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PubMed2005

Ultrastructure of the chorioallantoic placenta and chorionic vesicles of the lesser bush baby (Galago senegalensis).

The ultrastructure of the chorioallantoic placenta of the lesser bush baby (Galago senegalensis) has been studied. The placenta was shown to be of the diffuse, epitheliochorial and adeciduate type. The trophoblasts of the chorionic villi, other than those lining the chorionic vesicles, were characterized by the presence of many lipid droplets. In the later stage of gestation, the fetal capillaries indented the trophoblastic epithelium reducing the distance between fetal and maternal circulations. In addition chorionic vesicles were observed. The trophoblasts lining the chorionic vesicles have outward bulging apical surfaces. There are clefts between these cells and this region is occupied by microvilli of adjacent cells. Several layers of fusiform cells that did not extend up into the cores of the chorionic vesicle villi formed the outer component of the vesicular wall. Granulated cells were observed within the maternal connective tissue and their possible role is discussed.

Allantois↗

PubMed1976

[Further purification and immunohistological localization of human placental lactogen in syncytiotrophoblasts (author's transl)].

In 1936, Ehrhadt reported a prolactin-like substance which has been identified as a second protein hormone exists in extracted substance from the placenta. To date various reports have been published, but ther are still unsolved problems concerning the specifity of the substance, and its clinical significance is unclear. The purpose of this project was to purify and investigate the biochemical, immunological properties of HPL, and try to localize HPL secretion immunohistologically. The biological properties examined by intramuscular and intradermal pigeon crop sac reactions, both showed positive results. Biochemical properties were tested by 7.5% polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis and Free Fatty Acid mobilization. By these methods, the former showed a single band by electrophoresis with purified HPL 200 mug, and the latter showed a strong positive reaction both in vivo and in vitro. Immunological propert iese were examined by immunoelectrophoresis and the Ouchterlony method. In immunoelectrophoresis, the reaction of purified HPL 80 mug and anti-HPL serum resulted in a single strong zone. In constrast, anti-serum and HGH resulted in a weak zone of reaction. We confirmed that HGH cross reacts with our anti-HGH serum to HPL. The cross reaction of HGH with anti-HPL serum was reported by Josimovich et al, and other workers. In the Ouchterlony method, no precipitation line was detected between anti-HPL serum and 50-300 iu of HCG (PREGNYL). The results of investigating the localization of secritions of HPL immunohistologically, show that the specific fluorescence was limited to the strong reacting syncytial layer in the both the early chorionic villi of normal pregnancy and in the late stages of pregnancy. And the results of examining the localization with enzyme reactions with peroxdase from horseradish Type II, the reaction of benzidine brown was limited to the syncytial trophoblastic layer as in the case of FITC. These results suggests that the localization of the secretion of HPL exists in the syncytial layer of the chorionic villi.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Diagnostic application of first trimester trophoblast sampling in 100 pregnancies.

The results of the diagnostic application of first trimester trophoblast sampling in 100 pregnancies are reported in detail. Further improvement of the method for routine, direct chromosome analysis resulted in a technique which proved to be fast, simple, and efficient. We found that short-term incubation of villi permits the application of many experimental methods, such as visualization of sister chromatid exchanges and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. Fetal karyotyping was successful in each of the 96 pregnancies in which fetal material was obtained from a total of 98 fetuses. There were 42 males and 56 females, and an abnormal chromosome constitution was found in 12 cases. Two trisomic fetuses were found among the eight pregnancies at risk for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and this indicates that fetal sexing (which is achieved with our method in two hours) should not be performed without chromosome visualization. The results indicate a risk of 8% of an abnormal fetus for mothers aged 35 years or more, while the risk of failure of sampling and of spontaneous abortion after villi sampling were 4 and 6%, respectively. Enzyme determinations were performed in three pregnancies at risk for gangliosidosis GM1, Niemann-Pick disease, and Hurler syndrome. In this last case inconsistency between the results of the assay of iduronidase on chorionic villi and amniotic fluid cells was found. This unexplained error indicates the need for extensive characterisation in chorionic villi of the series of enzymes involved in metabolic diseases.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Immunohistochemical detection of terminal complement complex and S protein in normal and pre-eclamptic placentae.

Terminal complement complex and S protein were searched for in term placentae obtained from 13 women with normal pregnancy and 15 patients with moderate or severe form of pre-eclampsia. Terminal complement complex was found to localize in the fibrinoid material of the decidua of the basal plate, in the stroma of the chorionic villi and in the vessel walls, as subendothelial deposits. S protein had a quite different distribution, being detected in the syncytiotrophoblast located both in the chorionic villi and in the decidua of the basal plate (DBP) and also on the endothelial cells of fetal stem vessels. Mild deposits of C3 were found in the decidua of the basal plate and also in the stroma and on the basal membranes of the villi. Reactivity for C9 neoantigen was also observed in the cytoplasm of some cells, which were recognized to be macrophages by the presence in their cytoplasm of acid phosphatase and by their reaction with a monoclonal antibody specific for macrophages. Differences in complement deposition in normal and pre-eclamptic placentae were essentially quantitative. Possible mechanisms of complement activation are discussed.

Chorionic Villi↗

PubMed1999

First-trimester diagnosis of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL) using PPT enzyme assay and CLN1 mutation analysis.

Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder in childhood which is caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT) encoded by the CLN1 gene. In a pregnancy at risk for INCL, chorionic villi (CV) were studied using a novel fluorometric PPT enzyme assay in combination with mutation-analysis of the CLN1 gene. The PPT activity in chorionic villi was found to be deficient and homozygosity for the C451T mutation in CLN1 was found. The pregnancy was terminated and the PPT deficiency was confirmed in cultured CV cells as well as in the cultured fetal skin fibroblasts. This report shows the first early prenatal diagnosis of INCL performed by fluorometric enzyme analysis and mutation analysis of the CLN1 gene.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Canine preprorelaxin: nucleic acid sequence and localization within the canine placenta.

Employing uteroplacental tissue at Day 35 of gestation, we determined the nucleic acid sequence of canine preprorelaxin using reverse transcription- and rapid amplification of cDNA ends-polymerase chain reaction. Canine preprorelaxin cDNA consisted of 534 base pairs encoding a protein of 177 amino acids with a signal peptide of 25 amino acids (aa), a B domain of 35 aa, a C domain of 93 aa, and an A domain of 24 aa. The putative receptor binding region in the N'-terminal part of the canine relaxin B domain GRDYVR contained two substitutions from the classical motif (E-->D and L-->Y). Canine preprorelaxin shared highest homology with porcine and equine preprorelaxin. Northern analysis revealed a 1-kilobase transcript present in total RNA of canine uteroplacental tissue but not of kidney tissue. Uteroplacental tissue from two bitches each at Days 30 and 35 of gestation were studied by in situ hybridization to localize relaxin mRNA. Immunohistochemistry for relaxin, cytokeratin, vimentin, and von Willebrand factor was performed on uteroplacental tissue at Day 30 of gestation. The basal cell layer at the core of the chorionic villi was devoid of relaxin mRNA and immunoreactive relaxin or vimentin but was immunopositive for cytokeratin and identified as cytotrophoblast cells. The cell layer surrounding the chorionic villi displayed specific hybridization signals for relaxin mRNA and immunoreactivity for relaxin and cytokeratin but not for vimentin, and was identified as syncytiotrophoblast. Those areas of the chorioallantoic tissue with most intense relaxin immunoreactivity were highly vascularized as demonstrated by immunoreactive von Willebrand factor expressed on vascular endothelium. The uterine glands and nonplacental uterine areas of the canine zonary girdle placenta were devoid of relaxin mRNA and relaxin. We conclude that the syncytiotrophoblast is the source of relaxin in the canine placenta.

Allantois↗

PubMed1983

[Distribution and form of the septa and islands in the placenta].

A human in situ placenta from the fourth lunar month of pregnancy has been cut in series and examined under the light microscope. The following results were found: Island-cells and septal cells above from Nitabuch's layer have identical histological characteristics. Placental septa and islands consist of trophocytes, fibrinoid and invaded portions of chorionic villi. They are partly or completely surrounded with syncytiotrophoblast. The islands and so called septa are not distributed evenly throughout the entire placenta. About 70% of these structures are in the medial area and the remaining 30% are in the peripheral area. At least 75% of the islands are not true islands, but after investigation of serial-sections, prove to be longitudinal or cross sections of completely bizarrely formed septa. The islands which have no contact to the septa appear to have connecting cell bridges to the chorionic villi and the chorionic plate. Because of the structure and distribution of the septa, it seems to be that they cannot have any significant hemodynamic function. No anatomical barrier, in the sense of a septum as a dividing wall, exists between the individual flowing units.

Female↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Trypanosoma cruzi: productive infection is not allowed by chorionic villous explant from normal human placenta in vitro.

UNLABELLED: We hypothesize that a sustained infection of Trypanosoma cruzi into placental tissue might be diminished. Human placental chorionic villi and VERO cells as controls were co-cultured with T. cruzi. Parasites occupied 0.0137% at 3h, 0.0224% (24h), and 0.0572% (72 h) of the total chorionic villi area analyzed and some few placental samples were negative to parasite DNA, whereas 52% of VERO cells were infected at 3h and parasites occupied 0.57%, at 24h the parasite area was of 2.78% and at 72 h was of 3.32%. There were no live parasites in placenta-T. cruzi culture media at 72 h of co-culture. There were significantly increased dead parasites when T. cruzi was treated with unheated culture media coming from placental explants and fewer dead parasites when pre-heated culture media were employed. CONCLUSION: Low productive infection by T. cruzi into placental tissue associated with no viable parasites in the culture media partially due to placental thermo labile substances.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Intermediate trophoblast in uterine curettings in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.

Confirming the presence of an intrauterine implantation site in endometrial curettings without recognizable chorionic villi is important in the diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy. In order to evaluate histologic features that might be useful in establishing the diagnosis of an intrauterine gestation, we conducted a retrospective review of 150 endometrial curettings obtained from women with incomplete abortions or ectopic pregnancies. The specimens were divided into three groups: 1) intrauterine gestations with villi, 2) intrauterine gestations without villi, and 3) known ectopic pregnancies. Differences in the histologic appearance of the endometrium between intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancies were evaluated, with emphasis on 34 curettings from intrauterine gestations in which no chorionic villi were identified and 12 curettings from ectopic gestations. Histologic features assessed in these 46 cases included the presence of intermediate trophoblastic cells; caliber, thickness, and hyalinization of spiral arteries; the presence of a fibrinoid matrix; the Arias-Stella phenomenon; decidua; inflammation; and thrombosis. Intermediate trophoblast in vessels and/or decidua was recognized by conventional light microscopy in 14 (41.2%) of 34 intrauterine cases with no villi, but was identified by immunoperoxidase reactions for hPL in 24 (70.6%) and keratin in 20 (58.8%) of these cases. Endometria from intrauterine gestations also demonstrated a significant increase in arterial wall thickness, hyalinization and lumen diameter, and thrombosis when compared with the endometria associated with ectopic pregnancies. Intermediate trophoblast, enlarged hyalinized spiral arteries, and fibrinoid matrix were not seen in any of the ectopic pregnancies. Based on these findings, intrauterine implantation can be diagnosed, in the absence of villi, by the presence of intermediate trophoblast associated with enlarged vessels replaced by hyaline, or with fragments of fibrinoid matrix.

Chorionic Villi↗

PubMed1989

Prenatal diagnosis of infantile sialic acid storage disease in a twin pregnancy.

A diagnosis of infantile sialic acid storage disease was made in an infant who died aged 17 months. In the mother's next pregnancy no morphological or biochemical abnormality was found in chorionic villi, amniotic fluid, cultured amniotic fluid cells or fetal blood and a normal boy was born. In the subsequent pregnancy an ultrasound scan revealed a twin pregnancy. Chorionic villus samples were obtained from both twins and microscopic and biochemical analysis indicated one twin to be affected with sialic acid storage disease. Selective fetocide was performed. The unaffected twin proceeded to term.

Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors↗

PubMed1991

HIV proteins in normal human placentae.

Cryostat sections of human normal term placentae were studied for evidence of immunopathology by using antibodies to lymphocytes, macrophages, platelets, and coagulation factors. Areas of so-called chronic villitis of unestablished etiology were identified in all placentae. The same tissues were examined for HIV protein antigens gp120, p17, p24, and gp41. No evidence for gp41 was found. Antigens gp120 and p17 were identified in normal chorionic villi in vimentin-positive fibroblast-like cells and in endothelium, respectively. Antigen p24 was localized to HLA-DR positive cells that morphologically resembled macrophages in areas of villitis. The distribution of gp120 and p17 was similar to that observed for tissue factor. These findings prompted speculation that retroviral proto-oncogenes that are known to encode for certain placental receptors could be involved in the presentation of tissue factor, and that gp120 may be a hitherto unrecognized immunobiological mechanism for the blockade of CD4 on maternal lymphocytes if and when such cells gain entrance to chorionic villi.

Chorionic Villi↗

PubMed1996

The role of factor XIIIa in the mesenchymatogenesis of the human placenta: an immunohistochemical analysis.

Human placentas from normal pregnancies [9], interrupted pregnancies due to congenital anomalies of the fetuses [7] and legal abortions [9] were examined immunohistochemically using monoclonal antiserum for factor XIIIa. Hofbauer cells of the chorionic villi were strongly positive for factor XIIIa. Deeper staining in early pregnancy reflects the greater numbers of Hofbauer cells in this period of gestation. Our findings support the hypothesis that the presence of factor XIIIa in the Hofbauer cells promotes the maturation of the chorionic villi.

Chorionic Villi↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Application of DNA profiling to paternity testing during early pregnancy.

Four probes that recognize D2S44, D17S79, D4S163 and D18S27 loci, were used to produce DNA profiles of 8- to 10-week-old chorionic villus samples and from blood samples of their respective parents. A total of 30 pedigrees were analyzed. The results showed strict Mendelian inheritance. The cumulative paternity index (PI) and probability of paternity (W) obtained with D2S44, D17S79 and D4S163 loci were sufficient to exceed the required standard (PI > 369, W > 99.73) for assertion of paternity for all pedigrees tested. Therefore, these three loci are likely to satisfy the paternity test requirements in the majority of paternity cases, involving unrelated individuals, in the Chinese Han population. The other combinations of three loci did not produce high enough values for all cases, but all W values were > 98%. The results show that, using DNA from chorionic villi, these polymorphic loci can resolve cases of disputed paternity during early pregnancy.

China↗

PubMed1991

[Transabdominal chorion aspiration in the second pregnancy trimester].

The authors report their experiences with 377 transabdominal chorionic villi samplings performed in the second trimester of pregnancy, between 1987-1989. They used the double needle technique with continuous ultrasound guidance. In every case they could get a sufficient amount of villi from one puncture, and there was no unsuccessful direct chromosome-preparation. The obstetrical complications of the procedure were measured by the analysis of the outcome of the first 300 pregnancies intended to continue: the abortion rate after the transabdominal chorionic villi sampling seems to be lower, than after amniocentesis.

Adult↗

PubMed1965

IMMUNOFLUORESCENT EXAMINATION OF THE HUMAN CHORIONIC VILLUS FOR BLOOD GROUP A AND B SUBSTANCE.

The chorionic villi of term placentas were examined for A and B blood group substance using the IF technique with heterologous and homologous antisera. No specific fluorescence was found in either the villous trophoblast or vessels of the chorionic villi. The implications of these findings in relation to the question of trophoblastic antigenicity are discussed.

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMed2000

Reproductive tissue renin gene expression in preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: Using an analogy with renin gene overexpression, low-renin hypertension animal models, we wished to test the hypothesis that renin gene expression is increased in decidua basalis in human gestation with preeclampsia. METHODS: Human placentas were obtained immediately after delivery from 11 control (C) and 11 preeclamptics (PE). Tissue samples were microdissected and renin gene expression in decidua basalis (DB), chorionic villi (CV), and decidua vera (DV) was measured using dot-blot hybridization. RESULTS: Overall renin gene expression is highest in decidua basalis (mean +/- SEM, 2.66 +/- 0.69 densitometry area units) compared to chorionic villi (mean +/- SEM, 1.85 +/- 0.5) or compared to decidua vera (mean +/- SEM, 1.63 +/- 0.9) (both t-tests p = 0.001 two-tailed and analysis of variance p = 0.0001). Renin gene expression in DB and in CV was similar in both preeclamptic and normal pregnancies (DB mean +/- SEM C 2.79 +/- 0.96 versus PE 2.54 +/- 1.04, and CV mean +/- SEM C 2.11 +/- 0.91 versus PE, 1.59 +/- 0. 44). Renin gene expression in DV was approximately threefold higher in tissues from preeclamptics compared to control (mean +/- SEM PE 2. 44 +/- 1.76 versus C 0.82 +/- 0.42). Using the median value of 0.5 units for DV as cutoff, the preeclamptics displayed higher renin gene expression (chi square p = 0.033, two tailed). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that renin gene expression is increased in preeclampsia in decidua vera. This may explain previously reported increased renin secretion in uterine circulation in preeclampsia.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[Mosaicism confined to placenta in pregnancies with adverse outcome].

Chorionic villi and fetal tissues from 50 pathological human conceptions at gestational weeks 9-40 were cultured and cytogenetically analyzed to explore the existence of chromosomal mosaicism confined to the extraembryonic tissues and to clarify the relationship between confined placental mosaicism and adverse outcome of pregnancy. Chorionic villi and fetal tissues from 12 second trimester gestations terminated served as a control group. In two pathological gestations true mosaicism was found exclusively in chorionic cells and could not be confirmed in cells derived from the fetal tissues. One of these was severely growth retarded. Concordant results were obtained in all other cases.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Association of histologic features and cytogenetic abnormalities in ectopic pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between specific histologic features and cytogenetic abnormalities in ectopic pregnancies. DESIGN: Blinded histologic analysis. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENT(S): Fifty-four patients with ectopic pregnancy for whom successful karyotypes and sufficient histologic material were available. INTERVENTION(S): Histologic evaluation of chorionic villi from ectopic pregnancies was done by two pathologists who were unaware of the cytogenetic outcome. Seventeen histologic features were evaluated: villus size, villus contour, ghost villi, hydropic villi, trophoblastic hyperplasia, trophoblastic hypoplasia, syncytial knots, Hofbauer cells, blood vessels, trophoblastic lacunae, trophoblastic inclusions or cisterns, degeneration, fibrohyalinization, microcalcifications, and perivillous and intervillous fibrin deposits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The association between histopathologic features and cytogenetic outcome. RESULT(S): The presence of ghost villi and intervillous or perivillous fibrin was found to be associated with cytogenetic abnormalities. These features are associated with previous fetal cell death. CONCLUSION(S): This study does not support an association between specific histologic features of chorionic villi and cytogenetic abnormalities in ectopic pregnancies. The only histologic features that were associated with cytogenetic abnormalities (i.e., ghost villi and intervillous and perivillous fibrin) are merely a result of previous fetal cell death.

Adolescent↗