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PubMed1991

Application of forensic toxicology to the problem of domestic violence.

The role of the forensic toxicologist in helping to determine causes of death or in aiding in the resolution of "driving under the influence" or similar cases is well known and clearly understood. Less clearly defined is the position of the forensic toxicologist vis-à-vis other socially significant problems. However, as the 21st century approaches, it is worth considering how forensic toxicology can help in unraveling some of these problems. The problem of violence between intimates--that is, domestic violence--is a social problem in which it has been long felt that alcohol has played a part. Until now, though, no carefully controlled toxicological studies have been conducted to substantiate this or to determine whether other drug use is associated with domestic violence. At the San Francisco Medical Examiner's Office, toxicological data from both the victim and the suspect in 20 cases of domestic violence that ended in homicide have been gathered. It was found that alcohol or other drugs or a combination of these factors was invariably present in the suspect, the victim, or both. The implications of these results and how they can be used to develop a toxicological strategy to help reduce the most serious consequences of domestic violence are presented.

Cocaine↗

PubMed2006

Domestic violence against women in Sivas, Turkey: survey study.

AIM: To determine the self-reported prevalence of domestic violence and associated risk factors in the Sivas province of Turkey. METHOD: Five hundred and eighty-three households were chosen by the method of stratified random sampling. The average age among women was 28.65+/-4.64. A total of 45.3% of women were in 30-34 age-group, 76.5% were housewives, and 91.2% were married. The data were gathered by performing face-to-face interviews in participants' homes. Demographic data were obtained by fill-in forms. RESULTS: We found a statistically significant relationship among the types of violence and annual income, type of family, education and occupation level of women, education level of perpetrators, watching violent films, and childhood experience of emotional abuse or negligence. Fifty-two percent of women were exposed to at least one type of violence. Verbal violence was the most frequent type of violence (53.8%), followed by physical violence (38.3%). About 45% of women exposed to violence were in the 30-34 age group, 41.6% completed only primary schools, 73.6% were housewives, 91.7% were married, 71.0% had been exposed to violence during their childhood, and 45.2%, had been exposed to violence several times in a month. Economic problems were reported as the most important reason for domestic violence (31.4%). CONCLUSION: Our study found higher prevalence of domestic violence than expected. As an important public health problem, domestic violence requires a multidisciplinary approach to understand its causes and plan preventive measures.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

HIV and domestic violence: intersections in the lives of married women in India.

Gender inequality is driving two distinct yet interlinked epidemics among women in India: HIV and AIDS and domestic violence. As domestic violence is increasingly recognized and HIV infection expands, policy and programs do not reflect the interlinked risks and consequences in married women's lives. This article seeks to establish the nexus between HIV and AIDS and domestic violence and identify potential areas for a state-led response. In a health and human rights approach, it assesses women's vulnerability to each epidemic at the individual, societal, and program levels to analyze direct and underlying factors that determine women's risk. Three areas are identified as opportunities for an integrated response: strengthen HIV and domestic violence strategies and address their overlap; mainstream gender; and improve data and research.

Cultural Characteristics↗

PubMed2006

[Contingent valuation for health care services. Review of domestic studies and outline of foreign investigations].

Contingent valuation method (CVM) can be applied to measure benefits of healthcare services. It is a technique for estimating subjects' willingness to pay (WTP) for a service under the scenario describing a virtual market with a questionnaire. In the present research, we outlined foreign studies and reviewed domestic studies on healthcare contingent valuation. A total of 14 papers from domestic literature (five English and nine Japanese articles) identified with mechanical search engines were verified for the following eight items: the method of the questionnaire; the information included in the virtual scenario; the question form for the willingness to pay; bias problems specific to CVM; validity/reliability, ex post/ex ante valuation, altruistic WTP, and non-health value. The following conclusions were drawn from the domestic studies: (1) several studies were short of sufficient information regarding the virtual scenario; (2) no research proved the existence of bias and the ways of coping with it; (3) tests for reliability were not carried out, although some kind of validity was verified; (4) all involved ex post user based evaluation; (5) neither altruistic WTP nor non-health value was examined. Taken the advantages of CVM into consideration, it should become a useful tool, complementing other economic evaluation techniques. Since its application has just begun in Japan, more emphasis needs to be given to practical issues so that healthcare workers will utilize CVM in a way that domestic studies in health economics will be activated.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1991

Domestic violence. Risk factors and outcomes.

Domestic violence is a pervasive and frequently unrecognized cause of injury among women. We reviewed data from standardized interviews with 218 women who presented to an emergency department with injuries due to domestic violence. Victims ranged in age from 16 to 66 years and constituted a wide range of socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. Domestic violence often resulted in severe injury; 28% of the women interviewed required admission to hospital for injuries, and 13% required major surgical treatment. The typical presentation was injuries to the face, skull, eyes, extremities, and upper torso. A third of the cases involved a weapon, such as a knife, club, or gun. In all, 10% of the victims were pregnant at the time of abuse, and 10% reported that their children had also been abused by the batterer. Most victims (86%) had suffered at least one previous incident of abuse, and about 40% had previously required medical care for abuse. Victim recognition and referral to appropriate agencies could be improved if primary care physicians were more aware of the prevalence, severity, frequency of occurrence, and typical presentation of domestic violence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Genetic analysis of rock hole and domestic Aedes aegypti on the Caribbean island of Anguilla.

Genetic variation was characterized at 11 enzyme coding loci in Aedes aegypti collected from 3 rock hole and 4 domestic sites on the island of Anguilla, West Indies. The pattern of gene frequency variation suggests that these mosquito samples do not constitute a single panmictic population, but there are no large consistent differences between rock hole and domestic forms to parallel the East African sylvan-domestic dichotomy. With the exception of one of the domestic populations, two loci did however show some gene frequency differences consistent with genetic differentiation between the 2 habitat types. We conclude that whereas there may be some degree of differentiation between the 2 habitat types, local eradication attempts and sporadic gene flow cause temporal and spatial volatility that is sufficient to swamp these differences.

Aedes↗

PubMed1989

Serologic response of domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) to canine distemper and rabies virus vaccines.

Nine unrelated 12-week-old naive domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) were used to evaluate the serologic responses to commercial canine distemper virus (CDV) and rabies virus (RV) vaccines. Five of the ferrets (group 1) were inoculated 3 times at 2-week intervals with a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine of canine cell-line origin, containing CDV and an inactivated RV vaccine. Four of the ferrets (group 2) were inoculated once with the multivalent modified-live virus vaccine containing CDV and were not inoculated with the RV vaccine. Both group-1 and group-2 ferrets seroconverted to the CDV component of the vaccine. Group-1 ferrets also seroconverted after RV vaccination and maintained serum antibody titers to both CDV and RV for at least 7 months. Domestic ferret sera were found to have IgG epitopes similar to sera of domestic dogs and cats. Domestic ferret sera did not contain antibodies to feline coronavirus or FeLV antigens.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Leishmaniasis in Kenya: description of leishmaniasis of a domestic goat from Transmara, Narok District, Kenya.

Extensive research has been carried out in Eastern Africa for animal reservoirs of both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. The domestic dog has been the only domestic animal so far implicated as a possible reservoir for visceral leishmaniasis. For cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania aethiopica, the hyrax and the giant rat are the proven reservoirs of the disease while several species of rodents have been demonstrated to harbor L. major. Recent studies conducted in domestic animals in West Pokot led to the first isolation of leishmanial parasites from a domestic goat, a close associate of man in the vast endemic leishmaniasis foci. Consequent encounter of a clinical case of the disease is the basis for this paper. It is the first autochthonous case in Eastern Africa. The goat originated from the Western escarpments of the Rift Valley which are known to harbor L. aethiopica. Clinical signs included lesions, indurations, and enlargement of lymph nodes. Parasitological and pathological investigations revealed amastigotes in various tissues. Cultures of the affected tissues produced promastigotes.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Cytogenetical analysis of the germ cell in the domestic drake and mule drake.

Experiments were conducted to study the germ cell of testes in the domestic drake (Tsaiya drake) and the mule drake. The histological sections of testes of both drakes were compared in this study. The results showed that rapid testicular growth did not occur until 7 weeks of age in domestic drakes and 15 weeks of age in the mule drakes. The rate of growth of the testes and the increase in the ratio of testes weight to body weight in domestic drakes at different ages were much more rapid than in the mule drakes. However, the opposite results were found in the body weights. In the mule drakes, spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes could be observed in the seminiferous tubules, but no secondary spermatocytes, spermatids or spermatozoa in seminiferous tubules were found up to 52 weeks of age. This showed that the meiotic division had not occurred in the mule drakes. In the domestic drakes, spermatogonia in the seminiferous tubules were observed at 1 week of age. Primary spermatocytes of some males appeared as early as the third week of age. Secondary spermatocytes and spermatids in the seminiferous tubules of some drakes began to appear at 5 weeks of age as a result of the meiotic division of the spermatocytes. At 7 weeks of age, spermatids were in process of metamorphosis, and spermatozoa were first observed in the seminiferous tubules of the drake. All testes of drakes 9 weeks of age contained spermatozoa. The percentage of the seminiferous tubules containing spermatozoa increased gradually with age, and approached a plateau at 15 weeks of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Domestic smoke pollution and respiratory function in rural Nepal.

A study was conducted to see the effect of domestic smoke pollution on respiratory function by using vitalograph Model 20.400 S-type dry portable spirometer in 150 randomly selected female subjects aged 30-44 years from a rural area situated in the outskirts of Kathmandu valley at an altitude of 4,800 ft. above sea level. The area is totally free from industrial and atmospheric pollution. Women spend considerable time near the fireplace, which serves both cooking and heating purposes and emits smoke from wood and other biomass fuel. Domestic smoke pollution is considerable because dwellings are ill-ventilated and without chimnies. The selected sample comprised of 6 groups-25 subjects each of 3 exposure levels to domestic smoke pollution amongst smokers and non-smokers. All the spirometric tests (FVO, FEV1 and FMEF 25-75) were performed in a standard way as recommended by American Thoracic Society in Snowbird Meeting in 1979. Variation of age, height, arm-span and weight between the three different levels of exposure to domestic smoke in both the smokers and non-smokers were compared and results revealed no significant variation in all the variables mentioned above. There was a fall of mean FVC, FEV1 and FMEF 25-75 as duration of exposure increased. This decline was found to be statistically significant amongst the smokers but not amongst the non-smokers. Similar results was found even after adjusting for age & height.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Domestic swimming pool accidents to pre-school children.

The frequency of accidents in domestic swimming pools was studied retrospectively for a sample of 1123 Christchurch children. During the period from birth to five years, a total of 94 such accidents were reported. While most were trivial and readily rectified by rapid adult intervention, we found six children who clearly might have drowned in a domestic swimming pool but for adult vigilance and a certain amount of luck. These findings underline the fact that current mortality statistics merely reflect the minority of such incidents in which either parental vigilance or luck does not operate. Children with pools on their own or neighbouring properties were two and a half times more likely to be involved in accidents involving domestic pools. We reiterate our plea for the introduction of a uniform and well enforced set of domestic swimming pool safety regulations.

Accidents, Home↗

PubMed1982

Experimental transmission of Cytauxzoon felis from bobcats (Lynx rufus) to domestic cats (Felis domesticus).

Freshly collected blood and/or spleen homogenate from an experimentally infected Florida bobcat (Lynx rufus floridanus), which had died of feline cytauxzoonosis, was inoculated into domestic cats. All inoculated cats had clinical signs of feline cytauxzoonosis and died within 2 weeks after they were inoculated. Similar material collected from an eastern bobcat (Lynx rufus rufus) carrying an experimentally infected Cytauxzoon felis parasitemia was inoculated into domestic cats. All inoculated cats developed a parasitemia, but none developed clinical signs of disease and none died of the disease. Cats subinoculated with parasitemic cat blood also developed parasitemias and they too did not develop clinical signs of infection nor died. After carrying the blood phase of Cytauxzoon felis for various periods, the domestic cats were then challenge exposed with proven lethal Cytauxzoon inoculum of domestic cat origin. All cats died of cytauxzoonosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Risk factors for outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease linked to domestic catering.

The epidemiology of general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease associated with domestic catering for large numbers is described and compared with foodborne outbreaks in other settings. From 1 January 1992 to 31 December 1994, the PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre identified 101 foodborne general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease associated with domestic catering in England and Wales (16% of all foodborne outbreaks). Salmonella species were associated with 77 of the 101 outbreaks and S. enteriditis phage type 4 accounted for 57. Small round structured viruses were implicated in five outbreaks, Clostridium perfringens in four, Bacillus cereus in two, and Campylobacter sp and Escherichia coli in one each. No pathogen was identified in 11 outbreaks. Outbreaks occurred most commonly in summer. The commonest vehicles implicated were poultry/eggs in 44 outbreaks, desserts in 13, and meat/meat products in nine. Salad/vegetables, sauces, and fish/shellfish were each implicated in eight outbreaks. Raw shell eggs were implicated in a fifth of outbreaks. Inappropriate storage was the commonest fault, reported in association with 50 outbreaks (ambient temperature for long periods before serving in 29), inadequate heat treatment was reported in 35, cross contamination in 28, an infected food handler in 11, and other faults in 14. Outbreaks associated with catering on domestic premises were independently more likely than outbreaks in other settings to be associated with salmonellas, inappropriate storage of food, and consumption of poultry, eggs, or sauces. Public health services need to direct messages about the use, preparation, and storage of food to those who cater on domestic premises.

Disease Outbreaks↗

PubMed1997

The diverse faces of violence: minority women and domestic abuse.

In research and clinical practice, the failure to detect and/or elicit information about domestic abuse is exacerbated by social, economic, and cultural factors. Because domestic violence cannot be separated from the cultural and social context in which it occurs, such factors must be integrated into research studies and the development of interventions. The National Institutes of Health's expanded guidelines on the inclusion in its clinical trials of women from all ethnic and racial backgrounds, along with an increased recognition of the importance of socioeconomic and psychosocial factors in health and disease, has strengthened efforts to improve understanding of domestic violence in diverse communities. The involvement of researchers from minority communities is crucial to the success of such efforts. Study of the relationships among race, ethnicity, culture, and domestic violence must be fully incorporated into medical school curricula to sensitize students and enable them to develop the skills needed to detect more effectively deal with, and ultimately prevent, family and intimate violence.

Battered Women↗

PubMed1996

Advances in domestic violence shelters.

Domestic violence can be found in every local, region, and nation. Domestic violence permeates every segment of society, including those from lower socio-economic groups, and those from higher socio-economic groups. Domestic violence can be found in various religious, ethnic backgrounds, and cultures as well as in ancient and modern society. It is only recently that society in general has started to address the problems of domestic violence and deal with them in concrete ways. This presentation will show how "WINGS", Women In Need Growing Stronger, has set up and utilized a series of homes, and apartments that offer various levels of support and structure rather than the traditional large facility and how they encouraged women to regain self confidence and integration back into society.

Child↗

PubMed1997

The importance of screening for domestic violence in all women.

Both the current and past surgeon generals of the United States and the Public Health objectives for Healthy People 2000 have identified family violence as an epidemic and have called for an organized approach to screen, treat, and prevent further violence. Domestic violence is not, and never has been, a "disease" of the poor. Thousands of women from high socioeconomic levels are beginning to shatter our visual image of an abused woman and are forcing us to look at current primary care screening practices and interventions. Domestic violence is as common, and in some cases more prevalent, as diseases routinely screened for such as breast cancer, hypothyroidism, hypertension, and colon cancer. One of the barriers to universal screening of domestic violence is our reliance on the profile of the typical battered woman. One often neglected population is women from higher socioeconomic groups. This article provides the rationale for universal screening of all women for domestic violence.

Female↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Domestic violence. A clinician's strategy.

As physicians we should continue to do those things we do well. But we need to focus our efforts in novel ways in order to address the pervasive and insidious problem of domestic violence. We need to become knowledgeable about the individual and public health consequences of domestic violence and the community resources available for patients. We need to be inquisitive in our practices, learning to identify women who are victims. We need to become advocates in our own practices, communicating to all patients our interest in domestic violence and our willingness to help victims. We need to become active in our communities in efforts to eliminate domestic violence and to improve services to victims.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Status of Trichinella spiralis in domestic swine and wild boar in Canada.

Evidence of the status of trichinellosis in Canada's national swine herd is provided from data acquired through national surveillance programs and from a prevalence study of Trichinella in wild boar and domestic swine. More than 500,000 swine tested at abattoirs in ongoing animal health surveys since 1980 and 2 national swine serological surveys (1985 and 1990) showed no evidence of Trichinella infection, except for 3 occurrences in a small infected zone in Nova Scotia. The prevalence study of domestic swine and wild boar was conducted for the prevalence of Trichinella after an epidemiological investigation of a 1993 outbreak of human trichinellosis in Ontario showed that the disease was linked to the consumption of wild boar meat originating from 2 farms in the province. Sera and tissues were collected from 391 wild boar and 216 domestic swine originating from 228 farms in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The survey examined approximately 37% of the wild boar slaughtered in Canada in 1994. A pepsin-HCl digestion test of the tissues and an ELISA performed on the sera did not yield any positive results. These findings and the lack of human cases of Trichinella from the consumption of Canadian pork for nearly 2 decades suggest that the parasite has been rare in domestic swine and wild boar raised in Canada. Trichinella spiralis has only been found sporadically in swine in a small region within Nova Scotia.

Animal Husbandry↗