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PubMed1990

Knowledge of and attitudes towards sexually transmitted diseases among secondary school students in Fako District Cameroon.

This study examines the level of knowledge, attitude and practice in matters concerning sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among secondary school students in Fako-District, Cameroon. A substantial proportion of the respondents are sexually active and doing so with multiple sexual partners. Although 70% of respondents claimed they knew about STDs, not more than 16.1% of them could name any one common STD and give its signs or symptoms. Knowledge about prevention and complications of STDs was equally poor. The school teacher was the principal source of information followed by magazines/books. Among the respondents who had had an STD, only 8% had consulted in an STD clinic, 13.6 and 15.4% respectively to a Doctor and in Hospital, 43% received no treatment and another 19% had gone to chemist shops. The implication of these results together with the needs of the students are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Nursing leadership in genomics for health and society.

PURPOSE: This article is part of the series regarding genomics and nursing practice, science, education, and policy. Issues in genetic testing, genetic information and the lessons learned through applications of genetic and genomic science are analyzed and discussed. FRAMEWORK: Scientists, scholars, and members of the public have articulated a vision to guide genomics research and scholarship. The three overarching themes of this conceptual framework are genomes to biology, genomes to health, and genomes to society. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses can promote the use of genomic research technologies and information in the context of health, biology, and society, as well as in nursing research, practice, education, and policy.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Searching for sustainable change.

Change in nursing practice has been dogged by factors which have been perceived to be outside the autonomy of nurses. Consequently, projects have been initiated which have then faltered or even ceased altogether This paper reports on an action research study that was carried out in Newcastle from 1997 to 1999 and used the process within a focus group setting to rekindle and sustain an innovative change. The aim of the study was to look at staff perceptions surrounding development of the practice of self-administration of medication for patients. The findings support the view that all disciplines need to be involved in health service change. Health service employees should have a knowledge of the theory associated with the change process and be open about their views of proposed alterations in practice. They also need to have a sense of dissatisfaction with the present, a clear outline of what the problem is and the direction which they intend to take. Change involves many complex issues. It should be worked through from a bottom-up approach and consist of repeated evaluation exercises which are akin to a cyclical strategy and include a reflective process.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1993

Attitudes, knowledge, and stages of change: a survey of exercise patterns in older Australian women.

This article describes a telephone survey of attitudes and behavior relevant to exercise adoption among 286 Australian women aged 50 to 64. Stages of change identified by the transtheoretical model of behavior change were related to attitudes, knowledge, and demographic variables. In comparison with exercisers, precontemplators were older, had lower exercise knowledge, perceived lower levels of family support for exercise, expected fewer psychological benefits from exercise, and rated exercise as less important than avoiding smoking. The main significant difference between contemplators and those in the action or maintenance stage involved the perception of practical barriers. Despite the limitations of this cross-sectional self-report study, it identifies attitudes and knowledge as potential targets for intervention with middle-aged women.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

Paediatric fever management: continuing education for clinical nurses.

PURPOSE: This study examined the influence of level of practice, additional paediatric education and length of paediatric and current experience on nurses' knowledge of and beliefs about fever and fever management. METHOD: Fifty-one nurses from medical wards in an Australian metropolitan paediatric hospital completed a self-report descriptive survey. RESULTS: Knowledge of fever management was mediocre (Mean 12.4, SD 2.18 on 20 items). Nurses practicing at a higher level and those with between one and four years paediatric or current experience were more knowledgeable than novices or more experienced nurses. Negative beliefs that would impact nursing practice were identified. Interestingly, beliefs about fever, antipyretic use in fever management and febrile seizures were similar; they were not influenced by nurses' knowledge, experience, education or level of practice. CONCLUSIONS: Paediatric nurses are not expert fever managers. Knowledge deficits and negative attitudes influence their practice irrespective of additional paediatric education, paediatric or current experience or level of practice. Continuing education is therefore needed for all paediatric nurses to ensure the latest clear evidence available in the literature for best practice in fever management is applied.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗
PubMed2006

Tobacco and its trendy alternatives: implications for pediatric nurses.

Although acute and critical care pediatric nurses may not rank tobacco prevention and cessation among their top patient-care priorities, the importance of providing health education, especially during vulnerable moments, cannot be overlooked. This article provides an overview of trendy tobacco alternatives, such as bidis, clove cigarettes, hookah pipes, and smokeless tobacco, that entice youth. The significant health consequences of these tobacco products and the implications for pediatric acute and critical care nursing practice are also discussed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physical assessment skills: a descriptive study of what is taught and what is practiced.

The purpose of this study was to investigate physical assessment skills taught in undergraduate baccalaureate nursing programs and the physical assessment skills used by practicing nurses. Twelve educators teaching physical assessment and 51 practicing nurses were surveyed on 120 physical assessment skills listed in standard nursing textbooks. Median scores were computed on all the skills. The educators taught all of the skills, 92.5% of the skills were taught and practiced in class and 7.5% were taught but not practiced. For the practicing nurses, 37% of the skill were never used, 29% were used on a daily/weekly basis, with 34% used on a monthly/occasional basis. Based on these findings, we recommend that the content of physical assessment courses be reevaluated, with courses focusing on what nurses need to know to practice nursing.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Translating person-centred care: a case study of preceptor nurses and their teaching practices in acute care areas.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The research aims to explore how preceptors interpret, operationalize, document and teach person-centred care as they guide students within an acute surgical environment. BACKGROUND: Person-centred care is a term that is widely used in the nursing literature; however, its interpretation in nursing practice remains virtually unexplored. This is of great significance to nurses in general but to Irish nurses in particular on whom this study is focused. As preceptor nurses have been identified as key people in the education of clinical students, it was considered important to explore how clinical preceptors promote person-centred care to current undergraduate nursing students. DESIGN AND METHOD: Using a case study design and a qualitative approach, six preceptors were chosen to participate in this study. Data were collected by means of participant observation, review of nursing care records and semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed in two stages. The first stage involved the identification of themes. In the second stage data were analysed using a number of propositions to examine and explain what was gleaned from the data in the context of what was originally identified in the literature. RESULTS: Findings highlighted that preceptors had a limited conception of person-centred care. Measures of care reflected the medical model of nursing. Beyond that, preceptors expressed care in terms of good manners or respectful etiquette. Preceptors also had limited appreciation of what learning entails and were sceptical about classroom theory other than what they considered essential for safe practice. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights that preceptors need both internal and external support to implement the changes advocated by the Commission in Nursing in 1998, the Nursing Education Forum in 2000, the Department of Health and Children in 2001 and An Bord Altranais in 2003. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Person-centred care is a relatively new concept in nursing and recommended for practice. Preceptors need facilitation with its implementation. In an effort to promote changes in the delivery of health care, it is suggested that university-based lecturers empower students to practice evidence-based nursing as students and subsequently as qualified nurses.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Engagement in safety practices to prevent home injuries in preschool children among white and non-white ethnic minority families.

OBJECTIVE: To examine engagement in home safety practices to prevent injuries in preschool children among white and non-white ethnic minority families. DESIGN: A self completion postal questionnaire assessed sociodemographic characteristics and engagement in home safety practices. SETTING: Deprived areas in the city of Nottingham, United Kingdom. SUBJECTS: 3906 caregivers of children aged under 5 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Use of fireguards, stair gates, smoke alarms, window locks and safe storage of medicines, sharp objects, and cleaning products. RESULTS: Of the 3906 families, 3805 gave their ethnic origin of which 16.5% classed themselves as from a non-white ethnic minority. The safety practices most commonly adopted by respondents were safe storage of medicines (87.9%) and use of smoke alarms (72.3%). Respondents from non-white ethnic minorities were significantly less likely to adopt all safety practices except they were less likely than whites to store sharp objects unsafely (odds ratio (OR) 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56 to 0.84). Those from non-white ethnic minorities were significantly more likely to indicate that they "did not know they could get" fireguards (adjusted OR 6.01, 95% CI 2.64 to 13.65), stair gates (adjusted OR 4.47, 95% CI 1.53 to 13.05), and cupboard locks (adjusted OR 3.96, 95% CI 2.77 to 5.66) than whites. They were also significantly more likely to say they would need help fitting fireguards (adjusted OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.03 to 3.81), stair gates (adjusted OR 3.61, 95% CI 2.11 to 6.17), and cupboard locks (adjusted OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.39 to 2.54). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the hypothesis that families from non-white ethnic minorities are less likely to engage in some safety practices and illustrate inequalities in access to information regarding the availability and fitting of safety equipment. Further work is required to examine the association between adoption of safety practices and injury rates in children from non-white ethnic minorities.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1997

The normative constitution of professional power.

This article concerns the manner in which we think and talk about power in health care policy and regulation, and the political and social practices allied with that discourse. I assert that in health care policy and practice we speak of and live within the era of countervailing power. In this language and practice power is a force exercised by one actor to enforce its will against another actor against whom power is exerted. I contend that this language inculcates an individual and social passivity in which citizens rely upon various types of representatives to constitute health care for them in a manner in which they do not and cannot participate. However, this language of power and the political and social practice with which it is associated is merely a contingent, historical product. I claim that an alternative discourse of power is possible, in which power consists of the social interactions in which all of us mutually participate but no one of us can control. Power in this sense is participatory by nature, and because no one is in control, it makes no sense to relegate tasks to specialized, nonparticipatory domains. This alternative discourse of power, therefore, might call forth participatory practices in health care and a concomitant diminution of specialization and expansion of the public sphere. The result would be to blur the lines separating politics from everyday interaction, politics from economy, professionals from patients, and insurers from insureds. Participation would mean much more than casting a vote or writing a check but would also include the mutual sharing of time and energy in the tasks that need to be done: long-term and short-term care, practices of prevention, caring for the chronically ill, and monitoring bureaucratic and professional activities.

Budgets↗
PubMedDate not supplied

CAPRELA (Cancer Prevention for Latinas): findings of a pilot study in Winston-Salem, Forsyth County.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate knowledge and attitudes that affect cervical and breast cancer screening among uninsured Hispanic women. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional, descriptive study of uninsured Latino women in Forsyth County, North Carolina. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: A convenience sample of Hispanic women who immigrated to the United States within the last ten years, primarily from Mexico (N = 70). DATA COLLECTION METHODS: Two trained lay health advisors (promotoras) administered in-person, structured surveys to 70 women in the community. All interviews were conducted in Spanish. Additionally two focus groups were conducted in Spanish to elucidate cultural beliefs and barriers to cancer screening not otherwise captured in the standardized surveys. Quantitative data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Qualitative data were transcribed and analyzed using a multi-step framework approach to identify and validate themes. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Of 70 women, 42 (60%) reported a Pap smear within the last year; 26 (37%) reported two exams within the past three years. Among women aged 40 and older, 10 of 18 (56%) reported ever having a mammogram. Being married (OR = 4.05, CI 1.07-15.25) and having the same healthcare provider (OR 5.64, CI 1.04-30.56) predicted better Pap smear screening in multivariate analyses. Limited knowledge about breast cancer and needing an interpreter to communicate reduced the likelihood that women received a mammogram. Qualitative results indicated that women had poor prior experiences with Pap smears, held several misconceptions about cancer etiology and risk factors, and expressed distinct gender roles for Latina women and men that may affect healthcare utilization. CONCLUSIONS: Screening rates for cervical and breast cancer are low among uninsured Latina women. Therefore, community and clinic-based interventions are needed to improve underutilization of and satisfaction with cancer screening practices among uninsured Latina women.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Knowledge of and attitudes towards family planning and early detection of breast and cervical cancer in two female populations in Greece.

This paper presents the results of surveys of contraceptive use, the frequency of induced abortions, the use of the Papanicolaou smear test and knowledge about the practice of breast self-examination in two female populations, characterized by a different socioeconomic level. There exist similar trends, as well as some remarkable differences between the two populations. Both of these populations included a high proportion of women who had undergone at least one abortion. Withdrawal and condom use were the most common contraceptive methods. About one third of women of the two populations had had a smear Pap-test carried out during the last year. 53.8% of the women in the population I and a 44.8% of the population II stated that they know how to practice breast self-examination.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2000

Barriers to hypertension care and control.

Despite clinical trial evidence and public health data documenting the benefits of controlling hypertension in individuals and populations, implementation in practice is less than optimal. Barriers to hypertension care and control are remarkably persistent and continue to impede improvement in rates of awareness, treatment, and control. Barriers have been identified at the patient, provider, health care organization, and community levels. At every level, knowledge, attitudes, values, and beliefs can impede the evidence-based recommended behaviors needed to lower blood pressure and sustain lowering over time. Numerous new studies provide data that reinforce the need for culturally sensitive interventions at each level.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1998

A logistic regression model for analyzing the relation between dentists' attitudes, behavior, and knowledge in oral radiology.

The aim was to study the relation between risk attitude and knowledge in technical, patient-oriented, and organizationally related behavior within oral radiology. A questionnaire was mailed to 2000 randomly selected dentists listed in the register of the Swedish Dental Society, with a response rate of 69.3%. Regression analysis was used for analyzing the effects of the independent variables knowledge, risk attitude, continuing education in oral radiology, counties with specialists in oral radiology, type of practice, work experience, and sex on three categories of dependent variables: 1) technical behaviors: type of film, type of collimator, dose level, frequency of change of chemicals; 2) patient-oriented behaviors: use of patient protection barriers, strict indications for performing full-mouth X-ray examinations and bitewing radiography on new patients and recall patients; and 3) organizationally related behaviors: delegation of X-ray examinations to dental auxiliaries, influence on choice of collimator, influence on choice of film. Knowledge and education had strong direct effects for most of the dependent variables. The technical behaviors were mainly influenced by knowledge, education, and risk attitude, while organizationally related behaviors were influenced by type of practice and sex. The patient-oriented behaviors were influenced by a number of independent variables, such as education, type of practice, work experience, and sex. The present results indicate that both knowledge and the organizational context of dentists influence work.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Traditional healers in Zambia and their care for patients with urethral/vaginal discharge.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the knowledge and practices of traditional healers in relation to the management of patients with urethral/vaginal discharge. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Eighty (80) traditional healers, 54 from an urban and 26 from a rural setting in Zambia, who attend to patients with urethral/vaginal discharge, were interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire. RESULT: All of the traditional healers had knowledge of urethral/vaginal discharge being a symptom of a sexually transmitted disease (STD) and that individuals get the infection through sexual relations with infected persons. The healers were all able to cite other symptoms associated with urethral/vaginal discharge. The treatment the healers used was mostly herbal preparations in the form of roots or powders administered orally to induce diarrhea, vomiting, and diuresis. Patients were not allowed to combine traditional and biomedical therapies. Almost half of the healers did apply some biomedical practices in the management of patients with urethral/vaginal discharge, such as history taking and examination of patients before diagnosis and prescription. The healers also advised patients to avoid sex while on treatment and to avoid reinfection by remaining with one partner and using condoms. Some healers advised their patients to bring their sexual partners for consultation. CONCLUSION: Because traditional healers attend to patients with STDs, both in rural and urban areas, efforts should be made to promote cooperation between traditional and biomedical health care providers, so that treatment of patients and their partners could be improved. Traditional management that concurs with biomedical practices could thus be a starting point for discussion and cooperation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Off-label prescribing to children: attitudes and experience of general practitioners.

AIM: To identify experience with and attitudes towards paediatric off-label prescribing in primary care. METHOD: A prospective questionnaire survey was sent to a sample of Scottish primary care practices (346 doctors in 80 general practices located throughout Scotland). RESULTS: Two hundred and two (58%) completed questionnaires were returned. Over 70% of GPs admitted to being familiar with the concept, and 40% to knowingly prescribing off-label. The most important sources of paediatric prescribing information were the British National Formulary (81%), personal experience (71%) and previous prescription notes (45%). The most common reason given by GPs for off-label prescribing was prescribing for a younger age than recommended, although prescribing data confirm that age is the least important and dose the most important reason for such prescribing. When asked to comment upon different causes for off-label prescribing, 80% of respondents expressed appropriate awareness of and concern for the described scenarios. Over 97% of GPs ranked development of paediatric formulations and clearer dosage information more highly than clinical trials as a means to reducing off-label prescribing. CONCLUSIONS: Despite high levels of off-label prescribing in primary care in the UK, the majority of GPs claimed to be familiar with the concept, although less than half were aware of this common practice. A clear disparity between perceived and actual reasons for off-label prescribing was noted, possibly due to a reliance on personal experience, colleague experience or previous patient prescription notes as a guide to prescribing.

Albuterol↗
PubMed1996

So who was scared?

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Communication↗