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Results for “Error minimization”

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PubMed2006

Robust detection and classification of longitudinal changes in color retinal fundus images for monitoring diabetic retinopathy.

A fully automated approach is presented for robust detection and classification of changes in longitudinal time-series of color retinal fundus images of diabetic retinopathy. The method is robust to: 1) spatial variations in illumination resulting from instrument limitations and changes both within, and between patient visits; 2) imaging artifacts such as dust particles; 3) outliers in the training data; 4) segmentation and alignment errors. Robustness to illumination variation is achieved by a novel iterative algorithm to estimate the reflectance of the retina exploiting automatically extracted segmentations of the retinal vasculature, optic disk, fovea, and pathologies. Robustness to dust artifacts is achieved by exploiting their spectral characteristics, enabling application to film-based, as well as digital imaging systems. False changes from alignment errors are minimized by subpixel accuracy registration using a 12-parameter transformation that accounts for unknown retinal curvature and camera parameters. Bayesian detection and classification algorithms are used to generate a color-coded output that is readily inspected. A multiobserver validation on 43 image pairs from 22 eyes involving nonproliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathies, showed a 97% change detection rate, a 3% miss rate, and a 10% false alarm rate. The performance in correctly classifying the changes was 99.3%. A self-consistency metric, and an error factor were developed to measure performance over more than two periods. The average self consistency was 94% and the error factor was 0.06%. Although this study focuses on diabetic changes, the proposed techniques have broader applicability in ophthalmology.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2006

Exploration of methods to identify polymorphisms associated with variation in DNA repair capacity phenotypes.

Elucidating the relationship between polymorphic sequences and risk of common disease is a challenge. For example, although it is clear that variation in DNA repair genes is associated with familial cancer, aging and neurological disease, progress toward identifying polymorphisms associated with elevated risk of sporadic disease has been slow. This is partly due to the complexity of the genetic variation, the existence of large numbers of mostly low frequency variants and the contribution of many genes to variation in susceptibility. There has been limited development of methods to find associations between genotypes having many polymorphisms and pathway function or health outcome. We have explored several statistical methods for identifying polymorphisms associated with variation in DNA repair phenotypes. The model system used was 80 cell lines that had been resequenced to identify variation; 191 single nucleotide substitution polymorphisms (SNPs) are included, of which 172 are in 31 base excision repair pathway genes, 19 in 5 anti-oxidation genes, and DNA repair phenotypes based on single strand breaks measured by the alkaline Comet assay. Univariate analyses were of limited value in identifying SNPs associated with phenotype variation. Of the multivariable model selection methods tested: the easiest that provided reduced error of prediction of phenotype was simple counting of the variant alleles predicted to encode proteins with reduced activity, which led to a genotype including 52 SNPs; the best and most parsimonious model was achieved using a two-step analysis without regard to potential functional relevance: first SNPs were ranked by importance determined by random forests regression (RFR), followed by cross-validation in a second round of RFR modeling that included ever more SNPs in declining order of importance. With this approach six SNPs were found to minimize prediction error. The results should encourage research into utilization of multivariate analytical methods for epidemiological studies of the association of genetic variation in complex genotypes with risk of common diseases.

Cell Line↗

PubMed2001

Influence of a vac-fix immobilization device on the accuracy of patient positioning during routine breast radiotherapy.

Continued use of basic planning and treatment techniques, in contrast to the improved methods implemented at many other anatomical sites, has emphasized the need for improved breast dosimetry. Any future technique delivering a superior three-dimensional dose distribution will be of maximum benefit if set-up errors are minimized. To determine the influence of vacuum moulded bag (vac-fix) immobilization on routine breast radiotherapy, 17 patients received half their radiotherapy fractions using our standard breast board technique and half using a vac-fix device positioned on the breast board. Treatment accuracy and reproducibility were assessed for each technique using daily electronic portal imaging and were analysed in terms of random and systematic translational and rotational displacements of treatment fields with respect to corresponding simulation images. In addition, patients completed a short questionnaire aimed at determining which technique they preferred. Results showed that random errors for the two techniques did not differ significantly. Approximately 80% of random translations recorded were less than 3 mm and 80% of random rotations were less than 1.5 degrees. Systematic errors showed some improvement with the vac-fix system. In the anteroposterior direction, approximately 80% of systematic errors were less than 4 mm for both techniques, but in the superoinferior direction the 80% point was reduced from 5.0 mm for the standard set-up to 2.7 mm for treatment in vac-fix. For rotational systematic errors, the corresponding value dropped from 1.8 degrees for the standard set-up to 1.1 degrees in vac-fix. Therefore, for many patients, additional use of a vac-fix device improved the transfer of the planned set-up from simulator to treatment unit. Additionally, answers to the questionnaire indicated that patients generally favoured the vac-fix system over use of the breast board alone. In conclusion, however, introduction of vac-fix immobilization for all patients was not thought justified as the improvements demonstrated are not likely to be clinically significant with the present treatment technique.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed2000

[Correction of measurement errors in the ELISA test].

The authors followed the influence of the arrangement of measured and control samples on microtitration plate on the ELISA test results by quantitative evaluation of rabies antibodies titres in human blood serum. They performed the test under identical conditions in all microtitration plate wells. They calculated the result according to five calibration curves--four of them were obtained by different positioning of the control positive and negative sera and the fifth curve was obtained from average values. The results from the four various positional calibration curves were significantly statistically different from the average. However, the average calibration curve--obtained from four measurements--led to identical value of rabies antibodies in cases with different dilutions of sera. The authors propose to follow some principles of measured and control samples arrangement on microtitration plates in order to minimalize the errors, caused by their dishomogeneity. (Tab. 2, Fig. 3, Ref. 10.)

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1984

Scene-segmentation algorithm development using error measures.

Development of scene-segmentation algorithms has generally been an ad hoc process. This paper presents a systematic technique for developing these algorithms using error-measure minimization. If scene segmentation is regarded as a problem of pixel classification whereby each pixel of a scene is assigned to a particular object class, development of a scene-segmentation algorithm becomes primarily a process of feature selection. In this study, four methods of feature selection were used to develop segmentation techniques for cervical cytology images: (1) random selection, (2) manual selection (best features in the subjective judgment of the investigator), (3) eigenvector selection (ranking features according to the largest contribution to each eigenvector of the feature covariance matrix) and (4) selection using the scene-segmentation error measure A2. Four features were selected by each method from a universe of 35 features consisting of gray level, color, texture and special pixel neighborhood features in 40 cervical cytology images . Evaluation of the results was done with a composite of the scene-segmentation error measure A2, which depends on the percentage of scenes with measurable error, the agreement of pixel class proportions, the agreement of number of objects for each pixel class and the distance of each misclassified pixel to the nearest pixel of the misclassified class. Results indicate that random and eigenvector feature selection were the poorest methods, manual feature selection somewhat better and error-measure feature selection best. The error-measure feature selection method provides a useful, systematic method of developing and evaluating scene-segmentation algorithms.

Computers↗

PubMed1975

Tissue sampling as a potential source of error in experimental studies of cartilage.

Although it might seem trite to point out that tissue sampling is a potential source of experimental error, this survey disclosed that even experienced investigators in fact often work with cartilage that is contaminated by non-cartilaginous tissue of which they were unaware. Twenty-two specimens ranging from chick embryo sternum to bovine nasal septum were studied by serial sectioning. Eighteen of the 22 contained extraneous tissue comprising from 3 to 50% of the cross-sectional area. The impact of the contamination depends on the use being made of the material and probably is greatest in cell culture studies because chondrocytes and fibroblasts have large differences in population doubling time. Several approaches for minimizing the error are suggested by the findings. Histological examination of specimen material is thus a desirable quality control procedure in the design and interpretation of experiments on cartilage as well as other tissues.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Instrumentation considerations of a clinical and a computerized technique for the measurement of foot angles.

Measurement of the foot angles either directly from the patient, from video images, or from radiographs is integral to podiatric clinical practice to confirm diagnoses and to plan, prescribe, and monitor treatment protocols. The reliability, precision, and accuracy involved in any measured value limits the validity and usefulness of the measurement to optimal patient management. Studies are described that ensured the accuracy and validity of the standard clinical tool, the universal goniometer (UG), by applying a calibration protocol. These same calibration angles were then measured by a computer-assisted human movement analysis system, the Ariel Performance Analysis System (APAS). The APAS was found to overestimate consistently the UG angular measures by less than 1 degree and this amount of error was considered clinically irrelevant. The angular results obtained by a clinician and a technician using the APAS on two separate days were tested and were found to be comparable and reliable to within 1 degree, and thus the analysis was deemed to be of excellent reliability and precision. The study found that clinicians could establish the accuracy and validity of their instruments by means of simple calibration, and that computer measures could be repeated on patients by a clinical or a technician. The simple calibration procedure described will assist the clinician to ensure that the measures obtained in the clinical setting have minimal measurement error and that the values can be confidently used to make decisions and draw clinical inferences.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed1993

Percutaneous CT biopsy of chest lesions: an in vitro analysis of the effect of partial volume averaging on needle positioning.

OBJECTIVE: Accurate needle biopsy of chest lesions requires knowledge of both the direction of the needle and the exact location of the tip of the needle. The purpose of this study was to analyze and illustrate the relationships between the location of the nodule, the size of the nodule, the CT slice thickness, and the needle length. An understanding of these relationships should minimize localization errors due to partial volume averaging and thus increase the accuracy of biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Geometric principles were used to determine mathematical relationships between the size of the nodule, the CT slice thickness, the length of the needle, and the direction of the needle. A styrofoam model simulating the patient and the lesion to be sampled was developed so that radiographs and CT scans of the model could be obtained with different needle placements to illustrate the phenomenon of partial volume averaging. RESULTS: The accuracy of the CT-guided biopsy can be increased by reducing the CT slice thickness, using longer needles, minimizing the distance to be traversed within the patient, and maximizing the portion of the lesion contained in the CT section used for needle tip localization. Mathematical equations developed from the in vitro model can be used to select the most appropriate CT section and the best length and angle of the needle. CT scans of the model illustrate the use of these equations. CONCLUSION: We found these principles helpful in improving the accuracy of CT needle biopsies, particularly when the lesions are very small and when an angled approach is required. Ideally, the smallest possible CT slice thickness and the longest possible needles should be used, but some practical limitations exist.

Biopsy, Needle↗

PubMed2004

Intraoperative cutting errors in total knee arthroplasty.

INTRODUCTION: Precise reconstruction of leg alignment offers the best opportunity for achieving good long-term results in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). It was the aim of this study to evaluate the bone-cutting process as a potential source of inaccuracy in TKA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a consecutive series of 50 computer-assisted TKAs, cutting errors, which were defined as a difference between the cutting block position before sawing and the achieved resection plane afterwards, were measured for the distal femur and proximal tibia resection. Measurements were performed using a CT-based navigation system. RESULTS: For the distal femoral cut, there was a mean varus/valgus deviation of 0.6 degrees (SD+/-0.5 degrees ) and a mean flexion/extension deviation of 1.4 degrees (SD+/-1.3 degrees ). For the proximal tibia, varus/valgus alignment showed a mean deviation of 0.5 degrees (SD+/-0.5 degrees ). The mean sagittal variability was 1.0 degrees (SD+/-0.9 degrees ). Differences between the frontal and the sagittal plane were significant. CONCLUSION: To minimize cutting errors, techniques and instruments are needed which enable a more stable fixation of the cutting blocks or even more appropriate preparation instruments. Using a computer-assisted technique, the surgeon is aware of cutting errors occurring at each point of the operation and will therefore be able to correct these errors during surgery, while he is not aware of those errors with the conventional TKA technique.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Evaluation of pulse-detection algorithms by computer simulation of hormone secretion.

A versatile method is presented for generating synthetic hormonal time series, containing peaks at known locations, to be used to objectively evaluate both the false-negative (F-) and false-positive (F+) statistical error rates of computerized pulse-detection algorithms. Synthetic data are generated by assuming hormone secretion to occur as a succession of instantaneous release pulses, distributed as Poisson events, separated by quiescent intervals. The pulses are convolved to simulate cumulation of consecutive events and clearance of the hormone. Randomly generated errors, corresponding in magnitude to typical experimental measurement error, are then added to the convolved series. The choice of different values for simulation parameters (e.g., frequency and amplitude of pulses) allows one to emulate some typical physiological patterns of hormone secretion for luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, and thyrotropin or other hormones. Various subsets can be extracted from a simulated time series to study the effect of sampling frequency on the detection of pulses. We show that in sampled series the "observable frequency" of pulses is less than the true nominal frequency. Methods for evaluating pulse-detection algorithms and expressing the results are presented. Simulations of LH secretion were analyzed with the program DETECT. We show that minimizing F+ error rates only might lead to excessively high F- rates. A proper choice of sampling frequency and program probability levels can be made to provide acceptable F+ and F- error rates for various patterns of hormone secretion.

Algorithms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in the galvanic skin reaction and speech parameters of 8- to 9-year-old children during play].

Changes of parameters of the speech signal (fundamental frequency, Ef, and evaluation of the frequency of the first formant, n(0)) were compared to the skin galvanic (SGR) reaction shifts in 8-9 years old children during playing computer games under different conditions: 1) playing using the child's own strategy; 2) that under the conditions of time deficits; 3) that with minimization of errors. In each playing situation a child had 3 trials. Parameter SGR-1 reflected SGR amplitude changes depending on a trial number, SGR-2 reflected those depending on the beginning, the middle, of the end of a battle with an enemy. At playing under the conditions of time deficits there was an increase of emotional stress and that of the number of negative emotional reactions of children being accompanied by worsening of playing activity parameters. Ef and SGR-2 were mostly expressed in comparison to other playing situations. The greatest changes of n(0) and SGR-1 were observed at playing with child's own strategy. Emotional stress in the latter situation was minimal, number of positive emotional reactions was comparable to that in the third playing situation, and negative emotional reactions were absent. The data obtained point to the structural change of motivation at complicating the situation (at playing with time deficits).

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2004

Analysis of experimental time-resolved crystallographic data by singular value decomposition.

Singular value decomposition (SVD) separates time-dependent crystallographic data into time-independent and time-dependent components. Procedures for the effective application of SVD to time-resolved macromolecular crystallographic data have yet to be explored systematically. Here, the applicability of SVD to experimental crystallographic data is tested by analyzing 30 time-resolved Laue data sets spanning a time range of nanoseconds to milliseconds through the photocycle of the E46Q mutant of photoactive yellow protein. The data contain random and substantial systematic errors, the latter largely arising from crystal-to-crystal variation. The signal-to-noise ratio of weighted difference electron-density maps is significantly improved by the SVD flattening procedure. Application of SVD to these flattened maps spreads the signal across many of the 30 singular vectors, but a rotation of the vectors partitions the large majority of the signal into only five singular vectors. Fitting the time-dependent vectors to a sum of simple exponentials suggests that a chemical kinetic mechanism can describe the time-dependent structural data. Procedures for the effective SVD analysis of experimental time-resolved crystallographic data have been established and emphasize the necessity for minimizing systematic errors by modification of the data-collection protocol.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1994

The predictive value of cytogenetic diagnosis after CVS based on 4860 cases with both direct and culture methods.

Cytogenetic analysis was performed in 4860 chorionic villus samples by means of both direct preparation and long-term culture. The results of the analysis were compared with a classification including all theoretical types of combinations between the chromosomal constitution of the cytotrophoblast, extraembryonal mesoderm, and fetus, with the aim of evaluating the cytogenetic variability along the trophoblast-embryo axis. Eighteen of 29 possible combinations were found demonstrating a considerable heterogeneity. A mosaic conceptus was found in 1.5 per cent of cases, with generalized mosaicisms and confined mosaicisms in 0.2 and 1.3 per cent, respectively. Cytogenetic variability along the trophoblast-embryo axis was found in 1.42 per cent of cases. Results possibly leading to diagnostic errors (false-positive and false-negative results) were found in only 1.38 per cent. False-positive results of direct preparation were the most commonly observed discrepancy (0.8 per cent), while the incidence of false-positive results of the culture method and of both methods was 0.31 and 0.16 per cent respectively. The incidence of false-negative results was 0.1 per cent, with false-negative results of direct preparation 0.08 per cent and false-negative results of both methods 0.02 per cent. False-negative results of the culture method were not found. Our data confirm the high diagnostic accuracy of chorionic villus sampling and the utility of the combined use of the two methods in minimizing diagnostic errors and in reducing the need for follow-up amniocentesis.

Chorionic Villi Sampling↗

PubMed2006

Visual acuities and manifest refractions prior to LASIK retreatments.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate that patients undergoing LASIK retreatments generally have good uncorrected vision and small refractive errors prior to retreatment surgery. METHODS: A list was generated of all refractive surgery retreatments performed in our four laser centers from August 2003 to July 2004. From this list, a total of 100 patient charts were randomly chosen. Only eyes that had full distance correction with LASIK as the primary surgery were included. The last uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) prior to retreatment were recorded. RESULTS: For a total of 109 eyes studied, the average UCVA prior to retreatment was 20/36. Eighty-one percent (88/109) of the retreated eyes were already seeing > or = 20/40. The average MRSE prior to retreatment was -0.43 +/- 0.98 D. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients receiving LASIK retreatments have relatively good uncorrected vision and minimal refractive errors prior to retreatment.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Evaluation of air displacement for assessing body composition of collegiate wrestlers.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of air displacement plethysmography (ADP) by using the BOD POD in comparison with hydrostatic weighing (HW) in a collegiate wrestling population in hydrated and acutely dehydrated states. METHODS: Body composition was determined by ADP, HW, and three-site skinfolds (SK) in 66 NCAA Division I collegiate wrestlers before and after acute dehydration (2.6% reduction in body mass). For all methods, body density (D(b)) was converted to percent body fat (%BF) by using the Brozek equation for Euro-Americans and the Schutte equation for African-Americans. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between ADP and HW for D(b), %BF, and fat-free mass (FFM) in either the hydrated or dehydrated states. The standard errors of the estimate for %BF estimated from ADP with HW as the reference method were 2.12% (hydrated) and 2.16% (dehydrated); prediction errors were 2.35% (hydrated) and 2.49% (dehydrated). Bland-Altman plots of D(b) and %BF showed no systematic bias, and 64 out 66 subjects fell within the 95% limits of agreement (mean difference +/- 2 SD) for both variables. For SK, %BF was significantly higher than HW in both the hydrated and dehydrated state. All methods (ADP, HW, and SK) showed a significant decrease in FFM from the hydrated to the dehydrated state. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the BOD POD air displacement method provides similar estimates of D (b), %BF, and FFM when compared with HW in a heterogeneous collegiate wrestling population during hydrated and acutely dehydrated states. Pretest guidelines to ensure normal hydration status before body composition assessment using any method must be followed to minimize measurement error in %BF.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2006

Patient safety in the office-based setting.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Discern the importance of the physician's office administrative capacity. 2. Recognize the necessity of a system for quality assessment. 3. Assess which procedures are safe in the office-based setting. 4. Know the basic steps to properly evaluate patients for office-based plastic surgery. BACKGROUND: At least 44,000 Americans die annually as a result of preventable medical errors. Medical mistakes are the eighth leading cause of death in the United States, costing between $54.6 billion and $79 billion, or 6 percent of total annual national health care expenditures. Office-based procedures comprise a 10-fold increase in risk for serious injury or death as compared with an ambulatory surgical facility. METHODS: This article reviews the literature on office-based patient safety issues. It places special emphasis on the statements and advisories published by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons' convened Task Force on Patient Safety in Office-Based Settings. This article stresses areas of increased patient safety concern, such as deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis and liposuction surgery. RESULTS: The article divides patient safety in health care delivery into three broad categories. First, patient safety starts with emphasis at the administrative level. The physician or independent governing body must develop a system of quality assessment that functions to minimize preventable errors and report outcomes and errors. Second, the clinical aspects of patient safety require that the physician evaluate whether the procedure(s) and the patient are proper for the office setting. Finally, this article gives special attention to liposuction, the most frequently performed office-based plastic surgery procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Patient safety must be every physician's highest priority, as reflected in the Hippocratic Oath: primum non nocere ("first, do no harm"). In the office setting, this priority requires both administrative and clinical emphasis. The physician who gives the healing touch of quality care must always have patient safety as the foremost priority.

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures↗

PubMed2005

Prospective, blinded evaluation of accuracy of operative reports dictated by surgical residents.

Incomplete or inaccurate operative notes result in delayed, reduced, or denied reimbursement. Deficient reports may be more common when dictated by the surgical residents. We performed a blinded study to assess the accuracy of residents' dictations and their effect on the appropriate level of coding for reimbursement. A prospective, blinded study was performed comparing operative reports dictated by senior surgical residents (postgraduate years 3, 4, and 5) to reports dictated by attending surgeons. All residents had previously undergone group instruction on the importance and structure of operative notes. The trainees were blinded to the fact that the attending surgeons were dictating the operative reports on a separate dictation system. The dictations were analyzed by faculty reimbursement billing personnel for accuracy and completeness. Fifty operative reports of general surgical procedures dictated by both surgical residents and attending physicians were reviewed. A total of 97 CPT codes were used to report services rendered. Residents' dictations resulted in incorrect coding in 14 cases (28% error rate). The types of inaccuracies were a completely missed procedure (4) and insufficient documentation for an appropriate CPT code and/or modifier (10). All deficiencies occurred in complex, multicode, and/or laparoscopic cases. Sixty-seven per cent of late dictations were incomplete. The financial analysis revealed that deficiencies in resident dictations would have reduced the reimbursement by $18,200 (9.7%). For cases with deficient dictations, 29.5 per cent of charges would have been missed, delayed, or denied if the resident-dictated note was used to justify charges. Operative reports dictated by surgical residents are often incomplete or inaccurate, likely leading to reduced or delayed reimbursement. Dictations of complex, multicode, or laparoscopic surgeries, especially if delayed beyond 24 hours, are likely to contain significant deficiencies that affect billing. Attending surgeons may be better equipped to dictate complex cases. Formal housestaff education, mentorship by the attending faculty, and ongoing quality control may be paramount to minimize documentation errors to ensure appropriate coding for the services rendered.

Current Procedural Terminology↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnosis of myocardial infarction: integration of serum markers and clinical descriptors using information theory.

OBJECTIVE: We examine the use of information theory applied to a single cardiac troponin T (cTnT) (first generation monoclonal; Boehringer Mannheim Corp., Indianapolis, Indiana) used with the character of chest pain, electrocardiography (ECG) and serial ECG changes in the evaluation of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We combined a single measure of cTnT (blinded to the investigators) with a creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) measurement to discover the best decision value for this test in a study of 293 consecutive patients presenting to the emergency department with symptoms warranting exclusion of AMI. METHODS: The decision value for determining whether cTnT is positive or negative was determined independently of the final diagnosis by examining the information in the cTnT and CKMB data. Using information theory, an autocorrelation matrix with a one-to-one pairing of the CKMB and troponin T was constructed. The effective information, also known as Kullback entropy, assigned the values for troponin T and for CKMB that have the lowest frequency of misclassification error. The Kullback entropy is determined by subtracting the data entropy from the maximum entropy of the data set in which the information has been destroyed. The assignment of the optimum decision values was made independently of the clinical diagnoses without the construction of a receiver-operator characteristic curve (ROC). The final diagnosis of AMI was independently determined by the clinicians and entered into the medical record. RESULTS: The decision value for cTnT was 0.1 ng/ml as determined by the the information in the data. The method was validated within the same study by mapping the results so obtained into the diagnoses obtained independently by the clinicians using all of the methods at their disposal. The cTnT was different in AMI (n = 60) compared with non-AMI patients (n = 233) (2.08 +/- 0.21 vs. 0.07 +/- 0.10; p < .0001). CONCLUSION: Information theory provides a strong framework and methodology for determining the decision value for cTnT which minimizes misclassification errors at 0.1 ng/ml. The result has a strong correlation with other features in detecting AMI in patients presenting with chest pain.

Creatine Kinase↗