptide chains of fibrin from patients compared with control subjects (p < 0.05). In particular, release of N-terminal fragments from the beta-chain of fibrin, which promote cell signaling, cell migration, and angiogenesis, was retarded in patients compared with control subjects (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The relative resistance of patient fibrin to plasmin-mediated lysis may be due to alterations in fibrin(ogen) structure affecting accessibility to plasmin cleavage sites. The persistence of structural motifs of fibrin, such as the beta-chain N-terminus, within the pulmonary vasculature could promote the transition from acute thromboemboli into chronic obstructive vascular scars.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Binding of chemotactic collagen-derived peptides to fibroblasts. The relationship to fibroblast chemotaxis.

We previously showed that collagen, alpha-chains, and collagen-derived peptide fragments induce chemotactic migration of human fibroblasts in vitro. We now describe biochemical and immunological evidence showing there are binding sites for collagen peptides on fibroblast membranes.By the use of (14)C-labeled alpha1(I) chain, binding to intact fibroblasts was demonstrated. The process was reversible, and time- and fibroblast concentration-dependent. Scatchard plot analyses of the data obtained for the binding of alpha1(I) suggested that there are congruent with 16 x 10(6) binding sites per fibroblast with an association constant of 1.1 x 10(7)/M for alpha1(I). Dissociation of the bound radioactivity and subsequent chromatographic analysis on agarose A-1.5 m revealed that the alpha1 was unaltered. The binding of (14)C-labeled alpha1 was inhibited by each of the CNBr peptides derived from alpha1 chain of chick skin collagen and CNBr peptide mixtures of various genetic types of collagen chains. Immunofluorescence studies with anti-alpha1 antibody showed that alpha1-treated fibroblasts exhibited strong immunofluorescence. The intensity of fluorescence was markedly diminished by prior absorption of the antibody with alpha1. The alpha1-treated cells stained with preimmune sera did not show significant fluorescence.Dose-response curves of fibroblast chemotaxis induced by alpha1 and the binding of alpha1 by fibroblasts correlate closely. Furthermore, the potency of alpha1-CNBr peptides as chemotactic agents correlates with their ability to inhibit the binding of labeled alpha1(I). These data suggest the hypothesis that collagenderived peptides cause fibroblast chemotactic migration by acting on fibroblast membranes.

Binding Sites↗

PubMed2006

Influence of electric field intensity, ionic strength, and migration distance on the mobility and diffusion in DNA surface electrophoresis.

In order to increase the separation rate of surface electrophoresis while preserving the resolution for large DNA chains, e.g., genomic DNA, the mobility and diffusion of Lambda DNA chains adsorbed on flat silicon substrate under an applied electric field, as a function of migration distance, ionic strength, and field intensity, were studied using laser fluorescence microscope. The mobility was found to follow a power law with the field intensity beyond a certain threshold. The detected DNA peak width was shown to be constant with migration distance, slightly smaller with stronger field intensity, but significantly decreased with higher ionic strength. The molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated that the peak width was strongly related with the conformation of DNA chains adsorbed onto surface. The results also implied that there was no diffusion of DNA during migration on surface. Therefore, the Nernst-Einstein relation is not valid in the surface electrophoresis and the separation rate could be improved without losing resolution by decreasing separation distance, increasing buffer concentration, and field intensity. The results indicate the fast separation of genomic DNA chains by surface electrophoresis is possible.

Bacteriophage lambda↗

PubMed2005

Immunohistochemical investigation of alpha1 (IV) and alpha5 (IV) collagen chains in a broad spectrum of melanocytic tumours.

BACKGROUND: Cells of melanocytic naevi and cutaneous malignant melanomas (MM) are surrounded by a basement membrane (BM). AIM: To scrutinize any difference between the deposits of alpha1 (IV) and alpha5 (IV) collagen chains in melanocytic naevi and MM. METHODS: A total of 27 common melanocytic naevi, 11 dysplastic naevi, 21 atypical naevi (melanocytomas) including Spitz and non-Spitz types, as well as 24 MM were studied. Their phenotypic and functional characteristics defined by immunohistochemistry using a panel of antibodies, including those directed to the alpha1 (IV), alpha3 (IV) and alpha5 (IV) collagen chains. RESULTS: Almost all naevi and half the melanocytomas exhibited a strong positivity for the alpha1 (IV) collagen chain. By contrast, the remaining melanocytomas and MM presented a heterogeneous staining pattern for the alpha1 (IV) collagen chain. One third of the naevi, 23% of the MM without cutaneous micrometastasis and 83% of MM with cutaneous micrometastasis showed discrete cytoplasmic positivity for the alpha5 (IV) collagen chain. All other melanocytic tumours were negative for this antibody. Rare MM cells in transepidermal migration were stained with the anti-alpha1 (IV) or alpha5 (IV) collagen chain antibodies. No immunoreactivity for the alpha3 (IV) collagen chain was disclosed in any of the samples. CONCLUSION: We report the expression of alpha1 (IV) and alpha5 (IV) collagen chains in naevi and MM. The inconsistent staining pattern for alpha1 (IV) collagen chain in phenotypically atypical melanocytomas and in MM highlight the heterogeneity in both cell differentiation and stroma-tumour interactions. This biological aspect may be related to neoplastic progression and influence metastatic potential.

Cell Communication↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Serum-dependent effects on adult and fetal tendon fibroblast migration and collagen expression.

Cell migration and extracellular matrix synthesis play an important role in the wound-healing response to injury. Several studies have described differences in migratory behavior and collagen biosynthetic activity in adult vs. fetal skin fibroblasts. The objective of this study was to examine the serum- and age-dependent effects on cell migration and collagen expression in tendon fibroblasts. Medial tendon fibroblasts were isolated from pregnant ewes and their fetuses, and cultured with and without serum for up to 7 days. Cell migration was determined by quantitative image analysis, and collagen expression was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining. In serum-containing medium, tendon fibroblasts migrated significantly faster than cells in serum-free medium. Additionally, fetal tendon fibroblasts migrated significantly faster than adult tendon fibroblasts under both culture conditions. The expression of types I and III collagen mRNA was significantly up-regulated in tendon cell populations in serum-free medium compared with those in serum-containing medium. Quantitative assessment of collagen staining indicated that fetal tenocytes produced more type I collagen than adult tenocytes under both culture conditions. These findings suggest that there is an inherent difference between adult and fetal tendon fibroblasts, which may have implications in the wound-healing response in tendons.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

The FcgammaRIa (CD64) ligand binding chain triggers major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation independently of its associated FcR gamma-chain.

Within multi-subunit Ig receptors, the FcR gamma-chain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) plays a crucial role in enabling antigen presentation. This process involves antigen-capture and targeting to specific degradation and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II loading compartments. Antigenic epitopes are then presented by MHC class II molecules to specific T cells. The high-affinity receptor for IgG, hFcgammaRIa, is exclusively expressed on myeloid lineage cells and depends on the FcR gamma-chain for surface expression, efficient ligand binding, and most phagocytic effector functions. However, we show in this report, using the IIA1.6 cell model, that hFcgammaRIa can potentiate MHC class II antigen presentation, independently of a functional FcR gamma-chain ITAM. Immunoelectron microscopic analyses documented hFcgammaRIa alpha-chain/rabbit IgG-Ovalbumin complexes to be internalized and to migrate via sorting endosomes to MHC class II-containing late endosomes. Radical deletion of the hFcgammaRIa alpha-chain cytoplasmic tail did not affect internalization of rabbit IgG-Ovalbumin complexes. Importantly, however, this resulted in diversion of receptor-ligand complexes to the recycling pathway and decreased antigen presentation. These results show the hFcgammaRIa cytoplasmic tail to contain autonomous targeting information for intracellular trafficking of receptor-antigen complexes, although deficient in canonical tyrosine- or dileucine-targeting motifs. This is the first documentation of autonomous targeting by a member of the multichain FcR family that may critically impact the immunoregulatory role proposed for hFcgammaRIa (CD64).

Amino Acid Sequence↗