SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “MOLASSES”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

The effect of forage quality and level of feeding on digestibility and gastrointestinal transit time of oat straw and alfalfa given to ponies and donkeys.

Four donkeys and four ponies were fed molassed dehydrated alfalfa or oat straw, either ad libitum or restricted to about 70% ad libitum intake in a Latin-square design for four periods of 21 d. Measurements of apparent digestibility and gastrointestinal transit time were made on the last 7 d of each period. When the forages were provided ad libitum, all animals ate significantly more of the alfalfa than of the oat straw. Ponies consumed significantly more of both diets per unit live weight than donkeys. Higher apparent digestibilities of dietary DM, energy and fibre fractions were seen in donkeys, at both levels of feeding, compared with the ponies. This partly compensated for the lower intakes by the donkeys when fed ad libitum. When intake of alfalfa was restricted, the apparent digestibility of DM was higher compared with the corresponding values when fed ad libitum, but the reverse was true for straw. This may be because restriction of a low-quality diet reduced selection of the more digestible parts of the forage. Donkeys and ponies consumed more energy and protein than required when fed alfalfa ad libitum. Both oat straw treatments provided insufficient protein to meet the predicted requirements of ponies and donkeys. Straw intakes ad libitum exceeded the estimated energy requirement for ponies by 34-51%, but donkey energy requirements were only just met. When the amount of straw offered was restricted, 78-90% of the estimated energy requirement for donkeys was met compared with 90-105% for the ponies.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2002

Effect of concentrate crude protein level on grass silage intake, milk yield and nutrient utilisation by dairy cows in early lactation.

Twenty-one multiparous dairy cows were fed concentrates containing three levels (119, 154 and 191 g/kg DM) of crude protein (CP) during the first ten weeks of lactation. Part of the grain and molassed sugar beat pulp was substituted with 0% (RSM0), 15% (RSM15) or 30% (RSM30) repeseed meal. Wilted grass silage was fed ad libitum after calving. The average response between RSM0 and RSM15 was +1.66 kg milk/d per percentage unit change in concentrate CP content. No further response occurred between RSM15 and RSM30. The positive effect of RSM inclusion was seen throughout the experimental period and was associated with increased plasma non esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and decreased plasma insulin concentration one week after calving, and higher efficiency of metabolisable energy utilisation for milk production. Digestibility of the diet remained unaffected. Milk and plasma urea tended to increase with RSM30 indicating excessive supply of rumen degradable protein. Because of the limited potential of cows to compensate for a deficit in feed protein supply by mobilising tissue protein, a substantial milk yield response can be achieved with a moderate level of protein supplementation during early lactation.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1997

Airborne dust and aeroallergen concentrations in different sources of feed and bedding for horses.

Standardized methods were used to make quantitative and qualitative assessments of respirable dust and aeroallergens in feed and bedding for horses. Concentrations of airborne dust were measured by using a Rion particle counter, and levels of major aeroallergens implicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were measured by using an Andersen sampler. Laboratory conditions allowed comparison of the different sources of forage, supplements, and bedding without external influences such as ventilation, external temperature and horse activity affecting the result. Grass silages of approximately 50% dry matter and alfalfa pellets appeared to be very good sources of forage with low levels of dust and aeroallergens. The studied good quality straw was significantly less dusty with fewer allergens than the wood shavings. Supplements, such as whole grains and molassed concentrates, contained many respirable particles and aeroallergens. Rolled grains were significantly more dusty than good hay.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed1987

Reduction of 141Ce absorption in suckling rats.

The influence of diet or its ingredients on 141Ce absorption and retention was investigated in six-day-old rats. Animals were fed over 8h with cow's milk, rat diet or a mixture of rat diet ingredients (fish meal, sunflower meal, alfalfa, cane molasses and premix) labelled with 141Ce. Whole-body radioactivity was determined in a double crystal scintillation counter every 24 h over a six-day period. Gut, liver, kidney and femur retention and cerium distribution in the gut was determined at the end of the experiment. Compared to milk diet, administration of rat diet or ingredients caused respectively 3 and 7.5 times lower whole body retention. Carcass retention was reduced by rat diet or ingredients 2-3 times and intestinal retention 3 and 8 times respectively. Irrespective of the dietary treatment the main site of cerium intestinal retention was the ileum. Our present results indicate that some compounds of rat diet might be considered as a means of reducing cerium absorption and intestinal retention in the very young.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1983

Citrus fruits--varieties, chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation. Part II. Chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation. A. Chemistry.

In Part 2 of this review on citrus fruits, the literature on chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation are critically considered. Sweet oranges, mandarin, grapefruit, lemon, and lime are generally used for processing. The literature on chemical components of citrus fruit which include sugars, polysaccharides, oraganic acids, nitrogenous constituents and lipids; carotenoids which contribute to color; vitamins and minerals, and flavonoids; limonoids, some of which impart bitterness to the juice; and the volatile components which contribute to aroma have been reviewed. Chilled and pasteurized juices, juice concentrates, and beverages are the important products manufactured commercially, and to a limited extent powdered citrus juices, canned segments, and marmalades. The literature on the manufacture of these products also as new types of juice and oil extractors; TASTE and other types of evaporators; tank farms to store juice and concentrate in bulk; aseptic filling in bulk containers and retail packs; alternate flexible and rigid containers other than glass and tin; and recovery of volatile flavoring constituents during juice processing are some of the important technological developments in the recent past and have been discussed. Bitterness in citrus juices and its control, composition of cloud, and its stability and changes during storage have been reviewed. Essential oils, pectin, frozen and dried juice sacs, dried pulp and molasses, flavonoids, seed oil, and meal are the important byproducts, the manufacture of which is given in essential details. Generally, consumers judge the product on the basis of its sensory attributes. The quality of finished product is dependent upon the raw materials used and control of processes. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) standards for different products, physicochemical and microbiological parameters prescribed as indices of quality of fruit, juice, concentrate, and other products; composition of essential oils; and aroma concentrates are discussed in relation to sensory quality. Analytical methods for compounds affecting quality, and methods for detection of adulteration in different citrus products are briefly reviewed. The importance of sensorily evaluating quality of citrus products to select and develop quality control indices is emphasized. Areas where further research are required are indicated. A comprehensive bibliography is provided to aid further study and research.

Beverages↗

PubMed1983

Citrus fruits. Part II. Chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation. B. Technology.

In Part II of this review on citrus fruits, the literature on chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation are critically considered. Sweet oranges, mandarin, grapefruit, lemon, and lime are generally used for processing. The literature on chemical components of citrus fruit which include sugars, polysaccharides, organic acids, nitrogenous constituents and lipids; carotenoids which contribute to color; vitamins and minerals and flavonoids; limonoids, some of which impart bitterness to the juice; and the volatile components which contribute to aroma were reviewed in section A. Chilled and pasteurized juices, juice concentrates, and beverages are the important products manufactured commercially, and to a limited extent powdered citrus juices, canned segments, and marmalades. The literature on the manufacture of these products also as new types of juice and oil extractors; TASTE and other types of evaporators; tank farms to store juice and concentrate in bulk; aseptic filling in bulk containers and retail packs; alternate flexible and rigid containers other than glass and tin; and recovery of volatile flavoring constituents during juice processing are some of the important technological developments in the recent past and have been discussed in this section. Bitterness in citrus juices and its control, composition of cloud, and its stability and changes during storage have been reviewed. Essential oils, pectin, frozen and dried juice sacs, dried pulp and molasses, flavonoids, seed oil, and meal are the important byproducts, the manufacture of which is given in essential details. Generally, consumers judge the product on the basis of its sensory attributes. The quality of finished product is dependent upon the raw materials used and control of processes. In section C, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) standards for different products, physicochemical and microbiological parameters prescribed as indices of quality of fruit, juice, concentrate, and other products; composition of essential oils; and aroma concentrates are discussed in relation to sensory quality. Analytical methods for compounds affecting quality, and methods for detection of adulteration in different citrus products are briefly reviewed. The importance of sensorily evaluating quality of citrus products to select and develop quality control indices is emphasized. Areas where further research are required are indicated. A comprehensive bibliography is provided to aid further study and research.

Beverages↗

PubMed2004

Operational characteristics of effective removal of H2S and NH3 waste gases by activated carbon biofilter.

Simultaneous removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) gases from gaseous streams was studied in a biofilter packed with granule activated carbon. Extensive studies, including the effects of carbon (C) source on the growth of inoculated microorganisms and gas removal efficiency, product analysis, bioaerosol emission, pressure drop, and cost evaluation, were conducted. The results indicated that molasses was a potential C source for inoculated cell growth that resulted in removal efficiencies of 99.5% for H2S and 99.2% for NH3. Microbial community observation by scanning electron microscopy indicated that granule activated carbon was an excellent support for microorganism attachment for long-term waste gas treatment. No disintegration or breakdown of biofilm was found when the system was operated for 140 days. The low bioaerosol concentration emitted from the biofilter showed that the system effectively avoided the environmental risk of bioaerosol emission. Also, the system is suitable to apply in the field because of its low pressure drop and treatment cost. Because NH3 gas was mainly converted to organic nitrogen, and H2S gas was converted to elemental sulfur, no acidification or alkalinity phenomena were found because of the metabolite products. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate that the biofilter is a feasible bioreactor in the removal of waste gases.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2001

Sugar beet mash silage as a component of a total-mixed-ration for dairy cows--effects on parameters of digestion and animal performance.

Sugar beet mash silage (BMS) was offered in amounts up to 35% of DM to dairy cows as a component of a total-mixed-ration (TMR). Barley and molasses in the control ration were replaced by BMS half in ration BMS 1/2 and in total in ration BMS 1/1 on the basis of the calculated contents of net energy for lactation. Two trials were carried out. In trial I each ration was tested on parameters of rumen fermentation and digestibility of crude nutrients using 4 Holstein cows with rumen fistula. Chewing activity was tested on 2 Holstein cows for each ration. With the BMS rations the ruminal NH3 concentration was lower and the drop in pH was less than in the control ration. The pattern of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid from the BMS groups tended towards more propionic and butyric acid. The feeding of BMS showed no negative impact on chewing and rumination. Energy digestibility raised significantly from 59.8% in the control ration to 72.6% in the BMS 1/1 ration. In trial II the same rations were fed in a change-overdesign to a herd of 24 Holstein cows to test feed intake and animal performance. The results showed no significant effects of BMS rations on DM intake and milk production. The results of both trials indicate that even high amounts of cereals can be replaced by BMS without negative effects on rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk composition with slight drop in fat content. For a better handling of BMS, it is of advantage to include it in a TMR.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1979

[Motility of the rumen after feeding sheep pelleted rations].

In an experiment with wethers the effect of the feeding with pelleted feed rations and the partial replacement of coarse fodder by non-treated beech sawdust on the motorial activity of the rumen was observed. The rumen motility was measured through a rumen fistula by means of the balloon method with the help of a capacitator primary unit, an electric manometer and a recording instrument. Over a period of 24 weeks the animals consumed 1.3 kg dry matter per day. It consisted of 41.8% meadow hay, 25.3% barley, 15.4% sawdust, 15.0% molasses, 1.3% urea, 0.76% mixed minerals and 0.48% hexametaphosphate in the form of pellets (test group) or the traditional classical form (control group). The feeding of pellets diminished the frequency (P less than 0.001) and the intensity of rumen contractions before and 1, 3 and 5 hours after feeding. Maximal frequency values were registered one hour after the food intake. During this time the number of secondary contractions of the rumen increased; differences of the frequency were, however, not registered, which means that the different physical form of the diet had no influence on the motorial activity of the rumen and that the food intake as such is the decisive factor. The diminished rumen motility in further hours after feeding was effected by treating the feed (grinding and pelleting).

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1982

[The usefulness of polyethylene for quickly measuring the rate of food passage through the digestive tract of ruminants].

In experiments with 5 rams it was investigated whether it is possible to use pulverised polyethylene for measuring the passage rate of the feed through the digestive tract. Polyethylene of a particle diameter of 0.4 mm and the specific weight of 0.924 represented 1.78 and 3.56% of the pelleted diet, which contained 41.8% meadow hay, 25.3% barley, 15.4% beech sawdust, 15% molasses, 1.3% urea, 1.2% mixture of vitamins and minerals. After the single polyethylene application to 3 sheep the quota of its recovery in faeces was 68.9-74.4-87.4%. During the continuous polyethylene application over 8 days 64.8% was rediscovered, after the end of the application 80.25% (12th day). The best results in the quota of recovery were achieved after the application of the continuous daily ration with 25 g polyethylene per fistula during the feeding of a ground feed ration with additionally long hay. In this case the quota of the recovery of polyethylene was between 93.2 and 98.9%. The low quota of the recovery of polyethylene was probably caused by retention in the rumen and the large intestine, which was corroborated by the pathologic-anatomic dissection one month after the end of the experiment. Possibly there is a different explanation for the low quotas of recovery both in the size and the shape of the polyethylene particles and in the method of determination and the method of application.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1985

[Mean retention time of 51Cr-EDTA and 103Ru-phenanthroline in the digestive tract of sheep and bulls fed straw pellets].

Two lots of straw pellets (supplemented with 10% molasses), produced either with a 5 mm sieve in a hammer mill (lot A) or with a 12 mm sieve (lot B) from wheat straw, were tested with 4 sheep (wethers, average live weight 43 kg) and 4 bulls (average 170 kg). After carrying out a digestibility experiment, the mean retention time (mrt), the 80%-excretion of the markers and the transit time were ascertained with the help of 51Cr-EDTA and 103Ru-phenanthroline. The digestibility of carbohydrates (both crude fibre and N-free extracts) was significantly higher for the bulls than for the sheep. Mrt, transit time and 80%-marker excretion were ascertained as follows: (Table: see text) The better digestion performance of carbohydrates from pelleted wheat straw in bulls in contrast to the sheep is due to the longer retention time of the digesta in the digestive tract of bulls. In connection with the considerably higher ruminating capacity of cattle in comparison to sheep, a longer retention time of the straw particles (Welch, 1982) in the reticulo-rumen must be considered.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1985

[Nitrogen metabolism in the large intestine of ruminants. 1. Metabolism of i.v. infused 15N-urea without additional carbohydrate supply to the large intestine].

The experiments were carried out on 3 bulls (body weight: 172, 229 and 193 kg), equipped with ileo-caecal cannulas and with catheters in the jugular veins on both sides. The offered pelleted ration consisted of straw 73%, molasses 12%, cereals 10%, ammonium hydrogen carbonate 3% and urea 2%. Feed intake amounted to about 3 kg per animal and day. During a preliminary period of 5 days 50% of ileal digesta were collected for 12 hours daily, deep-freezed and stored. In the main experiment 15N-urea was infused intravenously for 24 hours. During this period and during the following 6 hours ileal digesta were collected and replaced by precollected, unlabelled digesta. The urea metabolism was estimated by the 15N-labelling of blood urea, by the 15N-excretion via faeces and urea, by the appearance of 15N in ileal digesta and by the 15N-labelling of faecal NAN, NH3 and bacterial fraction. The time course of the 15N-labelling of plasma urea during infusion can be described by an exponential function. The urea flux rate was estimated from the calculated plateau value. The flux rate for the 3 animals was 28.8, 30.7 and 34.8 mumol per minute per kg0.75, respectively. During the infusion of 15N-urea 1.0-2.4% of the infused amount of 15N' appeared in ileal digesta, half of it in the TCA precipitable fraction. At the same time the 15N-labelling of faecal NH3 increased sharply, however, the 15N-labelling of the faecal bacterial fraction was smaller by one order of magnitude. Deficiency of fermentable substrates and problems of inhomogenity of the NH3 pool are supposed as reasons for this result. 30 to 50% of the urea flux entered the digestive tract, the direct entry of urea into the large intestine seems to be only very low.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1986

[Nitrogen metabolism in the large intestine of ruminants. 2. Metabolism of i.v. infused 15N-urea by additional supply of fermentable material to the large intestine of bulls].

The experiment was carried out on 3 bulls with body weights of 201, 168 and 190 kg, respectively. The animals were equipped with a ileo caecal re-entrant cannula and with catheters in the jugular veins on both sides. The pelleted ration was composed of straw 70-72%, cereals 10%, molasses 12-41%, ammoniumhydrogencarbonate 3%, urea 2% and mineral mixture 1%. During a preliminary period ileal digesta were collected, deep-freezed and stored. During the main experiment 15N-urea was infused intravenously for 24 hours. In this period and during the following 6 hours outflowing ideal digesta were collected quantitatively. At the same time precollected, unlabelled digesta together with a supplement of partly hydrolysed straw meal were reintroduced into the caecal part of the cannula. Plasma urea-N, urinary-N as well as several N-fractions of faeces and digesta were analysed for 15N abundance. A urea flux rate of 27.9 +/- 3.4 mumol per minute per kg 0.75 was estimated. It was calculated that 52% of this amount of urea was transferred into the digestive tract. In both, digesta and faeces NH3-N was highest 15N-labelled indicating a direct urea entry and degradation in both segments of the digestive tract. The amounts of 15N-excess found during the period of digesta replacement were in faeces 0.25 and in ileal digesta 4.02% of the infused amount of 15N. Although the microbial utilization of endogenous urea-N was generally low in the large intestine there was a clear stimulation of this process due to the additional supply of the large intestine with a fermentable source.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Studies on nitrogen metabolism in the large intestine of ruminants. 5. Metabolism of intra-cecally infused 15N-urea without and with fermentable material in heifers].

Six heifers with a live weight of 215, 227 and 238 kg (experiment 1) and 220, 227 and 233 kg, resp. (experiment 2), were supplied with ileocaecal re-entrance cannulae, jugular venous catheters and bladder catheters. The ration consisted of 4 kg maize silage and 4 kg wheat straw pellets per animal per day. Up to 3.5 kg of the straw pellets, consisting of 73% wheat straw, 10% barley, 12% molasses, NPN salts and a mineral mixture, were consumed per animal per day. In a preliminary period 50% of the digesta flow was collected over 12 h/d on 5 consecutive days and stored in a deep-freeze. During the main trial the re-entrance cannula was disrupted and the flowing digesta were quantitatively collected at the end of the ileum; previously collected digesta were supplemented with 15N urea and every hour over 24 h infused into the caecal part of the re-entrance cannula. Between the 24th and 30th hours the digesta were infused without 15N urea supplement. In trial 2 the digesta were also supplemented with partly hydrolysed straw meal between the 1st and 30th hours (approximately 10% straw meal DM related to digesta DM). There were no differences between trials 1 and 2 with regard to the increase of atom-% 15N excess (15N') in the plasma urea. The 15N labelling decrease of the plasma urea N shows that the half-life is 7.9 h in trial 1 and 7.0 h in trial 2. The NH3 nitrogen in faeces was distinctly higher labelled in trial 2 after the supplement of straw meal than in trial 1. The total N in faeces was also twice as highly labelled as in trial 1. Atom-% 15N' in urine was significantly higher in trial 2 than in trial 1 between the 6th and 16th hours after the beginning of 15N urea supplementation. In the decrease curve of atom-% 15N' (after the 26th hour of trial) the values in trial 1 were generally higher than in trial 2. The higher bacterial protein synthesis in the large intestine in trial 2 (after the supplement of partly hydrolysed straw meal) had the effect that 13.6% of the supplemented 15N' was excreted in faeces by the 30th hour of trial, in contrast to this only 4.7% in group 1. Up to the 4th day after the 15N urea infusion these values increased to 16.2 and 6.1%, resp., only.

Animal Feed↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Sites of digestion in beef steers fed bermudagrass hay and supplemented with high-nitrogen feeds alone or mixed with tallow.

Five crossbred beef steers (329 kg) were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square experiment with 14-d periods to determine the effects of supplementation with high-nitrogen (N) feeds alone or mixed with tallow on sites of digestion with a basal diet of bermudagrass hay. Hay was 1.93% nitrogen, 75% neutral detergent fibre and fed at 1.83% of body weight (dry matter; DM). Supplements were basal (B; 105 g DM): 81.8% dried molasses product (DMP) and 18.2% calcium carbonate (CC); soybean meal (S; 942 g DM): 88.0% soybean meal, 9.8% DMP and 2.2% CC; S mixed with 9.8% tallow (SF; 1041 g DM); corn gluten and blood meals (CB; 662 g DM): 62.5% corn gluten meal, 20.8% blood meal, 13.6% DMP and 3.0% CC; CB mixed with 13.2% tallow (CBF; 757 g DM). Total N intake was 117, 185, 187, 174 and 172 g/d, and duodenal N flow was 121, 148, 143, 162 and 169 g/d for B, S, SF, CB and CBF, respectively, being lower for B than for other treatments and higher for supplements with the corn gluten and blood meal mix than for soybean meal (P less than 0.05). Duodenal microbial N flow was 39, 51, 49, 38 and 45 g/d for B, S, SF, CB and CBF, respectively, being greater (P less than 0.05) for supplements with soybean meal than with corn gluten and blood meals. Duodenal flow of feed N was greater (P less than 0.05) with than without high-N feeds and for supplemental corn gluten and blood meals than for soybean meal (78, 90, 86, 117 and 116 g/d for B, S, SF, CB and CBF, respectively). In conclusion, mixing of tallow and high-N feeds did not affect the extent of ruminal N disappearance, and soybean meal supplementation increased duodenal N flow less than did supplementation with corn gluten and blood meals. Increased duodenal N flow with soybean meal was associated with about equal elevations of ruminal outflow of microbial and feed N, whereas the corn gluten-blood meal mix affected the intestinal protein supply by increasing ruminal escape of feed protein.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1990

[Determination of a prececal N-absorption from natural feed by 15N-labeled laboratory rats using the isotope dilution method].

60 Wistar rats (5 animals/group) received 12 different feedstuffs over a period of 7 days and were simultaneously labelled with 15N (orally by means of 15NH4Cl in the feed). In the subsequent 5 days faeces were collected in order to determine the apparent and true digestibility of crude protein. On the 13th experimental day the animals were killed 3 hours after the intake of half the daily ration and the atom-% 15N excess (15N') was determined in the TCA-soluble and TCA-precipitable fractions of the blood plasma and the digesta of the 2nd and 3rd thirds of the small intestine. Precaecal N-absorption was calculated with the help of the quotient [formula: see text] the blood plasma and the digesta The following values (in %) were registered in comparison to true N-digestibility (in the following in brackets): casein = 95.8 (99.2), whole egg = 92.1 (97.5), fish meal = 85.8 (93.4), dried skimmed milk = 98.4 (96.1), soybean meal = 79.6 (90.6), assay protein = 94.2 (98.9), wheat = 92.9 (90.7), barley = 84.3 (84.8), yeast, grown on molasses = 85.6 (87.2), yeast, grown on whey = 86.1 (88.5), biomass of liquid manure = 43.6 (68.9), activated sludge = 54.4 (64.1). One can conclude that the isotope dilution technique demonstrated here as an evaluation method is very well suited for the characterization of the N-digestibility of a feedstuff in the small intestine.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1991

[Postileal nutrient digestibility in cattle].

Four heifers of an average live weight of 301 kg supplied with ileocaecal re-entrant cannulae received rations consisting of 4 kg hay (variants A und B), 1 kg coarse wheat meal, 0.4 kg molasses, 100 g urea and 30 g mixed minerals per animal and day. After a 14-day preliminary feeding period the ileum digesta was quantitatively collected at the re-entrant cannula over 24 h. 10% of the digesta were used for analysis, the remainder was heated to 37 degrees C and returned. Under consideration of the digesta passage through the colon the 24-hour collection of faeces was started after a 6-hour delay after the first replacement of digesta. Losses of nutrients were calculated from the values analysed from digesta and faeces. No differences could be ascertained between the two hay variants. On an average of the two rations the nutrient losses of the scaffold substances-equivalent to the digestibility in the colon-showed the following values: crude fibre = 10.6%, NDF = 10.4%, ADF = 11.9% and hemicellulose = 7.4%. The losses of the other nutrients, corresponding to their apparent digestibility, had the following values: crude protein = 12.1%, crude fat = 10.7%, N-free extracts = 18.9%, ash = 31.2%, dry matter = 17.5%. The water balance showed that 8.2 l water of the 23.4 l supplied with the ileum digesta were excreted in faeces.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2002

Properties of hydrogel materials used for entrapment of microbial cells in production of fermented beverages.

Approaches using immobilized biological materials are very promising for application in different branches of the food industry, especially in the production of fermented beverages. Materials tested by our team for the process of entrapment belong to the family of charged polysaccharides able to form beaded hydrogels by ionotropic gelation (e.g. alginate, pectate, kappa-carrageenan) and synthetic polymers (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol) forming bead- and lens-shaped hydrogels by thermal sol/gel transition. Concentration of a gel, conditions and instrumentation of gelation process, bead and size distribution, porosity, diffusion properties, mechanical, storage and operational stability, and many other parameters were followed and optimized. Our work has been oriented especially to practical applications of immobilized cells. Brewing yeast cells were successfully immobilized by entrapment materials and used in a process of batch and continual production of beer, including primary and secondary fermentation of wort. Other applications include continual production of ethanol by fermentation of different saccharide substrates (molasses, glucose syrup, wheat hydrolysate), mead and non-alcoholic beverages production.

Beer↗