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Bovine colostrum whey and immunoglobulins were prepared. Their characteristics and anti-viral activities were studied:IgG, IgA and IgM were found in bovine colostrum. Most IgG was polymerized. Although neutralization activities against bovine, simian and human rotaviruses existed, anti-human adenovirus antibody was not found. Effects on prophylaxis and treatment for rotavirus gastroenteritis were expected.
Several immunodeficient rodent models currently exist in which persistent, largely asymptomatic, Cryptosporidium parvum infections can be established. Piglets, in contrast, develop a self-limiting diarrheal illness. We have consequently developed an animal model system in which scid mice were used to screen drugs for inhibitory activity against C. parvum, after which the drugs' therapeutic potential was evaluated with piglets. Paromomycin and hyperimmune bovine colostrum-immunoglobulin were selected to evaluate this system. C. paravum infections in suckling scid mice tended to be associated with villus surfaces, while in weaned and in older scid mice infections were more commonly localized in abscessed crypts. Rates of oocyst shedding in suckling scid mice were 50 to 200 times higher than in weaned mice and therefore made suckling mice a considerably more sensitive model for drug testing. Paromomycin given in high doses over 9 to 10 days was not toxic to either scid mice (3,000 mg/kg of body weight per day) or piglets (500 mg/kg/day). Paromomycin treatment was very effective against villus surface infections in suckling mice and considerably less effective against infections in inaccessible sites such as abscessed crypts and stomach pits seen in weaned and adult scid mice. The therapeutic efficacy of paromomycin in piglets depended on the severity of the diarrheal illness. Mild to moderate diarrhea and infection were cleared after paromomycin treatment of piglets infected with one C. parvum isolate. However, paromomycin had no impact on severely affected piglets infected with a second isolate, presumably because of a rapid transit time through the gut. In contrast to paromomycin hyperimmune bovine colostrum-immunoglobulin treatment reduced the rate of C. parvum infection moderately in scid mice and only slightly in piglets, again probably because of a rapid transit time through the gut and inactivation in the stomach. It was also clear that the impact of effective drugs against C. parvum can be detected within 5 days after the onset of treatment in either model.
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to allow direct detection of class-specific antirotavirus antibodies. In colostrum and in milk, antirotavirus antibodies were found in the three immunoglobulin classes. Antirotavirus immunoglobulins G and M were predominant in colostrum, whereas antirotavirus immunoglobulin A was predominant in milk and feces.
Immunoglobulin A antibodies with binding specificity for purified Klebsiella pneumoniae type 1 pili were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 20 of 21 human samples (95%). The concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A antibody in colostrum directed against the pili were calculated by comparison of experimental enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay values with values obtained from known secretory immunoglobulin A concentrations. The presence of antibodies to K. pneumoniae type 1 pili was confirmed by double diffusion-gel studies with selected specimens of colostrum. This study shows that in the majority of human colostral samples examined, secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies with specificity for K. pneumoniae type 1 pili can be commonly found in variable, but frequently high, concentrations.
The aim of this study was to isolate and purify the component in bovine colostrum which is responsible for the inhibition of S-fimbria-mediated adhesion of Escherichia coli. Whey from defatted colostrum was fractionated by ultrafiltration, and the < 100K, < 30K, and < 10K fractions and the colostral whey were tested for inhibition of in vitro adhesion of radiolabelled S-fimbria-bearing E. coli to human ileostomy glycoproteins, which provide a model for human intestinal mucus. The inhibiting compound was purified from a dialyzed < 30K fraction with an anion exchange column which was eluted with a NaCl gradient (0 to 1.0 M). The compound was found to be a heat-resistant but pepsin-sensitive protein with an Mr of approximately 18,000 and an isoelectric point of approximately 5.75. The protein appears to block receptor sites for S-fimbriae on ileostomy glycoproteins, with steric hindrance being the most likely mechanism. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the amino terminus of the 18K protein showed similarity with the sequence of beta-lactoglobulin.
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) structural proteins in colostrum and milk was investigated by a radioimmunoprecipitation assay. By using [35S]methionine-labeled RSV-infected HEp-2 cells and antiserum to human IgA as the capture antibody, IgA antibody responses to large glycoprotein, fusion protein, nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, and matrix protein were demonstrated in colostrum and milk. The IgA antibody response was mainly directed against fusion protein, whereas IgA activity against matrix protein was more variable and was not comparable to the antibody responses to other structural proteins. Maternal mammary IgA response after RSV infection in the infant was monitored in four cases, and the appearance of anti-RSV IgA activity against several RSV structural proteins was observed in convalescent-stage milk samples of two mothers in whom RSV infection was demonstrated.
Forty percent of colostrum samples from German women showed neutralizing antibody titers of greater than or equal to 50 to rotavirus (RV) serotypes 1, 3, 4, and 6. Antibody to serotypes 2, 8, and 9 was less prevalent. Titers are, however, too low to indicate an important effect of colostrum on the RV vaccine take rate. On the other hand, about 50% of the cord serum samples showed high neutralizing-antibody titers to serotypes 1, 3, and 4, which could interfere with the take rate of RV vaccines based on these serotypes in very young infants.
PURPOSE: The aim of this experiment was to investigate the influence of low dose bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in cyclists over a 10 week period that included 5 days of high intensity training (HIT). METHODS: Over 7 days of preliminary testing, 29 highly trained male road cyclists completed a VO(2max) test (in which their ventilatory threshold was estimated), a time to fatigue test at 110% of ventilatory threshold, and a 40 km time trial (TT40). Cyclists were then assigned to either a supplement (n = 14, 10 g/day bovine colostrum protein concentrate (CPC)) or a placebo group (n = 15, 10 g/day whey protein) and resumed their normal training. Following 5 weeks of supplementation, the cyclists returned to the laboratory to complete a second series of performance testing (week 7). They then underwent five consecutive days of HIT (week 8) followed by a further series of performance tests (week 9). RESULTS: The influence of bovine CPC on TT40 performance during normal training was unclear (week 7: 1+/-3.1%, week 9: 0.1+/-2.1%; mean+/-90% confidence limits). However, at the end of the HIT period, bovine CPC supplementation, compared to the placebo, elicited a 1.9+/-2.2% improvement from baseline in TT40 performance and a 2.3+/-6.0% increase in time trial intensity (% VO(2max)), and maintained TT40 heart rate (2.5+/-3.7%). In addition, bovine CPC supplementation prevented a decrease in ventilatory threshold following the HIT period (4.6+/-4.6%). CONCLUSION: Low dose bovine CPC supplementation elicited improvements in TT40 performance during an HIT period and maintained ventilatory threshold following five consecutive days of HIT.
A boy aged 6 months who presented with poor weight gain, diarrhoea, and infection with Pneumocystis carinii was found to have congenital hypogammaglobulinaemia, which did not improve despite monthly treatment with intravenous gammaglobulin. At the age of 3 years and 2 months he developed severe vomiting and diarrhoea due to cryptosporidiosis, which failed to respond to conventional treatment. Infusion of hyperimmune bovine colostrum produced against parasite antigen, given by nasogastric tube, was started after symptoms had persisted for three weeks. His vomiting and diarrhoea resolved within five days of treatment, and oocysts were no longer seen in the stools after eight days. Later, however, he developed a rare complication, and oocysts were found in the common bile duct. Hyperimmune bovine colostrum may be useful in the treatment of many patients with immunodeficiency disorders.
Use of the optical refractometer in performing a rapid assessment of the immunoglobulin content of ovine colostrum under farm conditions was investigated. Refractometer readings were compared with total protein levels and with gamma-globulin levels, determined by the ZSTT, to assess the validity of the technique. In both cases correlation coefficients were high (0.98 and 0.79 respectively). Refractometry was shown to be a valid substitute for the ZSTT in studies on colostrum gamma-globulin levels.
Ewes were vaccinated two to three weeks prior to mating with a formalin-treated preparation of lamb rotavirus. The colostrum and milk produced by vaccinated ewes after the subsequent pregnancy were shown to contain significantly higher titres of antibody to the virus than did mammary secretions from non-vaccinates. The virus neutralising antibody activity was associated with IgG in both colostrum and milk. However, IgG concentrations in the mammary secretions of vaccinates and non-vaccinates did not differ. It is suggested that vaccination of the dam may be of value in protecting the suckled neonatal lamb against rotavirus infection.
Newborn lambs which had been given colostrum from a single cow developed thrombocytopenia and seven died. The clinical signs included purpura, haemoglobinuria, melaena, dullness and lethargy. The lambs died at one to two days old. Post mortem examination revealed widespread haemorrhages throughout the body. Lambs given small amounts of colostrum developed a transient thrombocytopenia but did not die.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of bovine colostrum supplementation (Bioenervi) on serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), immunoglobulin G, hormone, and amino acid and saliva immunoglobulin A concentrations during a strength and speed training period. Nine male sprinters and jumpers underwent three randomized experimental training treatments of 8 days separated by 13 days. The only difference in the treatments was the drink of 125 ml consumed per day. Posttraining increases were noticed for serum IGF-I in the 25-ml Bioenervi treatment (125 ml contained 25 ml Bioenervi) and especially in the 125-ml Bioenervi treatment (125 ml contained 125 ml Bioenervi) compared with the placebo (normal milk whey) treatment (P < 0.05). The change in IGF-I concentration during the 8-day periods correlated positively with the change in insulin concentration during the same periods with 25-ml Bioenervi treatment (r = 0.68; P = 0.045) and with 125-ml Bioenervi treatment (r = 0.69; P = 0.038). Serum immunoglobulin G, hormone, and amino acid and saliva immunoglobulin A responses were similar during the three treatments. It appears that a bovine colostrum supplement (Bioenervi) may increase serum IGF-I concentration in athletes during strength and speed training.
We investigated the postpartum changes in colostral interleukin (IL) 8 concentrations during the first 3 postpartum days and examined the IL-8 production of colostral cells at the levels of both protein and mRNA. Colostrum samples were obtained from healthy mothers after full-term delivery. Colostrum, supernatants, and cell lysates of cultured colostral cells were assayed for IL-8 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to test uncultured colostral cells for the production of IL-8 mRNA. The colostral IL-8 concentrations, especially high on day 1 postpartum, declined abruptly during the first 3 postpartum days (mean 19.7, 10.0, and 3.0 ng/ml on days 1, 2 and 3 postpartum, respectively). Colostral cells apparently produced and secreted IL-8 in in vitro culture without stimulant, although in smaller quantities than with lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The majority of uncultured colostral cell samples expressed IL-8 mRNA, suggesting a role of colostral cells, at least in part, as a source of colostral IL-8.
Cells in pig colostrum, milk and involution secretion were identified using light and electron microscopy. Cell types identified were neutrophils, macrophages, epithelial cells, eosinophils and lymphocytes. The neutrophils predominated in colostrum and involution secretion, whereas in milk it was the epithelial cell. Macrophages and lymphocytes were present throughout lactation and so too were eosinophils which were always present in lower concentrations. Both neutrophils and macrophages were seen with phagocytic vacuoles containing either lipid, casein or cellular debris. The possible roles played by the phagocytic and lymphoid cells in the protection of the mammary gland of the sow and the gut of the neonate from pathogenic microorganisms is discussed.
Cells in pig colostrum, milk and involution secretion were identified using light and electron microscopy. Cell types identified were neutrophils, macrophages, epithelial cells, eosinophils and lymphocytes. The neutrophils predominated in colostrum and involution secretion, whereas in milk it was the epithelial cell. Macrophages and lymphocytes were present throughout lactation and so too were eosinophils which were always present in lower concentrations. Both neutrophils and macrophages were seen with phagocytic vacuoles containing either lipid, casein or cellular debris. The possible roles played by the phagocytic and lymphoid cells in the protection of the mammary gland of the sow and the gut of the neonate from pathogenic microorganisms is discussed.
In goat and mare colostrum, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity is relatively low (mean values are, respectively, 900 and 350 U/l). In the serum of newborns before suckling, GGT is also low (less than or equal to 28 U/l in goats and less than or equal to U/l in foals); then in goats GGT is much increased on the 1st day (mean = 127 U/l), and it decreases during the following days. In foals, serum GGT slowly but regularly increases for the first 5 days, then decreases. Such differences can be attributed to intestinal protein absorption capabilities which are selective in newborn foals and unselective in goats. Therefore, serum GGT measurement can be a good test of colostrum intake in newborn goats, but not in foals.
In order to investigate the regulatory role of the immune system on gastrointestinal macromolecular permeability in neonates, and ontogeny of the neonatal immune system, we have developed a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) program capable of maintaining immunologically "virgin" germfree (GF) neonatal piglets. GF colostrum-deprived piglets obtained by aseptic hysterectomy 3-5 days prior to term were denied any oral feeding and maintained on central venous hyperalimentation in the GF isolators. GF piglets were anesthetized and 20-gauge silicone tubing was inserted into the external jugular vein and advanced to the level of right auricle of the heart. The distal end of the cannula was subcutaneously tunneled out between the shoulders and attached to a light jacket, tether, and swivel assembly that allowed the piglet to move freely inside the cage in a germfree unit. The TPN formula provided 60 Cal/kg/day for the first day and gradually increased up to 165 Cal/kg/day for day-7 and older piglets. The GF piglets were maintained on the TPN formula for 21 days and weight gain of the GF-TPN piglets averaged 23 g/day. The hematologic and serum biochemical parameters of GF-TPN piglets were within the normal range of gnotobiotic animals of their age group. The serum levels of total protein and albumin in the GF-TPN piglets were significantly less than those of colostrum-fed piglets, who absorbed a large quantity of the colostral macromolecules through their gastrointestinal tract into the blood stream.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)