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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

First-trimester spontaneous abortions and the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity rates and HIV risk factors in women with a confirmed diagnosis of first-trimester spontaneous abortion in a community hospital. STUDY DESIGN: Patients admitted with confirmed diagnoses of spontaneous incomplete first-trimester abortions at Lutheran Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, from September 1991 to September 1992, were asked to anonymously complete an epidemiologic questionnaire, which was used to study HIV risk factors in our study population. Routine blood work done on admission was used to ascertain the incidence of HIV infection. These rates were compared to the maternal HIV infection rates as determined by the New York City Department of Health. RESULTS: Of the 145 patients enrolled in our study, 11% of patients had HIV risk factors. The seropositivity rate was 0.689% in patients with spontaneous incomplete abortions. CONCLUSION: There was no statistically significant difference between the rate of HIV seropositivity in patients with spontaneous incomplete first-trimester abortions and the overall maternal HIV seropositivity rate, 0.56% (P = .36%) at our institution.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1996

Abortion in a heifer associated with the intra-uterine transmission of Cowdria ruminantium-like organisms following heartwater vaccination.

A Nguni heifer aborted a 6-month-old foetus 35 days after intravenous inoculation with Onderstepoort heartwater vaccine. Histopathological examination of the brain revealed numerous suspected Cowdria ruminantium organisms in the endothelial cells of the blood vessels. The organisms were ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically compatible with Cowdria ruminantium, although, owing to autolysis and cross-reactions, the possibility that they represent another rickettsial or related organism could not be completely excluded. As far as we could ascertain this is the first recorded case of suspected intra-uterine transmission of Cowdria ruminantium in ruminants.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1998

Clinical consequences of exposing pregnant gilts to strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus isolated from field cases of "atypical" PRRS.

OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical consequences of exposing pregnant gilts to strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) isolated from field cases of "atypical" or "acute" PRRS in vaccinated herds. ANIMALS: 20 pregnant gilts and their pigs and fetuses. PROCEDURE: 8 pregnant gilts (principals: 4 groups [2 gilts/group]) were exposed oronasally at or about 45 days of gestation to 1 of 4 strains of PRRSV and necropsied 6 weeks later. Nonexposed controls (2 additional pregnant gilts) were kept under otherwise similar conditions. The experiment was repeated, except that principals were exposed at or approximately 90 days of gestation and allowed to farrow. Clinical observations were made at least twice daily, and samples and specimens from gilts and their fetuses and pigs were tested for PRRSV and homologous antibody. RESULTS: Exposure of pregnant gilts to PRRSV at or approximately 45 days' gestation resulted in low prevalence of transplacental infection and fetal death. Exposure of pregnant gilts to PRRSV at or approximately 90 days' gestation resulted in higher prevalence of transplacental infection and fetal death. Moreover, 1 gilt aborted and many liveborn pigs of other litters were weak and unthrifty. Clinical signs of disease and reproductive failure were especially severe for a field strain of PRRSV isolated from an epizootic that fit the strictest definition of atypical PRRS. Controls remained clinically normal and free of PRRSV. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Some strains of PRRSV now circulating in US swine herds are more virulent than those encountered in the past. Clinical PRRS in vaccinated herds suggests need for a new generation of vaccines.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2004

Viremia and effect of fetal infection with porcine viruses with special reference to porcine circovirus 2 infection.

This publication reviews some pathogenetic features of the transplacental infection with porcine viruses in sows. Viremia either with virus freely circulating or associated to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is an essential part of such pathogenesis. Virus replication occurs either in fetal tissues only or both in fetal and maternal tissues and the outcome may be different. Since porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has been associated with reproductive failure in sows, the question was asked what type of viremia PCV2 causes and what the effect of PCV2 is on the pregnant uterus. Seronegative gilts were oronasally inoculated and plasma and PBMC were monitored for infectious virus and for quantity of viral DNA copies. Infectious virus was found in plasma only at 21 days post-inoculation (DPI). Virus associated to PBMC was detected between 14 and 49 DPI. Viral DNA was found in plasma between 14 and 49 DPI and associated to PBMC between 7 and 63 DPI (end of experiment). Direct intra-fetal inoculation at 57, 75 and 92 days of gestation and collection of fetuses 21 days later showed that the virus replicates highly in fetal tissues, particularly in the heart. Fetal death occurred in the 57 days sows while virus and antibodies were observed in the 75- and 92-day inoculated sows. Inoculation at 57 and 75 days of gestation and collection of the piglets at the end of pregnancy showed that intrauterine spread had occurred to fetuses adjacent to the inoculated ones and that fetal death occurred also in the presence of antibodies. The pregnancy was not interrupted.This study shows that PCV2 causes viremia which is largely cell-associated and that virus replication in fetuses causes fetal death with mummification. Whether such transplacental infection occurs in the immune sow population is questionable.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1998

The association between maternal HIV infection and perinatal outcome: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between maternal HIV infection and perinatal outcome by a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. METHODS: Appropriate publications were identified using electronic and hand searching of relevant journals from 1983 to 1996. Studies were included in the review if they were prospective cohorts with pregnant women identified as being HIV-infected with a control group of pregnant women who were not infected with HIV. Methodological quality was assessed for each study. Data were extracted for pre-determined outcome measures. Sensitivity analyses were performed to explore the association between HIV infection and an adverse perinatal outcome for the following study characteristics: clinical setting (developed or developing countries), methodological quality (high or poor) and whether studies controlled for potential confounding. RESULTS: Thirty-one studies were eligible to be included in the review. The summary odds ratio of the risk of pre-defined adverse perinatal outcomes related to maternal HIV infection were as follows: spontaneous abortion 4.05 (95% CI 2.75-5.96); stillbirth 3.91 (95% CI 2.65-5.77); fetal abnormality 1.08 (95% CI 0.7-1.66); perinatal mortality 1.79 (95% CI 1.14-2.81); neonatal mortality 1.10 (95% CI 0.63-1.93); infant mortality 3.69 (95% CI 3.03-4.49); intrauterine growth retardation 1.7 (95% CI 1.43-2.02); low birthweight 2.09 (95% CI 1.86-2.35) and pre-term delivery 1 83 (95% CI 1.63-2.06). Sensitivity analyses showed that the association between infant mortality and maternal HIV infection was stronger in studies conducted in developing countries when compared with developed countries [odds ratios (OR) 3.72 (95% CI 3.05-4.54) and 8.6 (95% CI 0.53-141.05), respectively]; studies of higher methodological quality compared with those of poorer quality [odds ratios 14.57 (95% CI 6.93-30.65) and 3.37 (95% CI 2.74-4.14), respectively] and studies which had used restriction or matching to control for potential confounding factors compared with those that had not [OR 11.60 (95% CI 5.71-23.58) and 3.35 (95% CI 2.73-4.12), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this review have implications for women infected with HIV who are planning a pregnancy or who find themselves pregnant. There appears to be an association, although not strong, between maternal HIV infection and an adverse perinatal outcome. This relationship may be due to bias including uncontrolled or residual confounding. There does, however, appear to be a real and large increase in the risk of infant death in developing countries associated with maternal HIV infection, especially so when there has been an attempt to control for confounding.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1989

Postexposure rabies vaccination during pregnancy: experience with 21 patients.

Twenty-one pregnant rabies exposed patients received postexposure vaccination using purified Vero cell rabies vaccine. Twelve of these with severe exposures were also given equine rabies immune globulin. Adverse reactions were mild, transient and required no treatment. Fifteen per cent of the patients reported side-effects such as myalgia, malaise, erythema and swelling at injection sites, urticarial rashes, and mild regional lymphadenopathy. The vaccine series was completed in all cases and none of the mothers or infants developed rabies after one year of follow-up. No congenital malformations were detected. All infants were well after one year. One patient experienced a spontaneous abortion.

Adolescent↗