PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Intelligent agents”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Assessing vocal function after chemoradiation for advanced laryngeal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To identify objective parameters that could serve as valid indicators of vocal function in evaluating patients treated at multiple centers for head and neck cancer. DESIGN: Objective measures of voice were validated against functional outcome measures of voice and communication. SETTING: A multidisciplinary university-based ambulatory head and neck cancer clinic. SUBJECTS: Fifteen patients at varying posttreatment intervals after chemoradiation therapy for head and neck cancer and 5 volunteers with no cancer but with a history of heavy smoking and drinking. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Acoustic and aerodynamic parameters were measured in patients with head and neck cancer after treatment with combined chemotherapy and irradiation and in control subjects. Communicative function was assessed by perceptual assessment of recorded voice samples, by a clinician-based communication score, and by patient self-rating of voice and communication. RESULTS: Both perceptual analysis and communication score were concordant with patient self-rating of voice and communication ability. Acoustic measures were abnormal in patients, and jitter scores correlated with listener ratings of perceived voice quality. However, acoustic measures did not relate to communication function, as assessed by either the patient or the clinician. Laryngeal resistance demonstrated a significant correlation with both patient and observer assessments of voice quality and communication function. Laryngeal resistance was on average twice as high in patients who complained of voice fatigue, but this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Laryngeal resistance, determined during standardized phonation, is a reliable objective parameter of vocal function after chemoradiation therapy for head and neck cancer. A standardized clinician-based communication scale holds promise as a useful tool. Acoustic measures reflect the sound of the voice but not the ability to communicate effectively.

Acoustics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using pulmonary function testing in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma.

Asthmatics have remarkable changes in their pulmonary function in response to numerous external stimuli and internal controls. Serial pulmonary function testing in the office, hospital, at home, or the work place allows the objective measurement that is necessary to intelligently diagnose and treat these patients. Once the patient and the physician understand how to use the techniques for monitoring the degree of airways obstruction, they become a key in medical management decisions.

Asthma↗
PubMed2026

Pharmacogenomic and drug interactions risk in cardio-oncology: A precision medicine perspective for India.

Cardio-oncology patients may face complex treatment regimens due to the concurrent existence of cancer and cardiovascular disease, leading to a considerable polypharmacy burden. This significantly increases the prospect of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and gene-drug interactions. The majority of these interactions arise from comparable pharmacokinetic and pharmacological pathways associated with drug transporters and cytochrome P450 enzymes. The significance of pharmacogenomics in tailored treatment strategies are emphasised by the fact that genetic variability enhances individual differences in drug response, safety, and efficacy. This narrative review focus on the effects of key genetic polymorphisms (e.g., DPYD, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9) on the metabolism and efficacy of commonly prescribed anticancer and cardiovascular medications such as fluoropyrimidines, clopidogrel, and warfarin. In addition it explore the role of pharmacogenomic variants on drug-drug interactions within the field of cardio-oncology. The study ultimately emphasizes the necessity of precision medicine in India to address the genetic diversity and underrepresentation in global genomic databases. The absence of pharmacogenomic testing, infrastructural deficiencies, financial constraints, and insufficient clinical integration hinder the widespread use of this technology in India. The Genome India Project and other national initiatives establish the foundation for pharmacogenomic-guided therapy. Utilizing genetic data, together with artificial intelligence-based predictive tools, for clinical decision-making may enhance medication safety and yield optimal outcomes in Indian cardio-oncology patients.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Artificial fish schools: collective effects of school size, body size, and body form.

Individual-based models of schooling in fish have demonstrated that, via processes of self-organization, artificial fish may school in the absence of a leader or external stimuli, using local information only. We study for the first time how body size and body form of artificial fish affect school formation in such a model. For a variety of group sizes we describe how school characteristics (i.e., group form, spread, density, polarization, turning rate, and speed) depend on body characteristics. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the nearest neighbor distance and turning rate of individuals are different for different regions in the group, although the agents are completely identical. Our approach shows the significance of both self-organization and embodiment in modeling of schools of artificial fish and, probably, in structuring schools of real fish.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Thyroid dysfunction and pregnancy].

The pregnancy is a state of thyroid hyperstimulation, therefore of changes of thyroid hormone values. Results of thyroid hormone measurement have to be analysed in the context of gestation age. Hyperthyroidism, mostly represented by Graves' disease, requires a multidisciplinary management, owing to possible maternal, foetal and neonatal complications. Treatment with antithyroid drugs, is a compromise between the risk of uncontrolled maternal hyperthyroidism and the risk of iatrogenic foetal hypothyroidism. Evaluation of foetal thyroid function considers the titre of thyrotropin receptor antibodies in the mother's blood, the dose of antithyroid drugs to maintain euthyroidism in the mother, and the signs of foetal hyperthyroidism on ultrasound. Maternal hypothyroidism is associated with foetal and maternal morbidity. Untreated or inappropriately treated, it is associated with poorer performances of offspring in intelligence tests. Thyroid autoimmunity is associated with hypofertility, particularly with spontaneous abortion. Screening for thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy, although not systematic, should have broad indications.

Antithyroid Agents↗
PubMed2004

Architectural mechanisms for dynamic changes of behavior selection strategies in behavior-based systems.

Behavior selection is typically a "built-in" feature of behavior-based architectures and hence, not amenable to change. There are, however, circumstances where changing behavior selection strategies is useful and can lead to better performance. In this paper, we demonstrate that such dynamic changes of behavior selection mechanisms are beneficial in several circumstances. We first categorize existing behavior selection mechanisms along three dimensions and then discuss seven possible circumstances where dynamically switching among them can be beneficial. Using the agent architecture framework activation, priority, observer, and component (APOC), we show how instances of all (nonempty) categories can be captured and how additional architectural mechanisms can be added to allow for dynamic switching among them. In particular, we propose a generic architecture for dynamic behavior selection, which can integrate existing behavior selection mechanisms in a unified way. Based on this generic architecture, we then verify that dynamic behavior selection is beneficial in the seven cases by defining architectures for simulated and robotic agents and performing experiments with them. The quantitative and qualitative analyzes of the results obtained from extensive simulation studies and experimental runs with robots verify the utility of the proposed mechanisms.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1996

Ingestion of fluoride dentifrice by a group of mentally handicapped children during toothbrushing.

The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of fluoride dentifrice ingested by mentally handicapped children during toothbrushing. A group of 24 mentally handicapped children, aged between 3 and 12 years, were used in the study. There were encouraged to brush in their usual way with a sodium fluoride dentifrice from a preweighed tube. Rinsings and excess dentifrice were collected, and fluoride analyses were performed on the rinsings and controls. The amount of fluoride retained was in the range of 14 to 269 micrograms, with a mean of 87 micrograms, equivalent to a mean retention of 23.5% of dentifrice. This is similar to findings of studies of children of normal intelligence. Thus, fluoridated dentifrices should be used by mentally handicapped children, but, as with all young children, small amounts of dentifrice should be used, preferably under direct adult supervision.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

[Psychometric changes as well as analgesic action and cardiovascular adverse effects of ketamine racemate versus s-(+)-ketamine in subanesthetic doses].

The intravenous anaesthetic ketamine is widely used in subanaesthetic doses as a potent analgesic in emergency and disaster medicine. At present, ketamine is commercially available only in its racemic form, although the S(+)-isomer has proved to be approximately three times as potent than the R(-)-isomer. In first clinical trials in Germany, S(+)-ketamine was reported to be markedly advantageous with regard to analgesia in anaesthetized patients. We therefore evaluated ketamine's analgesic and psychotropic effects in subanaesthetic doses given to healthy volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS. After institutional approval of the study by the university's Ethics Committee, 16 volunteers received ketamine racemate (1 mg/kg) and S(+)-ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) i.m. with 1-week intervals between injections in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Analgesia (electric pain stimulation of the median nerve), long-term memory, anterograde amnesia (recognition of simple pictures), motor coordination (Trieger test), immediate recall (short test of general intelligence) and concentration capacity (CI test: recognition of a preselected symbol among several symbols) were measured over a 60-min period and mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and ketamine plasma levels in venous blood samples were determined. Values were calculated as means and data were analysed by Wilcoxon's paired test for group comparison. RESULTS. Within 15 min, both agents induced a measurable degree of analgesia. After ketamine racemate, the level of pain tolerated increased from 38.8 +/- 14.0 to 57.0 +/- 13.7 mA and after S(+)-ketamine, from 36.9 +/- 10.5 to 53.3 +/- 15.2 mA. Ketamine racemate did not exert measurable effects on long-term memory, whereas anterograde amnesia was observed in 46% and 54% of the study subjects after 15 and 30 min, respectively. However, after S(+)-ketamine, only 8% of the volunteers demonstrated anterograde amnesia (P < 0.05). Immediate recall also declined in both groups (baseline: 5 points, after 15 min: 3.5 points for ketamine racemate, 4 points for S(+)-ketamine), whereas concentration capacity worsened from 14.5 +/- 3.8 s to 35.9 +/- 18.6 s after ketamine racemate and significantly less, from 14.8 +/- 2.5 s to 22.9 +/- 7.6 s, after S(+)-ketamine (P < 0.01). Furthermore, after 15 min, ketamine racemate induced an increase in heart rates from 73 +/- 15 b/min to 97 +/- 11 b/min, while S(+)-ketamine raised heart rates from 74 +/- 13 b/min to 89 +/- 11 b/min only (P < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure increased from 97 +/- 11 mmHg to 111 +/- 9 mmHg after ketamine racemate and from 92 +/- 11 mmHg to 110 +/- 13 mmHg after S(+)-ketamine (not significantly different). CONCLUSION. S(+)-Ketamine at half-dose of ketamine-racemate is as potent as ketamine-racemate in subanaesthetic doses with powerful analgesic properties. The (+)-isomer exerts less adverse effects on measurable cerebral functions and induces a significantly smaller increase in heart rate. Since states of impaired consciousness and disorientation are especially disturbing under emergency conditions, further investigations should be carried out to define S(+)-ketamine's position as a potent analgesic for therapeutic use in emergency and disaster medicine.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The action of dipyridamole to prevent thrombosis: practical implications for the treatment and prevention of stroke.

Aggrenox (Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany), a novel combination of low-dose aspirin with dipyridamole, represents a safe and promising combination alternative for mild but sustained platelet inhibition, and reduction of both arterial and venous thrombi occurrences. In a large, well-controlled randomized trial (ESPS-2 ) evaluating antiplatelet agents for stroke prevention, Aggrenox was twice as effective as monotherapy with either aspirin or dipyridamole. There is an increasing body of evidence that a delicate strategy with Aggrenox provides modest inhibition of platelet activity, especially in a chronic, long-term setting. Mild platelet inhibition beyond conventional aggregation may represent a substantial advantage over aggressive antiplatelet regimens for the treatment, and especially for secondary prevention, of cerebrovascular ischemic events. Although there is no doubt that the concept of inhibiting platelets is vital for the treatment of vascular ischemic disease in general and ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) in particular, the optimal degree of such inhibition still remains an unsolved mystery. It seems that the concepts of "the more, the better" and "one size fits all" may no longer be valid for ideal antiplatelet protection in such high-risk populations. Without routine individual laboratory assessment of platelet function, mild regimens have the advantage of being more suitable for the majority of patients and will contribute substantially to the success of dipyridamole. Conversely, if we can determine baseline platelet status and intelligently apply therapy based on platelet activity in each particular patient, clinical outcomes may be better. Avoiding excessive bleeding risks after aggressive strategies in patients with normal or already decreased platelet function, but targeting those who exhibit activated platelets, may improve risk stratification and save lives. Therefore, Aggrenox should be considered a drug of choice to prevent the second stroke. Eliminating, or at least minimizing, the most frequent side effect, namely transitory headaches at the beginning of therapy with Aggrenox, will benefit patients and increase the use of this agent. Should the PRoFESS (Prevention Regimen For Effectively avoiding Second Strokes) trial show an advantage in event reduction with Aggrenox over clopidogrel, the increase will be especially dramatic. In short, based on current evidence most guidelines include Aggrenox as a first-line option for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke or TIA, and some recent versions suggest it may be preferable in other clinical scenarios.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A dramatic loss of non-verbal intelligence following a right parietal ependymoma: brief case report.

Virtually all reports on the effects of focal brain lesions upon specific neuropsychological functions are based upon estimates of cognitive loss in persons following a lesion, without proof of premorbid capacity. This report presents the case of a 19-year-old left-handed male with assessment of Verbal and Performance I.Q. testing 1 year prior to a subsequent brain tumor for reasons unrelated to the neoplasm. The patient was then re-tested 23 months later, following the diagnosis and treatment of a supratentorial ependymoma in the right parietal region. His multi-modal treatment regimen included a partial surgical resection of the tumor, cranio-spinal irradiation with focal boost to the primary site, and chemotherapy. Results demonstrate a striking 58-point decline in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised (WAIS - R) Performance I. Q. with no significant change in Verbal I.Q. These findings clearly document the important cognitive functions associated with the right parietal lobe.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

An open benchmark and language models for AI in aging biology.

Over the past two decades, human aging has been characterized across DNA methylation, transcriptomic, proteomic, and clinical modalities, yet no benchmark evaluates whether AI systems can interpret these heterogeneous data types in the context of aging biology. We introduce LongevityBench, an open suite of 17 tasks spanning five biodata domains, and use it to assess 18 frontier AI systems from six developer teams. Despite recent advances in AI, no single model dominates all tasks, with omics-based age prediction being the hardest task regardless of scale. To test whether these gaps can be closed without frontier-scale resources, we fine-tuned a family of five multitask Longevity-LLMs on domain-specific aging data. The compact (0.6B-9B parameters) Longevity-LLMs matched or exceeded far larger frontier systems on LongevityBench, showing that general-purpose language models can be adapted to structured-omics tasks. We publicly release the benchmark, models, and Longevity Claw, an agentic research interface for aging researchers.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Effect of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation and dopatherapy on oral control in Parkinson's disease.

This study focuses on the speech organs of a parkinsonian patient who initially had been treated with levodopa for 13 years, and had become severely disabled by motor fluctuations. This patient has been treated with bilateral chronic stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) for the last 2 years. Upper lip, lower lip and tongue force production were examined before surgery under off and on medication conditions, and 2 years after surgery under off and on stimulation conditions. We compared the effect of stimulation and dopatherapy on the speech organs. L-Dopa had a poor effect whereas bilateral stimulation improved oral control and speech intelligibility. These results suggest that STN stimulation influences speech organs in a different way from the dopaminergic system and similarly affects oral and limb motor systems.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Inaccurate assessment of drug-induced thrombocytopenia: reason for concern.

OBJECTIVE: To report two cases in which patients were reputed to have exhibited thrombocytopenia secondary to the histamine-receptor blocking agent ranitidine. Evaluation and the associated time frame of events failed to confirm these observations. DESIGN: Two case studies. RESULTS: Ranitidine was ordered as part of the therapeutic course of two patients admitted to the medicine service. The development of thrombocytopenia in both patients was attributed to this agent and it was discontinued. In addition to ranitidine, both patients received several other agents with greater potential to cause thrombocytopenia, and had a time course of development of the adverse effect that would not support ranitidine as the offending agent. Both patients required histamine-receptor antagonists at some point following their discontinuation and, based on the available evidence, the pharmacy suggested that these agents be restarted. In neither case did restarting the histamine-receptor antagonist lead to recurrence of thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSIONS: Although ranitidine can cause thrombocytopenia, the reported incidence is very low. Spontaneous reporting of adverse effects is essential in establishing a true pattern of safety for a drug. However, reports need to be scrutinized before they are rolled into the collective intelligence. Overzealous or incomplete reporting will lead to cautions that are either unnecessary or, because they deny people necessary treatment, dangerous.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Development of an intelligent polymerized crystalline colloidal array colorimetric reagent.

We have developed a novel colorimetric reagent for the determination of Pb2+, pH, and temperature. This colorimetric reagent consists of a dispersion of approximately 100-microm particles composed of an intelligent polymerized crystalline colloidal array (IPCCA). The IPCCA particles are composed of a hydrogel polymerized around a face-centered cubic (fcc) array of monodisperse, highly charged polystyrene colloidal particles. These IPCCA particles diffract visible light because the (111) planes of the fcc polystyrene colloidal particle array have an approximately 200-nm lattice constant. The IPCCA particles also contain a molecular recognition agent that actuates array volume changes as a result of changes in analyte concentration or temperature. This results in changes in the IPCCA lattice constants, which shifts the wavelength of light diffracted. We report here the use of these sensing materials in a liquid dispersion that can be poured into a sample solution. This diffraction measurement method is analogous to X-ray powder diffraction measurements. The diffraction wavelength is monitored at a defined angle relative to the incident light.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation of drug reviews.

Drug reviews appearing in Clinical Pharmacy, Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy (DICP), Drugs, and Pharmacotherapy from January 1982 through December 1984 were evaluated for number, duplication among journals, timeliness, scope, and format. The design of this study was primarily quantitative rather than qualitative. Pharmacotherapy published the most reviews (49), followed by Drugs (43), Clinical Pharmacy (37), and DICP (29). Drugs and Pharmacotherapy published the largest number of unique reviews (agents not reviewed by the other journals during the study period), while Pharmacotherapy and Clinical Pharmacy published the most reviews on newly marketed drugs. Reviews of four drugs (acyclovir, moxalactam, ranitidine, and trazodone) were compared in terms of major sections, terminology and format, bibliography, use of tables and figures, scope of evaluative comments, and review process. Reviews in Drugs consistently contained the most references and tables and provided the most detail. Information was most accessible in Drugs, followed by Pharmacotherapy. Drugs used the largest panel of reviewers. All of the journals provided evaluative comments, although the scope varied. Continuing-education credit is available for review articles in Clinical Pharmacy and DICP. In selecting one or more of these journals, individuals or institutions should compare their needs with regard to the timeliness, scope, and format of the review articles in each journal.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed2006

Diagnosis of hepatic tumors with texture analysis in nonenhanced computed tomography images.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Computed tomography (CT) after iodinated contrast agent injection is highly accurate for diagnosis of hepatic tumors. However, iodinating may have problems of renal toxicity and allergic reaction. We aimed to evaluate the potential role of the computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) with texture analysis in the differential of hepatic tumors on nonenhanced CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study evaluated 164 liver lesions (80 malignant tumors and 84 hemangiomas). The suspicious tumor region in the digitized CT image was manually selected and extracted as a circular subimage. Proposed preprocessing adjustments for subimages were used to equalize the information needed for a differential diagnosis. The autocovariance texture features of subimage were extracted and a support vector machine classifier identified the tumor as benign or malignant. RESULTS: The accuracy of the proposed diagnosis system for classifying malignancies is 81.7%, the sensitivity is 75.0%, the specificity is 88.1%, the positive predictive value is 85.7%, and the negative predictive value is 78.7%. CONCLUSIONS: This system differentiates benign from malignant hepatic tumors with relative high accuracy and is therefore clinically useful to reduce patients needed for iodinated contrast agent injection in CT examination. Because the support vector machine is trainable, it could be further optimized if a larger set of tumor images is to be supplied.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1990

'Cryptic' mutagens and carcinogenicity.

CASE, the Computer Automated Structure Evaluation method, predicts that a fraction of the chemicals identified as 'non-genotoxic' carcinogens, i.e. rodent carcinogens which are not mutagenic in Salmonella, are, in fact, potential Salmonella mutagens. These chemicals are termed 'cryptic mutagens', i.e. agents that possess structural determinants which endow them with potential mutagenicity. Even though this potential is not expressed in Salmonella, it may be expressed in other systems such as in the mutagenic activation of oncogenes.

Animals↗