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PubMed1996

Dental health of 13-14-year-old Jordanian school children and its relationship with socio-economic status.

The relationship between oral hygiene, dental caries experience, periodontal condition and socio-economic status was assessed in 1375 13-14-year-old school children in Irbid Governate, north Jordan. They were divided into four groups according to their family income: 'very poor', 'poor', 'moderate' and 'rich'. Their oral hygiene, dental caries experience and peridontal status were assessed using the Silness and Loe plaque index (PI), the decayed, missing and filled teeth or surfaces (DMFT/S) system and the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), respectively. The mean PI was 1.82 but there was a trend to decrease gradually from the 'very poor' to the 'rich' group There were no significant differences in caries experience between the four groups. The CPITN showed that the 'very poor' group had a slightly lower mean number of healthy mouth sextants than the other groups, but slightly higher scores for bleeding, calculus and pocketing. The results reveal that socioeconomic status, as assessed by family income, seems to have little relationship to dental caries experience or periodontal disease in 13-14-year-old school children, in north Jordan.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Enamel defects and dental caries among Southland children.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence, severity and associations of enamel defects and dental caries in a probability-based sample of 9- and 10-year-old children living in fluoridated Invercargill and the non-fluoridated towns of Gore, Winton and Queenstown, in Southland, New Zealand. DESIGN: The study was a cross-sectional survey of enamel defects and their associations in a random sample of 9- and 10-year-old children. METHOD: Parents of 600 children were sent a postal survey questionnaire which sought information on sociodemographic characteristics and fluoride exposure from different sources. Consent for dental examinations was also obtained and the children were examined in schools by the principal investigator (TDM). The Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) index was used to assess 10 index teeth, which were examined wet and uncleaned. An examination for caries was also carried out. Data were recorded electronically on a laptop computer, and images were taken of each child's anterior teeth using a digital camera. After univariate and bivariate analysis of the data, multivariate modelling was used to control for confounders and derive odds ratios for the prevalence of enamel defects. RESULTS: Four hundred and thirty-six children (mean age of 9.8 years) were examined, giving an effective participation rate of 74.5 percent. At the time of examination the majority of children had a mixed dentition with 77.1 percent of the children having experienced dental caries. Two-thirds of the sample had had deciduous caries experience, with a mean 4.4 surfaces affected. The prevalence of enamel defects of any type among these children was 51.6 percent, with that of demarcated opacities being 38.8 percent, and that of diffuse opacities being 24.1 percent; 5.5 percent had one or more hypoplastic defects. Diffuse opacities were more frequent among children who had lived all their lives in a fluoridated area (OR = 2.23; 95 percent CI 1.37, 3.63). Most of the diffuse opacities affected less than one-third of the labial surface of the index teeth, and the maxillary central incisors were the most commonly affected tooth. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the prevalence of diffuse opacities among children who have lived their whole lives in a fluoridated area has not increased. The benefits of water fluoridation as a public health measure remain, with children continuously exposed to fluoridated water during their life having half the dental caries experience of those who have not. While this benefit also exacts a "biological price" in terms of a greater prevalence of diffuse opacities, the clinical, social and public health significanceof those opacities remains unclear.

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMed1997

Prevalence of periodontal disease in patients with Sjögren's syndrome.

The periodontal status of 25 patients with Sjögren's syndrome was compared with that of an age-, sex-, and race-matched healthy controls. Clinical evaluation included determination of number of teeth, decayed/missing/filled surfaces, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, and measurement of alveolar bone level (examined with radiography). Results of the study suggest that patients with Sjögren's syndrome have a significantly higher plaque index score (p < 0.005), higher decayed/missing/filled surfaces scores (p < 0.05), increased alveolar bone loss (p < 0.05), deeper clinical attachment level (p < 0.05), and increased cementoenamel junction-alveolar bone crest distance (p < 0.005). Although no significant difference was found in the number of cases of "established periodontitis" between the Sjögren's syndrome and controls, odds ratio analysis suggests that patients with Sjögren's syndrome are at 2.2 times higher risk of having adult periodontitis than healthy controls.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Dental needs of patients with myotonic dystrophy.

The aim of this study was to assess oral health and motoric ability in persons with myotonic dystrophy in comparison with a control group of healthy persons and find out whether an increased need of dental care exists in persons with reduced motoric ability. Twenty-seven persons, mean age 45, with the diagnosis myotonic dystrophy were compared with an age- and sex-matched control group. The dental status was determined from orthopantomograms and bite-wing radiographs. Oral hygiene, using a simplified index, periodontal pocket depth and alveolar bone height were recorded. Additionally, the finger force of the patient was recorded in order to evaluate the muscular capacity. Compared to control persons, persons with myotonic dystrophy had a lower finger force. They also had fewer teeth, higher caries frequency and more plaque, although no difference was found in the alveolar bone support around their remaining teeth. A positive correlation was found between finger force and oral hygiene. Persons with myotonic dystrophy had a decreased ability to maintain good oral hygiene, possibly due to motoric disability, and they had an increased need of dental hygienic care.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of dental caries in a coastal zone of Granada].

In the present study, the problem of caries and its actual state in a seaside region of Granada is analyzed. 1.001 aged 5 to 15 scholars from three towns--Motril, Itrabo and Molvizar--were studied. In the descriptive survey, the prevalence of the illness by CO, CAOD, CAOS and CAOM epidemiologic indexes is registered, and also its distribution by place, age and sex. A general 1.45 CO, global 1.22 CAOD, 1.36 total CAOS and 0.94 CAOM were estimated. The relation of sweets taken out of the eating time, buccodental hygiene degree and fluorization drinking water levels with caries are studied in the analitic part. Straight connection was observed of sweets consuming to the total of caries (in both temporary and permanent teeth). A significant clear correlation was also observed between the levels of fluor and the prevalence of caries in temporary teeth, which was higher than in permanent teeth.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Dental caries experience and enamel opacities in children residing in urban and rural areas of Antigua with different levels of natural fluoride in drinking water.

In 1988/89, a national study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of caries experience among children aged 5 to 6, 12, and 15 to 19 years and also to measure the level of dental fluorosis among 12 to 14 year-old pupils attending schools in urban and rural areas in Antigua with various levels of natural fluoride in public water. In the first part of the study, all three age groups who were life-long residents of three areas with 0.1-0.2 ppmF (urban), 0.1-0.3 ppmF (rural) and 0.6-1.0 ppmF (rural) showed that the caries levels for each age group were not significantly different among the three fluoride communities or between urban and rural samples. In all three age groups, occlusal surfaces were more frequently affected by caries, and untreated dental caries was common. In part two of the survey, the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF) was used to record fluorotic enamel defects among children aged 12 to 14 years who were life-long residents of 0.1-0.3 ppm fluoride and 0.6-1.0 ppm fluoride areas. In the low fluoride areas, mottling was absent in 97 per cent of facial surfaces of anterior maxillary teeth. In contrast, in the 0.6-1.0 ppm fluoride area, the value was 87 per cent. In both communities mottling was limited to a whitish colour. Analysis of the highest TSIF scores revealed that statistically significant differences were apparent in children with fluorosis between two communities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Halitosis in children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between oral parameters and halitosis in children whose parents complained of malodorous breath. METHODS: Twenty-four children (ages 5 to 14) were examined at 3 appointments. After the second appointment oral hygiene instructions were given. Malodor-related parameters included odor judge scores (whole mouth, tongue, nose, and interdental areas), sulfide levels, and microbiologic tests (Oratest and BANA). Dental-related parameters included plaque index, dental index (DMFT), food impaction, bleeding, and tongue coating. Statistical analyses included analysis of variance, paired t tests, Pearson correlations, and multiple regression. RESULTS: Whole mouth odor was significantly associated with plaque index levels (r = 0.64, P =.001) and Oratest (r = -0.57, P =.003). Whole mouth malodor was significantly associated with tongue dorsum posterior odor (r = 0.641, P =.001) and was higher in subjects with interdental odor (P =.003). Tongue odor was also significantly associated with nasal malodor (r = 0.57; P =.004). Sulfide levels were correlated with oral malodor levels only at the second appointment (r = 0.46, P =.02). CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that, as in adults, oral malodor in children is related primarily to oral factors. Correlations between nasal and oral malodor were evident, suggesting that postnasal drip plays a major role.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Oral health status of vulnerable groups in a village of the Central Highlands, southern Vietnam.

OBJECTIVES: Oral health status of vulnerable people in developing countries tends to be given lower priority than other health issues. Consequently, few studies have examined the oral health status of the poor and minorities in developing countries. We aim to examine the dental caries and periodontal status, and explore the risk indicators of dental caries between two ethnic groups in rural villages in southern Vietnam. METHODS: We examined the caries status and its risk indicators of 150 participants (Co-Ho minority and Kinh majority) living in a hamlet of Dangphuong village in Vietnam. We also assessed periodontal status of the participants aged 14 and over by Community Periodontal Index. RESULTS: We first found that dental caries were highly prevalent among both the Co-Ho minority and Kinh majority groups. Second, the higher numbers of dental caries among children with primary teeth were associated with a higher frequency of consuming sweets. Third, most people (87%) aged 14 and over had periodontal problems. Finally, the Kinh majority tended to have more dental caries than Co-Ho among people aged less than 30. CONCLUSION: Oral health promotion should be considered as a part of the development programmes for vulnerable groups in Vietnam and other developing countries.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Oral health status of a population of community-dwelling older Canadians.

A sample of 170 responsive residents of seniors housing centres in Winnipeg, Canada, were studied, (>65 years, mean 82 years), with the objectives of relating their dental state to their perception of need and uptake of service. Only 6% rated their oral health as poor, 46% reported a dental visit within the previous year and 68% felt they needed dental treatment. A lack of perceived need (88%) was the primary reason why dental care was not sought more frequently. Hygiene practices revealed that only 7% brushed < 1 time/day, 60% never flossed, 14% cleaned their dentures <1 time/day, and 42% slept with their dentures. Dental histories showed that examination (94%), prosthodontic treatment (76%), and restorative services (65%) were the most commonly sought treatments. Perceived dental needs included prosthodontic treatment (39%), periodontal/prophylactic treatment (10%), restorative treatment (9%) and pain relief (9%). Study subjects had 2.8 decayed teeth, a DMFT of 25.1, and a Root Caries Index of 38%. CPITN scores of 3 or 4 in at least one sextant were found in 80% of subjects. Of the 41% edentulous, all wore complete dentures but 15% of complete upper dentures and 51% of complete lower dentures fitted poorly. Of the partial dentures, 20% fitted poorly. Soft tissue anomalies were seen in 67% of subjects and 47% had TMJ anomalies. Overall, 77% of edentulous subjects and all dentate subjects required some dental treatment even though 46% had seen a dentist within the preceding year. It is concluded that appropriate management of such people needs further attention.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Factors associated with uncooperative behavior by Brazilian preschool children in the dental office.

The purpose of this study was to assess the uncooperative behavior of low income preschool children receiving dental treatment and the factors associated with that behavior. The sample consisted of 177 Brazilian children of both sexes, ages from three to six years. The children were observed during their dental appointments and their behavior was categorized by the Frankl Behavioral Rating Scale. The oral health of the children was evaluated on the basis of a clinical examination and classified using the dmft index. A history taking with the child's parent or guardian provided current medical condition, dental history, and family situation. Of the children, 1 percent presented definitely positive behavior, 59 percent positive behavior, 28 percent negative behavior, and 12 percent definitely negative. A significant association was found between children with negative behavior and the variables of the child's age, parent's or guardian's education, learning or behavioral problems, parent's or guardian's anxiety, child oral health status, general health problems, history of hospitalization, and dental history.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1998

Comparison of the oral health status and salivary flow rate of asthmatic patients with those of nonasthmatic adults--results of a pilot study.

The oral health status and stimulated salivary flow rate of 33 adult asthmatic outpatients were compared with those of 33 nonasthmatic controls. The groups were matched by age and sex, and an adjustment for education was made in the statistical analysis. In the oral examination, a small difference in the prevalence of caries was observed when the sums of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) were compared. The mean (SD) crude DMFT score was 20.1 (5.8) in the asthma group and 18.4 (7.6) in the control group. A statistically significant difference was seen in the amount of periodontal inflammation and in the stimulated salivary flow rate between the groups. The mean (SD) crude periodontal status index (PSI) was 52.7% (23.8%) in the asthmatics and 37.1% (20.4%) in the controls. The 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the difference in adjusted means of PSI ranged from 0.1% to 21.9% (P = 0.05). In the stimulated salivary flow rate, crude mean values were 1.0 (0.5) ml/min and 1.3 (0.5) ml/min, respectively, and the 95% CI for the difference was from 0.05 ml/min to 0.57 ml/min (P = 0.01). Mucosal lesions in the oral cavity were found in 15 asthmatics (45%) and in eight controls (24%). In conclusion, the results of this study support the hypothesis that adult asthmatics have a higher risk of oral diseases than nonasthmatic subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Dental caries and enamel fluorosis among the fluoridated and non-fluoridated populations in the Republic of Ireland in 2002.

BACKGROUND: A national survey of oral health of children and adolescents was carried out in the Republic of Ireland (RoI) in 2001/2002. AIMS: To compare the prevalence of caries between child and adolescent residents in fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities in the RoI whilst controlling for disadvantage. To compare caries levels amongst disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged groups with and without water fluoridation. To report the changes in caries levels between the 1960s and 2002 in RoI. To report the changes in dental fluorosis levels between 1984 and 2002. METHODOLOGY: Cross sectional oral health survey of a representative, random, stratified sample of 17,851 5-, 8-, 12- and 15-year-old children and adolescents in RoI. WHO examination criteria with the addition of visible, non-cavitated dentine caries were used for recording caries. Fluorosis was measured using Dean's Index. RESULTS: In the RoI the mean dmft/DMFT scores for 5-, 8-, 12-, and 15-year-olds were 1.2, 0.3, 1.1 and 2.3. For those with domestic water fluoridation since birth the scores were 1.0, 0.3, 1.1 and 2.1 respectively. In non-fluoridated areas of RoI the mean dmft/DMFT scores for 5-, 8-, 12-, and 15-year-olds was 1.7, 0.3, 1.3 and 3.2, respectively. For 5-, 12- and 15-year-old age groups dental caries levels were lower amongst children with fluoridated domestic water supplies (all p<0.0001). The prevalence of dental fluorosis has increased in RoI since 1984. 23% and 36% of 8- and 15-year olds respectively in fluoridated areas had Dean's Index scores at the questionable or greater level in 2002, compared with 6% and 5% respectively in 1984. CONCLUSIONS: Caries levels are lower among children with fluoridated domestic water supplies. Decay levels are much lower in 2002 than they were in 1984 and in the 1960s. The oral health of the less well off is worse than that of the rest of the population. The prevalence of dental fluorosis is higher amongst children and adolescents with fluoridated water supplies. Comparisons with 1984 data show an increase in the prevalence of fluorosis since that time.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Prevalence of dental caries in school children from a suburban area in Tripoli, Libya.

Seven hundred and twenty school children of primary school grades 5 and 6 in Hadba Sargia area in Tripoli were examined for dental caries. The mean DMFT index for the whole sample of children was 1.58. The DT component comprised 1.34 and MT component 0.21 of DMFT score, which made 42.22% and 13.33% of total children sample, respectively. The amount FT component was 0.03 (1.39%) of all children with DMFT examined. The number of children with at least one DMFT score was 410 (56.94%) of the total study sample. In children with poor oral hygiene, DMFT score was significantly higher (1.91) than in those with good oral hygiene (0.85) (P less than 0.01). Children whose mothers had low education exhibited a higher total DMFT score (1.85) than those whose mothers had high education (1.16).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Socioeconomic factors and dental caries in developing countries: a cross-national study.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze statistically correlations between socioeconomic factors and the prevalence of dental caries in developing countries. The DMFT index, which evaluates the incidence of dental caries, showed a positive correlation (P < 0.01) with several socioeconomic factors, such as life expectancy, adult literacy rate, school attendance rate, population employed in the service sector, population aged 15-64 years, and urban population. According to multiple regression analysis, population aged 15-64 years, population employed in the service sector, and urban population were the most influential independent socioeconomic variables, in descending order, with a regression coefficient of 0.635 and a coefficient of determination of 0.404 (P < 0.001). This finding suggests that the prevalence of dental caries in developing countries increases with the degree of urbanization.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Dental caries, oral hygiene, and oral clearance in children with craniofacial disorders.

The reason that children with cleft palates tend to have a greater prevalence of tooth decay than normal children is unclear. We hypothesized that children with cleft palates would have increased oral clearance times for foods and, consequently, higher levels of caries and caries-associated micro-organisms than control children. Children aged 6-16 yrs, with (n = 81) or without (n = 61) cleft palates, were studied. Children with cleft palates had DMFT and dmft scores greater (p < 0.01) than those of the control group. The number of caries-associated organisms was greater in the saliva of the cleft palate children (all p < 0.001). The oral hygiene, plaque and gingival index scores were greater (p < 0.0001), oral clearance was longer (p < 0.01), and levels of sucrose and starch-derived saccharides higher (p < 0.01) in the cleft palate group. However, salivary concentrations of organic acids were lower in the children with craniofacial disorders, probably reflecting the altered physiology of the more mature dental biofilm. The longer oral clearance times of foods and the consequent generation of fermentable sugars from starches may contribute to the higher caries prevalence observed in children with cleft palates.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Dental caries prevalence in Brazilian schoolchildren resident in Japan.

The Brazilian community in Japan is the third largest of the ethnic groups within the Japanese population. However, the oral health condition of Brazilian schoolchildren resident in Japan has not been documented previously. This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of dental caries in Brazilian schoolchildren resident in Japan. The study population comprised 296 schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years, attending Brazilian schools in Japan. Clinical examinations were performed by a single qualified examiner. The prevalence of dental caries found in this population was 64.9% (95% IC = 59.39 - 70.34%), the percentage of caries-free children being relatively high at 35.1% (95% IC = 29.7% - 40.6%). The mean decayed (D), missing (M), and filled (F) teeth (T) index at age 12 was 1.75 (95% IC = 1.03 - 2.47), and the mean dmft at age 6 was 3.50 (95% IC = 2.43 - 4.57). The proportion of treated teeth was higher than that of decayed teeth in both dentitions. With regard to the distribution of dental caries experience, only 8.4% of all schoolchildren had a DMFT > 3, suggesting a polarization phenomenon of dental caries in this population. Although the prevalence of dental caries among Brazilian school-children resident in Japan is lower than that of their Japanese counterparts, oral health programs are necessary for those children in whom the disease is prevalent and have higher treatment needs.

Brazil↗

PubMed1979

[Rate of dental caries in youths from communities of both naturally high and low, resp., fluoride content in drinking water (author's transl)].

The incidence of caries in terms of the so-called DFS (= Decayed filled surfaces) index was ascertained for test persons aged from 6 to 15 years, in a community with a drinking water supply having a naturally increased fluoride content (Falkenberg/Oberpfalz, 1.8 ppm F') in comparison with test persons from a neighbouring community with a drinking water supply having a low-fluoride content (Fuchsmühl/Oberpfalz, 0.05 ppm F'). In 103 persons tested (corresponding to 7,577 dental surfaces surveyed) from Falkenberg, the DES index was 5.3, in 123 test persons (corresponding to 10,473 dental surfaces surveyed) from Fuchsmühl the DFS index was 12.4, which means that the naturally increased fluoride content of the drinking water caused caries to drop by 58 per cent viv-à-vis the reference group. No appreciable differences were found to exist in the eruption times of the permanent teeth in both groups of test persons, i. e. fluoride in drinking water does not appear to delay the eruption of teeth. The incidence of fluoride-induced enamel hypoplasia as determined by Kunz on the same test persons, resulted in a distinct increase of 74 per cent for the "fluoride group" vis-à-vis the reference group with a 33 per cent increase only.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

[An epidemiological study of dental health in a population of pensioners].

OBJECTIVE: To find the health status of teeth and mouths among a pensioner population drawn from the Autonomous Community of Madrid. SETTING: The study was performed on 491 retired people over 56 and belonging to Madrid's Tetuan district. Data were recorded on indexes in line with WHO-established procedures. DESIGN: An epidemiological observation study of a crossover type was carried out. RESULTS: 52.8% of the patients never brushed their teeth. 90.6% did not regularly attend the dentist. 62.1% used the dentist as an emergency service. 57.8% of teeth had been lost. 28.3% of patients were toothless. The group under study had a 12.35 CAOD. Only 5% had a healthy periodontal status. CONCLUSIONS: The mouth and teeth hygiene of this population group is very precarious. Preventive measures must be applied to help maintain life-long oral health.

Aged↗