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PubMed1983

Enzyme studies in human prostatic tissues.

The activities of six enzymes associated with carbohydrate metabolism were measured in 24 benign prostatic hyperplasias and 29 carcinomas of the prostate with the intention of investigating whether these measurements might eventually predict the clinical course of the disease. The following findings are recorded: the activities of PFK, alpha-GPDH and PHI were significantly lower in carcinomas. Comparison between well and poorly-differentiated carcinomas indicated a significantly lower activity of 6PGDH and higher alpha-GPDH/6PGDH ratios in the latter. These findings are the opposite of those observed in carcinomas of the breast.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Myosin isoenzyme expression in rat ventricle: effects of thyroid hormone analogs, catecholamines, glucocorticoids and high carbohydrate diet.

The effects on ventricular myosin isoenzyme expression of naturally occurring and synthetic thyroid analogs (3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine, 3,5,3'-D-triiodothyronine, 3,3',5'-L- triiodothyronine , 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyroacetic acid and 3,5-L-diiodothyronine), catecholamines and high carbohydrate diets have been studied in thyroidectomized and hypophysectomized rats. Also, the effects on myosin isoenzyme expression of adrenalectomy and hydrocortisone replacement have been studied in euthyroid animals. Myocardial CO2 production and hepatic alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase activity were measured to monitor the effects of these interventions on tissue respiration. The results indicate that there was no significant separation between the actions of thyroid analogs on metabolic parameters and myosin isoenzyme patterns. However, high carbohydrate feeding in hypophysectomized rats increased the isoenzyme V1 from 12% to about 36% of total myosin; partial replacement with 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine and fructose feeding had synergistic actions. In thyroidectomized rats, feeding a high carbohydrate diet increased the V1 form from undetectable levels to about 28% of total myosin; partial 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine replacement had an additive effect. Beta adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol and blockade with propranolol did not affect myosin isoenzyme expression. Adrenalectomy in euthyroid rats caused a 33% decrease in the V1 form and a corresponding increase in the V3 isoenzyme, which could be reversed by treatment with hydrocortisone. Thus, thyroid analogs do not selectively stimulate myosin isoenzyme expression as compared with their effects on energy production. Furthermore, the results suggest that the mechanism for regulation of cardiac myosin isoenzymes may involve a primary signal related to dietary carbohydrate, which is modulated by thyroid hormone, and possibly glucocorticoids.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Lactate dehydrogenase A-subunit and B-subunit deficiencies: comparison of the physiological roles of LDH isozymes.

Different clinical features exist for lactate dehydrogenase A-subunit and B-subunit deficiencies. The metabolic basis for these clinical differences was elucidated by investigating carbohydrate metabolism in the affected tissues. Glycolysis was markedly retarded at the position of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and significant increases of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and fructose 1,6-diphosphate were observed. The physical and kinetic properties of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase prepared from human erythrocytes and skeletal muscle were almost identical, but the mode of inhibition of the enzyme was slightly different in erythrocytes and in skeletal muscle. In erythrocytes, impaired reoxidation of NADH followed by the deficiency of substrate NAD+ causes a reduction of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. However, in skeletal muscle, the increased level of NADH markedly inhibits the enzyme under anaerobic conditions. A flux of triose phosphates from glycolysis occurred in skeletal muscle of a patient with A-subunit deficiency. This flux is attributable to the high cytosol alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in skeletal muscle. for these reasons the ATP production was significantly impaired in the patient and the damage to muscle cells brings about the release of cytosolic enzymes and muscle rigidity after hard exercise. In contrast in the erythrocytes, the level of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase is very low and another red cell-specific NADH reoxidizing system such as NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (NADH-methemoglobin reductase) is operating. In this manner, the NAD+ level in erythrocytes is compensated for without the flux of triose phosphates derived from glucose. Therefore, the ATP production in erythrocytes is sufficiently maintained by glycolysis even in a patient with complete lactate dehydrogenase B-subunit deficiency. Thus, impaired ATP production in anaerobic stage is a condition which is specific for lactate dehydrogenase A-subunit deficiency but does not occur for B-subunit deficiency. The different clinical features of the A- and B-subunit deficiencies have been clearly elucidated.

Erythrocytes↗
PubMed1983

Postnatal development of the energy supplying enzyme pattern in the rat brain.

The activity of seven enzymes connected with energy-supplying metabolism was followed from the second day of life till adulthood (87th day). The enzymes selected were: 1. Triosephosphate dehydrogenase (TPDH), 2. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 3. Glycerol-3-phosphate: NAD dehydrogenase (GPDH), 4. Hexokinase (HK), 5. Malate: NAD dehydrogenase (MDH), 6. Citrate syntase (CS) and 7. 3-Hydroxyacyl Co A dehydrogenase. Although some variations occurred, the enzyme profiles were characteristic of those of the nervous tissue from the second day of life onwards until adulthood and displayed relatively high activities of HK, CS and MDH and low activities of TPDH, LDH, GPDH and HOADH. The activities of all enzymes studied here increased during postnatal development and some reached adult values on the 14th day, that of TPDH on the 27th day and HOADH on the 41st day of life. The activities of MDH and GPDH did not attain the adult values still on the 41st day of life. The anaerobic energy supply capacity seems to increase transiently on the 31st day of life, i.e. at a developmental stage where the resistance against hypoxia is known to increase transiently.

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Iron deficiency in domestic animals].

Iron is essential for the organism. In ionized forms (Fe++, Fe ), it constitutes an integrated part of a lot of different functional proteins (Figure 1). The most important functions are participation in oxygen transport in blood, oxygen storage in muscle tissues and oxidation of nutrients in the mitochondria. Iron is an essential part of cytochrome C and alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase, and early stages of iron deficiency may, therefore, cause disturbances in tissue metabolism before development of anaemia. Thus, haemoglobin determinations is not very suitable for diagnosing early iron deficiency. The content of iron in roughages, apart from root crops (Table II), is usually sufficient to cover the requirement of domestic animals (Table III), which is met by about 50 mg per kg feed dry matter. Iron deficiency is very often caused by a reduced absorption in the intestinal tract because of components in the feed forming complexes with iron of very low solubility or inhibitors reducing the absorption processes. The immune status of the organism and its resistance against infections depends on the iron supply. Iron deficiency inhibits the myeloperoxidase activity and thus decreases the bacteriocide effect of the leucocytes. In spite of this, when exposed to infections the physiological mechanisms reduce the blood concentration of available iron. By this mode of action, invading pathogens, needing iron like the host animals, will be restrained. The low content of iron in milk (Table II) combined with a high content of iron binding lactoferrin, is ideal to protect newborn and milk fed young animals against intestinal infections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1983

A comparison of isozymes of five axenic Giardia isolates.

The relative mobilities of six enzymes from the trophozoites of five axenically-cultured isolates of Giardia from human, cat, and guinea pig hosts were compared by starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The six enzymes compared were malate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (MDH) (EC 1.1.1.37), malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (ME) (EC 1.1.1.40), hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6P) (EC 1.1.1.49), and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8). The latter three enzymes have not been previously reported in Giardia. On the basis of zymogram patterns, the five Giardia isolates were divided into three zymodemes. Zymodeme I comprised human-1/England, human-1/Bethesda, and cat-1/Portland, Zymodeme II the guinea pig-1/Portland isolate, and Zymodeme III the human-1/Portland isolate. These zymodemes were further substantiated when several physical and kinetic properties of three of the enzymes, MDH, ME, and G6P, were examined. Our results, in which Giardia isolated from different mammalian hosts share multiple isoenzymes, question the validity of the practice of assigning Giardia species names on the basis of the animal host from which the protozoan was obtained.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Circadian rhythm and aging].

The circadian variation of several lipogenic enzymes of rat liver and of serum triglyceride and insulin levels was measured in dependence on age. In female rats of the Wistar strain subjected to a 12 hr light--12 hr darkness schedule malic enzyme and isocitrate dehydrogenase show a circadian cycle with maximum activities in the dark period, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase has a maximum at 14,00 hr. The circadian rhythm of these enzymes is synchronous in young and old animals, but the activities of malic enzyme and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase are lower in the liver of 18 months old rats in contrast to 3 months old animals at all time points. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of the liver of young rats increases during the light period and reaches a maximum at night. The enzyme in old animals does not show this circadian rhythm. There is no age-dependence of the circadian variation of serum triglyceride and insulin levels.

Aging↗
PubMed1980

[Histophysiologic characteristics of the subcommissural organ during isolated suppression of the functional activity of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland].

The effect of prolonged administration of heparin on the histophysiological characteristics of the subcomissural organ (SCO) of the brain and adrenal glomerular zone (AGZ) was studied in 30 male rats. It was established that heparin inhibits the functional activity of AGZ adrenocorticocytes. This is associated with the lowered content of 3-beta-ol-steroid dehydrogenase, RNA, total protein, and a decrease in the zone width (by 50%). Ependimocytes of brain SCO show an abruptly reduced activity of glutamate dehydrogenase, NAD-dependent alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase acid phosphatase, which is evidence of their secretory function inhibition. The changes indicate the presence of the functional relationship between the ependimocytes of brain SCO and AGZ adrenocorticocytes as well as to the participation of brain SCO in AGZ function control.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1981

Evidence for multiple pairs of vicinal thiols in some proteins.

The oxidizing agent periodate has been used as an analogue of phosphate. The reaction of periodate with some enzymes which have a phosphate-binding site causes only the formation of disulfide bridges and the loss of the catalytic activity. Phosphate and other tetrahedral anions protect against inactivation. Other enzymes are not inactivated by periodate, which seems to be specific for vicinal thiols. The results obtained suggest (a) the use of periodate for the detection of vicinal thiols in proteins, (b) the presence of multiple pairs of vicinal thiols in the proteins tested, and (c) the presence of these pairs at a phosphate-binding site. An hypothesis on the chemical structure of the phosphate-binding site of some proteins is advanced.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1981

[Histochemical demonstration of enzyme activity changes in the regio postcentralis of the mouse brain under the effect of the aging process].

The distribution of some oxidoreductases were investigated in the regio postcentralis of young, adult and senescent mice brains by means of semiquantitative histoenzymatic methods. It was possible to observe a different spread of activities of 1-malate: NAD oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.37) and D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.49) in several layers of the regio postcentralis between young and old animals. The enzyme products of 1-glutamate:NAD(P) oxidoreductase (EC 1.4.1.3), 1-alpha-glycerine-3-phosphate:NAD oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.8) and D-glucose-6-phosphate:NADP oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.49) in the whole area show a decrease after the 20th month of the life, but it exists strain differences. The investigated enzymes of citric acid cycle were not vary in the ageing process.

Aging↗