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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Genetic and phenotypic variability during replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine.

A plaque-purified preparation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of serotype C1 (C-S8c1-1), grown in cell culture, was used to infect nonimmunized pigs. No variant genomes were detected in the average populations of 50 viruses isolated from infected animals by direct RNA sequencing of the carboxy-terminal half of the VP1 gene. However, a mutant with altered phenotypic properties was present in low proportion in an infected animal. The frequency of mutants resistant to neutralization by SD6 monoclonal antibody (MAb) [SD6 epitope MAb-resistant mutants (MARMs)], directly estimated in virus from lesions of infected animals (without passage in cell culture), depended on the procedure used for its determination and ranged from 2.9 x 10(-6) (when the virus was incubated with the MAb prior to plating) to 2.6 x 10(-5) (when incubation with MAb was avoided and the MAb was maintained in the agar overlay of the titration assay). Such a difference was not found for C-S8c1-1, which consistently showed frequencies of about 4 x 10(-5). In addition, the repertoire of amino acid substitutions was similar among SD6 epitope MARMs isolated directly both from vesicles of infected animals and from C-S8c1-1. Thus, in spite of the conservation of the average sequence in the region of VP1 RNA analyzed, antigenic heterogeneity has been found in viral populations of FMDV upon replication in nonimmunized swine.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in vaccinated cattle.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of commercially available kits for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus infection in vaccinated cattle. The cattle were vaccinated with a commercial aqueous FMD vaccine type A24 and subsequently challenged 28 days post vaccination with homologous FMD virus. Seven of eight animals were protected from clinical disease and all became carriers. They were bled sequentially for up to 130 days post infection and samples of sera were tested with three ELISA kits: CHEKIT FMD-3ABC, Ceditest FMDV-NS and SVANOIR FMDV 3ABC-Ab ELISA. The Ceditest kit appears to be relatively higher sensitive than the others. When examined with this ELISA, all cattle developed of FMDV nonstructural proteins (NSPs) antibodies and remained positive throughout the period of the experiment. The response of antibodies against 3ABC antigen delayed in two cattle challenged with FMDV A24 virus. One of the cattle reacted negatively in Svanoir ELISA kit and sera from two animals were found negative in CHEKIT ELISA. It can be concluded that all tested kits can be a promising tool for FMD control and eradication campaigns in situation where emergency vaccination was applied.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Development and standardization of a piezo electric immunobiosensor for foot and mouth disease virus typing.

An immunobiosensor using a piezo electric (PZ) crystal was developed and standardized for foot and mouth disease (FMD) diagnosis and virus typing. A 6MHz quartz crystal was used as the frequency determining element. Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) type specific antibody raised in rabbits/monoclonal antibody was coated on the crystal surface and the resonance measured. One microlitre of the 10% aqueous suspension of the clinical sample (tongue or foot epithelium) was applied on both surfaces of the crystal and the resonance recorded. A difference in resonance of more than -2.5Hz was obtained in positive samples (homologous antigen and antibody). The test was standardized initially using various dilutions of FMD tissue culture antigen. Repeatability and sensitivity were also tested and it was found that the crystals could be washed and reused eight times. The test could be used for FMDV type specifically and no cross-reaction between FMDV types was observed. The shelf-life of the antibody-coated crystal stored at room temperature was 18 weeks. Application of the biosensor test to the FMDV clinical samples confirmed virus typing results when compared with enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) and it could also detect virus in ELISA negative samples and mixed virus infections.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Hand, foot and mouth disease, a not so benign affection: clinical reminder and potential complications].

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is an infection appearing in epidemics and due, in most cases, to Coxsackie-virus A16 and/or Enterovirus 71 or, less often, to other Coxsackie-virus serotypes. The symptomatology mostly consists in vesicular eruption of the anterior part of the buccal mucosa as well as of hands and feet. Its evolution, although often benign, can include cardiopulmonary and neurological complications. The latter complications require a quickly detection and treatment, and prevention of virus transmission to other people must be adequate.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1996

Acyclovir in the treatment of hand-foot-and-mouth disease.

Twelve children ages 1 to 5 years and one adult with hand-foot-and-mouth disease were treated with oral acyclovir within one to two days of onset of the rash. Symptomatic relief, defervescence, and significant involution of lesions were seen within twenty-four hours of initiating therapy. Acyclovir was continued for five days, by which time palmar, plantar, and oral lesions were virtually gone. Acyclovir is a molecule tailored to inactivate the thymidine kinase of the herpesvirus. Since the Coxsackie A16 virus causing hand-foot-and-mouth disease lacks this enzyme, the beneficial therapeutic effect must be explained on other grounds, possibly due to enhancement of the antiviral effect of the patient's own interferon.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of a foot-and-mouth disease virus type A24 isolate containing an SGD receptor recognition site in vitro and its pathogenesis in cattle.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) initiates infection by binding to integrin receptors via an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence found in the G-H loop of the structural protein VP1. Following serial passages of a type A(24) Cruzeiro virus (A(24)Cru) in bovine, via tongue inoculation, a virus was generated which contained an SGD sequence in the cell receptor-binding site and expressed a turbid plaque phenotype in BHK-21 cells. Propagation of this virus in these cells resulted in the rapid selection of viruses that grew to higher titers, produced clear plaques, and now contained an RGD sequence in place of the original SGD. To study the role of the SGD sequence in FMDV receptor recognition and bovine virulence, we assembled an infectious cDNA clone of an RGD-containing A(24)Cru and derived mutant clones containing either SGD with a single nucleotide substitution in the R(144) codon or double substitutions at this position to prevent mutation of the S to an R. The SGD viruses grew poorly in BHK-21 cells and stably maintained the sequence during propagation in BHK-21 cells expressing the bovine alpha(V)beta(6) integrin (BHK3-alpha(V)beta(6)), as well as in experimentally infected and contact steers. While all the SGD-containing viruses used only the bovine alpha(V)beta(6) integrin as a cellular receptor with relatively high efficiency, the revertant RGD viruses utilized either the alpha(V)beta(1) or alpha(V)beta(3) bovine integrins with higher efficiency than alpha(V)beta(6) and grew well in BHK-21 cells. Replacing the R at the -1 SGD position with either K or E showed that this residue did not contribute to integrin utilization in vitro. These results illustrate the rapid evolution of FMDV with alteration in receptor specificity and suggest that viruses with sequences other than RGD, but closely related to it, can still infect via integrin receptors and induce and transmit the disease to susceptible animals.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

A comparison of methods for measuring the antibody response in mice and cattle following vaccination against foot and mouth disease.

We present a comparison of methods for evaluating the potency of foot and mouth disease vaccine in the laboratory. The anti-FMDV antibodies (Ab) in vaccinated mice were tested by liquid phase (lp) ELISA, solid phase (sp) ELISA and virus neutralization (VN), and were compared with the Ab titres detected by lpELISA, which is the official test in Argentina for testing the potency of FMD vaccines and protection against a virulent challenge in cattle. The results demonstrated that it is possible to relate the Ab levels induced in vaccinated mice with both the Ab and protective responses elicited in cattle. Furthermore, it was found that the anti-FMDV Ab titres in mice detected by lpELISA 14 days after vaccination should be an accurate parameter for predicting the results of the challenge test in cattle. Thus, this test in mice appears to be an inexpensive and rapid alternative for testing FMD vaccines in cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Foot and mouth disease in Tanzania: an overview of its national status.

The presence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Tanzania is a major obstacle to the development of the national livestock industry because of its adverse effects on livestock production and on trade of animals and animal products into lucrative export markets. FMD is endemic in Tanzania, the affected area is extensive and lack of funding makes eradication unrealistic. Uncontrolled livestock movements, the presence of large populations of wildlife in regular contacts with livestock, and the general lack of enthusiasm for FMD control among the key stakeholders, are some of the factors favouring the persistence of FMD in Tanzania. This review examines the epidemiology, dynamics and socio-economic significance of FMD in the national herd. Various control options available in Tanzanian context are also explored.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2004

Detection of foot-and-mouth virus antibodies using a purified protein from the high-level expression of codon-optimized, foot-and-mouth disease virus complex epitopes in Escherichia coli.

A codon optimized DNA sequence coding for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid protein complex epitopes of VP1 amino acid residues 21-40, 135-160, and 200-213 was genetically fused to the C-terminal end of a glutathione-S-transferase (GST) gene in pGEX-6P-1 vector with the synonymous codons preferred by Escherichia coli . The gene was synthesized using PCR and subsequently expressed in E. coli producing an intracellular, soluble fusion protein that retained antigenicity associated with FMDV antibodies by western blot analysis. The chimera was purified from bacterial lysates by affinity chromatography and could be used in ELISA tests for antibodies against FMDV.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The economic impact of foot and mouth disease control and eradication in the Philippines.

The authors evaluate the impact of foot and mouth disease (FMD) and control of the disease in the Philippines using cost-benefit analysis. A scenario in which FMD control is maintained at recent levels with continued presence of the disease is compared to scenarios in which a publicly funded programme achieves eradication by 2005 (current policy objective), 2007 and 2010. Under varying assumptions regarding the development of exports of livestock products following eradication, estimated benefit-cost ratios for the investment in eradication range from 1.6 (2010, no exports) to 12.0 (2005, export of 5,000 tons each of low-value and high-value livestock products annually), indicating eradication to be an economically viable investment. The commercial swine sector is estimated to capture 84% of the benefits generated by the public investment in eradication, versus 4% by backyard swine producers. The implications of these results within the context of regional efforts to control FMD in South-East Asia are explored.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Construction and evaluation of a recombinant foot-and-mouth disease virus: implications for inactivated vaccine production.

The South African Territories (SAT) types of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) show marked genomic and antigenic variation throughout sub-Saharan Africa. This variation is geographically linked and requires the use of custom-made vaccines. Adaptation of field isolates as vaccine strains is cumbersome, time consuming, and expensive. As an alternative to the adaptation process, the construction of recombinant FMD viruses followed by the production of conventional, inactivated vaccines utilizing these viruses is proposed. The advantage of such a strategy would be the ability to manipulate the antigenicity of these viruses by substituting the antigenic coding regions (i.e., structural proteins) of a full-length cDNA clone of a suitable strain. A chimeric cDNA clone between types A and SAT 2 was constructed by inserting the external capsid-coding region of the vaccine strain ZIM/7/83/2 into the genetic backbone of the A12 cDNA clone. Preliminary evaluation of the recombinant FMD virus revealed a slower growth rate for the recombinant than the parental ZIM/7/83/2, although similar antigen yields could be obtained. The chimera was found to be thermally less stable than the parental strain, suggesting it to be an inferior strain for inactivated vaccine production.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed2002

Quantities of infectious virus and viral RNA recovered from sheep and cattle experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus O UK 2001.

The profiles of virus production and excretion have been established for sheep experimentally infected with the UK 2001 strain of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus by inoculation and by direct and intensive contact. Virus replicated rapidly in the inoculated sheep, from which a peak infectivity of airborne virus of 10(4.3) TCID(50) per sheep per 24 h was recovered. Around 24 h later, contact-infected sheep excreted airborne virus maximally. Similar amounts of airborne virus were recovered from cattle. The excretion of virus by the sheep under these conditions fell into three phases. First, a highly infectious period of around 7-8 days. Second, a period of 1-3 days soon afterwards when trace amounts of viral RNA were recovered in nasal and rectal swabs. Third, at 4 weeks after exposure, the demonstration, by tests on oesophageal-pharyngeal samples, that 50% of the sheep were carriers. The implications of the results and the variable role that sheep may play in the epidemiology of FMD are discussed.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1985

Foot-and-mouth disease and its antigens.

Many factors combine to make foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) one of the most damaging and intractable disease of animals. These include its extreme contagion, wide geographic distribution, great multiplicity of both susceptible animal hosts and viral serotypes, a relatively short duration of immunity to a given serotype and a post-recovery carrier state of the virus in many animal species (e.g., cattle, sheep and goats). Nevertheless, import restrictions and other actions of the U.S. Government have kept the United States free of FMD since 1929, even during outbreaks of the disease in Mexico and Canada in the early 1950's. Beginning in the late 1940's, the systematic vaccination of cattle has been practiced in several areas of the world with varying degrees of success. While this procedure has succeeded in Western Europe in greatly reducing the incidence of FMD, the presence of live virus in some batches of vaccine and the escape of virus from vaccine from manufacturing facilities are now responsible for a large proportion of the outbreaks that still occur there. A vaccine is needed that has no possibility of producing the disease. During the last few years, it has been demonstrated that capsid protein VP1, isolated from type A and C virions or biosynthesized in E. coli transformed with the gene for VP1, can be used to immunize livestock against FMD. Immunization of livestock has also been achieved with a 13 kd fragment (amino acid residues 55 through 179) cleaved with CNBr from the 213 amino acid long VP1 chain of type A virions. Immunogenic sites on intact virions, 12 S subunit particles and isolated VP1 chains have been studied by a combination of methods, including: assessment of the immunogenicity of VP1-specific fragments and synthetic peptides and mapping monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) generated with virus, VP1 and the 13 kd fragment to virus, 12 S subunits, VP1, VP1-specific fragments and a biosynthetic 32mer. Correlation of these results with sites having variant and serotype sequence variability indicates that the 136-179 region of type A12 VP1 possesses four putative neutralization-specific epitopes (ca. 137-143, 146-151, 152-157 and 170-175). Of three neutralization-specific epitopes on type A12 virus, two are also present on 12 S subunits and isolated VP1 chains. Mabs to the three epitopes appear to neutralize virus by different mechanisms: by viral aggregation, by blocking the site on viral VP1 that binds to cell receptors or by interfering with a postreceptor attachment step, possibly penetration or uncoating.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Ultrastructural and replicative features of foot-and-mouth disease virus in persistently infected BHK-21 cells.

Persistent foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus infection in vitro has been studied in a chronically infected cloned BHK-21 cell line. Virus growth during serial cell passages was followed by infectivity assay and immunocytochemical staining. Only a small percentage of cells (0.006-6%) was found to harbour virus during persistence. Light and electron microscopy showed the presence of cytoplasmic protuberances ("blebs") at the surface of persistently infected cells. The curing of cell cultures was achieved by passaging them in the presence of polyvalent immune serum. The absence of virus in cured cells was confirmed by infectivity assay and immunocytochemistry. This finding, together with the low percentage of infected cells in cultures confirms that persistently infected BHK-21 cells satisfy the definitions of a carrier culture. The characteristics of the in vitro system and its relevance to the study of FMD carrier state in vivo are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Nucleotide sequence of the P1 region of serotype Asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Differences in the amino acid sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) virion proteins (VP) among the various FMDV serotypes, particularly in the VP1 polypeptide, are the basis for antigenic diversity of this virus group. This phenomenon provides the basis for type diagnosis of FMDV by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In order to specifically identify the Asia1 FMDV serotype by PCR, the nucleotide sequence of its P1-coding region was determined. The sequence exhibited over 70% homology with the P1 gene segment of type O1k. The deduced amino acid sequence shares 79% homology with that of the P1 region of serotype O1k.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Prediction of three-dimensional models for foot-and-mouth disease virus and hepatitis A virus.

Atomic models of foot-and-mouth disease virus and hepatitis A virus have been predicted using amino acid sequence alignments with the known structures of Mengo virus and human rhinovirus 14. The structural models are consistent with results of biochemical and immunological studies. The two viruses appear to have surface features exceedingly different than those of other picornaviruses. They also have large hydrophobic cavities within VP1 suggesting that it may be possible to inhibit their infectivity with suitably designed antiviral agents that block uncoating.

Amino Acid Sequence↗