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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources

PubMed1986

Portable breath alcohol testers and drinking-driving behavior of convicted drunk drivers.

The use of portable breath alcohol testers by convicted drunk drivers during a drinking-driving educational program had a nonsignificant impact on the frequency of drinking-driving episodes. The use of breath alcohol testers also failed to significantly reduce peak blood alcohol concentration during drinking-driving episodes. However, portable breath testers were used by certain drunk drivers in deciding not to drive after drinking as well as to slow or stop their drinking on occasion.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Angiotensin-induced drinking and the effect of bilateral nephrectomy.

The induction of drinking by the intraventricular administration of angiotensin II has been attributed to a specific interaction with receptors in the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic border. These studies have been pharmacological in nature, involving exogenous peptide. In experiments reported elsewhere the present authors have shown that nephrectomy resulted in a regionally selective increase in levels of brain angiotensinogen, the putative prohormone of any CNS angiotensin peptides. Nephrectomy also markedly perturbs fluid and ion homeostasis. A study was therefore made of the effect of bilateral nephrectomy on spontaneous and angiotensin-induced drinking behavior. A deficit in spontaneous drinking following nephrectomy was observed, but it was noted that this related directly to diminished food intake. Angiotensin II-induced drinking was markedly potentiated following nephrectomy, indicative of possible up-regulation of angiotensin receptors in selected regions of the rat brain. The results are consistent with a physiological role for angiotensin in regulating fluid intake and volume homeostasis.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed2001

Behavioral correlates of the activity of serotonergic and non-serotonergic neurons in caudal raphe nuclei.

We investigated the behavioral correlates of the activity of serotonergic and non-serotonergic neurons in the nucleus raphe pallidus (NRP) and nucleus raphe obscurus (NRO) of unanesthetized and unrestrained cats. The animals were implanted with electrodes for recording single unit activity, parietal oscillographic activity, and splenius, digastric and masseter electromyographic activities. They were tested along the waking-sleep cycle, during sensory stimulation and during drinking behavior. The discharge of the serotonergic neurons decreased progressively from quiet waking to slow wave sleep and to fast wave sleep. Ten different patterns of relative discharge across the three states were observed for the non-serotonergic neurons. Several non-serotonergic neurons showed cyclic discharge fluctuations related to respiration during one, two or all three states. While serotonergic neurons were usually unresponsive to the sensory stimuli used, many non-serotonergic neurons responded to these stimuli. Several non-serotonergic neurons showed a phasic relationship with splenius muscle activity during auditory stimulation. One serotonergic neuron showed a tonic relationship with digastric muscle activity during drinking behavior. A few non-serotonergic neurons exhibited a tonic relationship with digastric and/or masseter muscle activity during this behavior. Many non-serotonergic neurons exhibited a phasic relationship with these muscle activities, also during this behavior. These results suggest that the serotonergic neurons in the NRP and NRO constitute a relatively homogeneous population from a functional point of view, while the non-serotonergic neurons form groups with considerable functional specificity. The data support the idea that the NRP and NRO are implicated in the control of somatic motor output.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Telescoping of drinking-related behaviors: gender, racial/ethnic, and age comparisons.

OBJECTIVE: To examine demographic differences in alcohol telescoping-the rate of self-reported movement from regular alcohol consumption to the onset of regular heavy drinking-as well as differences in ages of initiation of regular alcohol use and alcohol use to intoxication. METHOD: The present study compared the retrospective reports of 2037 clients (1252 males, 785 females) enrolled in substance user treatment facilities around the country in 1998 and 1999. RESULTS: Overall, the findings support previous research, indicating that women generally move more rapidly than men from initiation of regular alcohol use to problem use (telescoping). The findings also indicate that African-Americans generally begin regular alcohol use later than their Anglo counterparts and move more rapidly from initiation of regular alcohol use to problem use (telescoping). Examining the sample by older vs. younger age groups demonstrates that gender and racial/ethnic differences in the age of initiation of regular alcohol use and in telescoping may be limited by age group, as these patterns appear in the older but not the younger cohort. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that self-reported regular alcohol use, alcohol abuse, and telescoping differences vary dramatically by gender, race/ethnicity, and age cohort. Furthermore, the pattern of findings suggests that these differences are more likely the result of sociocultural than biological differences between the groups under study.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

New developments in prevention and early intervention for alcohol abuse in youths.

This article summarizes a symposium held at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was prepared by the conference co-organizers/co-chairs with substantial input from each of the symposium participants. Increasingly, alcohol abuse interventions focus on preventing alcohol problems or intervening early before risky drinking behavior becomes ingrained. Universal prevention programs have produced no or only modest effects on the drinking behavior of youths. Although some existing targeted prevention programs have proved effective, they have not tapped the full range of potential intervention targets, such as the underlying motivations for alcohol misuse in youths who are at greatest risk. The set of papers presented in this symposium outline exciting new developments in the field of targeted prevention and early intervention programs for adolescent drinking problems, presented by an international panel of researchers. These developments include attention to making interventions relevant to adolescents' lives, focus on personality and motivational factors underlying alcohol misuse, and combining existing cognitive behavioral programs with expectancy challenge and motivational interviewing techniques.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

[Morphological and histochemical analysis of central effects of angiotensin-II after experience of emotional stress].

It was shown in our physiological study that angiotensin-II induced drinking behavior was changed in previously stress exposed rats as compared to control animals. In order to determine the structural basis of the data obtained in the morphology and histochemistry (nucleic acids concentration) of the nucleus paraventricularis (n. PV), nucleus supraopticus (n. SO) and subfornical organ (SFO) neurons were studied in rats of several experimental groups. The most pronounced changes manifested the shape increase of the neurons functional activity after angiotensin-II (A-II) infusion into control and especially into previously stressed rats were discovered in n. PV. It was supposed that the disturbance of A-II-induced drinking behavior in stressed rats might be mainly due to the disfunction of n. PV neurons.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed2005

Readiness to change problematic drinking assessed in the emergency department as a predictor of change.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to determine if baseline readiness to change the drinking behavior (pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, and action stages) was predictive of change in drinking after unrelated emergency department (ED) visit and screening and interviewing for alcohol problems. METHODS: From August 1998 through December 2000, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was administered to all consented ED patients aged 18 to 29 years. A brief motivational interviewing was provided to screen-positive patients (AUDIT score >5 of 40). Outcome at 3-month follow-up was measured as a decrease in the scores within the AUDIT domains of alcohol intake, harm, and dependency. RESULTS: Sixty percent of the screen-positive patients continued to drink at 3 months. Patients became more open to change their drinking behavior. Compared with patients in the pre-contemplation stage, those in the action stage were twice as likely to reduce their alcohol intake (OR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.06-4.72), nearly 3 times as likely to reduce their alcohol-related harm behavior (OR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.59-4.91), and almost 4 times more likely to decrease their dependency symptoms (OR, 3.59; 95% CI, 1.97-6.57). Compared with pre-contemplation patients, those in the contemplation stage were nearly twice as likely to reduce their alcohol-related harm (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.02-3.33) and those in the preparation stage were more than twice as likely to reduce their dependency symptoms (OR, 2.20, 95% CI, 1.13-4.27). CONCLUSIONS: Stages of change at baseline appeared to be significant predictors of change in alcohol intake, harm, and dependency symptoms among young adult ED patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Antidipsogenic effects of a TRPV4 agonist, 4alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, injected into the cerebroventricle.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is one member of the TRP superfamily of nonselective cation channels. Recently, the possibility has been raised that TRPV4 is an osmoreceptor, because it is found in the circumventricular organs where osmoreceptors are supposed to be distributed and because it is sensitive to osmotic pressure in in vitro experiments. In addition, TRPV4 knockout mice have abnormal osmosensitivity. In this study, effects of 4alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4alpha-PDD), a TRPV4 agonist, on drinking behavior were examined to investigate roles for TRPV4 as an osmoreceptor in vivo in wild-type animals. Intracerebroventricular injections of 4alpha-PDD inhibited water intake under normal conditions in both light and dark periods of the day, after food deprivation, and after administration of angiotensin II. However, this drug did not influence increased water intake after administration of a hypertonic solution or after water deprivation that significantly increased plasma osmolality. Locomotor activity of the 4alpha-PDD-injected group decreased slightly compared with that of the vehicle-injected group; however, sweet taste, food intake, and body temperature were not different between the two groups. The antidipsogenic effects of 4alpha-PDD were blocked by preinjection into the ventricle of TRPV4 antagonists such as ruthenium red or gadolinium. These findings suggest that TRPV4 regulates drinking behavior under certain conditions, and the regulation interacts with the angiotensin II pathway.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed2003

Effect of acute and chronic conditions of over-crowding on free choice ethanol intake in rats.

Male albino rats of Wistar strain were exposed to overcrowding stress in two different groups for a period of seven days. One group of rats was kept under stress for six hours per day (acute stressed group) and the other group rats was kept under stress continuously (chronic stressed group). The effect of these acute and chronic stresses on voluntary alcohol (2% w/v) intake was monitored during the 7 days of stress exposure, and ethanol preference and total ethanol intake in terms of g/kg body weight were also studied. A significant increase in ethanol preference and ethanol intake was observed in one-day and 7 days chronic stressed group. No significant increase in ethanol intake was observed in acute stress. Thus a short lasting stressor may not increase ethanol-drinking behavior, whereas when animals were exposed to more intense stressor continuously for 7 days, an increase in voluntary drinking behavior may be seen.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1991

Epidemiology of women's drinking.

Although U.S. and Canadian surveys conducted over the past two decades have found little evidence of major changes in drinking levels or drinking problems among women in general, change may be occurring within certain subgroups of women, for example, based on age, ethnicity, employment, or marital status. Women's drinking behavior shows significant linkages to aspects of women's social environments, including gender of co-workers and drinking behavior of significant others. The greater complexity of recent findings reflects the increasing maturation of epidemiological research on women's drinking.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1987

Growth-associated traits in parental and F1 populations of chickens under different feeding programs. 3. Eating behavior and body temperatures.

In two experiments, parental populations of chickens and their F1 crosses were fed ad libitum or on alternate days. Eating and drinking behaviors, ability to compensate for fasting, and surface and cloacal temperatures were measured. Genetic and environmental (due to fasting) differences in feeding and drinking behaviors were found. Chicks from lines selected for larger body weight were better able to compensate for a 24-hr fast than those selected for smaller weight. Crosses were similar to the parental line that was the better compensator. Correlations between surface temperatures and body weights were consistently positive.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Alcohol-related problems: recognition and intervention.

Early identification of alcohol-related problems is important because these problems are prevalent, pose serious health risks to patients and their families, and are amenable to intervention. Physicians may be able to help patients change their drinking behaviors. The most effective tool for screening is a thorough history of the patient's drinking behavior, designed to identify patterns of alcohol-related difficulties with physical and mental health, family life, legal authorities and employment. Alcohol drinkers can be categorized as at-risk, problem or alcohol dependent, according to a protocol developed by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The severity of the alcohol problem and the patient's readiness to change should determine the intervention selected by the family physician.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed2005

Serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism and monoamine oxidase type A VNTR allelic variants together influence alcohol binge drinking risk in young women.

The short allelic variant of the serotonin transporter protein promoter polymorphism (5HTTLPR) appears to influence binge drinking in college students. Both monoamine oxidase type A (MAOA) and the serotonin transporter protein are involved in the processing of serotonin, and allelic variants are both associated with differences in the efficiency of expression. We hypothesized that a significant gene x gene interaction would further stratify the risk of binge drinking in this population. Participants were college students (n = 412) who completed the College Alcohol Study, used to measure binge drinking behaviors. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva for PCR based genotyping. The risk function for binge drinking was modeled using logistic regression, with final model fit P < 0.0005. This model was valid only for Caucasian females (n = 223), but the power to detect sex and ethnic effects was small. Young Caucasian women carrying higher expression MAOA VNTR alleles homozygous for the short allelic variant of the 5HTTLPR demonstrated the highest rate of binge drinking by self-report, odds ratio (genotype odds: population odds) and 95% confidence intervals, 3.11 (1.14-18.10). Individuals carrying higher expression MAOA VNTR alleles carrying at least one long 5HTTLPR allelic variant had the lowest risk of binge drinking 0.46 (0.28-0.71). These results support the hypothesis that binge drinking behavior in young adulthood may be influenced by neurobiological differences in serotonergic function conferred by functional polymorphisms in genes involved in serotonin processing.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Effect of injection of L-NAME on drinking response.

The drinking behavior responses to centrally administered N G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 10, 20 or 40 microg/microl), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, were studied in satiated rats, with cannulae stereotaxically implanted into the lateral ventricle (LV) and subfornical organ (SFO). Water intake increased in all animals after angiotensin II (ANG II) injection into the LV, with values of 14.2 +/- 1.4 ml/h. After injection of L-NAME at doses of 10, 20 or 40 microg/microl into the SFO before injection of ANG II (12 ng/microl) into the LV, water intake decreased progressively and reached basal levels after treatment with 0.15 M NaCl and with the highest dose of L-NAME (i.e., 40 microg). The water intake obtained after 40 microg/microl L-NAME was 0.8 +/- 0.01 ml/h. Also, the injection of L-NAME, 10, 20 or 40 microg/microl, into the LV progressively reduced the water intake induced by hypertonic saline, with values of 5.3 +/- 0.8, 3.2 +/- 0.8 and 0.7 +/- 0.01 ml/h, respectively. These results indicate that nitric oxide is involved in the regulation of drinking behavior induced by centrally administered ANG II and cellular dehydration and that the nitric oxide of the SFO plays an important role in this regulation.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed1998

Social settings and situations of underage drinking.

OBJECTIVE: Social settings and situations of underage drinking were described for students from 15 communities in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Reports of their last drinking event, including setting, number of persons drinking with them, number of those persons under age 21, and whom they were with, were examined. The role of these variables in the prediction of having five or more drinks on one occasion was assessed. METHOD: Ninth graders (n = 2,269) and 12th graders (n = 2,377) who reported using alcohol in the last 30 days were included in the sample from a nested cross-sectional survey design. Bivariate analyses were performed between the situational variables and gender, number of older siblings and drinking behavior. Chi-square statistics were divided by an estimate of the design effect and multivariate analyses used mixed-model regression to correct for the nesting of individuals within communities. RESULTS: Situations and settings of drinking differed according to age and drinking behavior. Twelfth graders were less likely to drink with parents or other adults than 9th graders and more likely to drink in someone else's home, and in large groups where nearly everyone was underage. Persons reporting having five or more drinks on one occasion in the last 2 weeks were more likely to report drinking with peers, in large groups of underage persons and away from home. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to reduce use of alcohol by youth must focus on the context in which the drinking is taking place in addition to other factors. Policy or educational interventions that seek to alter the situations and settings of underage drinking may be effective in reducing consumption of alcohol in adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Drinking beliefs and behaviors among Irish adolescents.

Drinking beliefs and behaviors were investigated in a survey of 2,700 Irish postprimary students. Overall, 47% of the students reported drinking within the month prior to the survey. Drinking was most frequent among older students and males. A regression analysis indicated that perceived peer drinking was the primary predictor of current alcohol use. Smoking and involvement with other problem behaviors were also important, and parental disapproval had a small effect. This pattern of results is similar to that found in other countries and provides evidence for the applicability of social learning and problem behavior theories to an understanding of adolescent drinking in another cultural context.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats: neurobiology of the regulation of alcohol drinking.

The AA (alko, alcohol) and ANA (alko, non-alcohol) rat lines were among the earliest rodent lines produced by bidirectional selection for ethanol preference. The purpose of this review is to highlight the strategies for understanding the neurobiological factors underlying differential alcohol-drinking behavior in these lines. Most early work evaluated functioning of the major neurotransmitter systems implicated in drug reward in the lines. No consistent line differences were found in the dopaminergic system either under baseline conditions or after ethanol challenges. However, increased opioidergic tone in the ventral striatum and a deficiency in endocannabinoid signaling in the prefrontal cortex of AA rats may comprise mechanisms leading to increased ethanol consumption. Because complex behaviors, such as ethanol drinking, are not likely to be controlled by single factors, system-oriented molecular-profiling strategies have been used recently. Microarray based expression analysis of AA and ANA brains and novel data-mining strategies provide a system biological view that allows us to formulate a hypothesis on the mechanism underlying selection for ethanol preference. Two main factors appear active in the selection: a recruitment of signal transduction networks, including mitogen-activated protein kinases and calcium pathways and involving transcription factors such as Creb, Myc and Max, to mediate ethanol reinforcement and plasticity. The second factor acts on the mitochondrion and most likely provides metabolic flexibility for alternative substrate utilization in the presence of low amounts of ethanol.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1996

Black identity and drinking in the US: a national study.

The relationship between ethnic identity and drinking patterns was explored in 1947 black adults from a nation-wide study of drinking behavior. Factor analysis revealed that a multi-dimensional construct which included four factors-media preferences, socio-political awareness, endogamy and social networks-was necessary to operationalize and measure the concept of ethnic identity. Using structural equation modeling, a model was tested which analyzed the impact of ethnic identification on religiosity and drinking norms, which in turn were predictors of drinking and heavier drinking latent variables. The results showed that ethnic identity influenced drinking behavior indirectly through its effects on drinking norms and religiosity as well as directly. Most aspects of ethnic identity decreased drinking levels. Respondents who scored higher on involvement with black social networks and black social and political awareness drank at lower levels than other respondents. These results were attributed to the prevalence of norms for abstinence and high levels of social control regarding drinking in black communities. However, high scores on using black media increased drinking rates. It was suggested that the promotion of alcohol use in black orientated media as well as the social settings attended by those who prefer black media might increase alcohol consumption.

Adolescent↗