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PubMed2000

Increasing prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in Danish cattle.

A study on the prevalence of mycoplasmas in pneumonic bovine lungs was performed on material submitted for diagnostic purposes at the Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen. Among the 50 examined cases 43 (86.0%) were found to be infected with mycoplasmas. The predominant mycoplasmas were Ureaplasma spp. (72.0%), M. dispar (48.0%) and M. bovis (24.0%). Other mycoplasmas were M. bovirhinis (20.0%) and M. bovigenitalium (6.0%). Among the infected lungs multiple species infections were predominant (76.7%) over single species infections (23.3%) with M. dispar-Ureaplasma (25.6%), M. bovis-Ureaplasma (18.6%) and M. dispar-M. bovirhinis-Ureaplasma (11.6%) infections being the most frequently encountered combinations. There appears to be an increasing prevalence of M. bovis (24.0%) as compared to earlier reports (0.6-2.0%), thus calling for special attention upon this mycoplasma. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of 11 field isolates of M. bovis from 9 different farms revealed different profiles except for 2 isolates which were recovered from the same farm. Because mycoplasmas belonging to the 'M. mycoides cluster' were not encountered during this study; it appears that the Danish cattle population is still free from this group of mycoplasma in spite of their presence in some other European countries.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Infertility of cattle caused by mycoplasmas.

Mycoplasmas have been well established as pathogens of the bovine urogenital tract, and produce pathologic lesions resulting in infertility. Serologic examination of cattle with infertility problems with Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis show a high incidence of positive reactors suggesting that mycoplasmas play an important role in bovine infertility. The similarities of pathologic lesions in the urogenital tract of cattle and women with infertility problems and the frequency of isolation of mycoplasmas from human females suggest closer examination for mycoplasmas in human infertility. Studies with bulls suggest that mycoplasmas as a cause of human male infertility should not be ignored.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Inactivation of Mycoplasma species involved in contagious agalactia.

The suitability of 5 agents for the inactivation of different field strains of the four mycoplasma species associated with contagious agalactia syndrome in goats, i.e. Mycoplasma agalactiae, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and Mycoplasma putrefaciens, was investigated. Immunoprophylaxis of this syndrome is still based on inactivated vaccines, which traditionally use formalin as the inactivating agent. Moreover, the limited information existing about this type of vaccine is only based on assays against Mycoplasma agalactiae. Our results showed that formalin (0.1%, 37 degrees C during 16 hours) and phenol (0.5%, 24 hours) were effective against all species tested. Surprisingly, binary ethileneimine (BEI), a classical virus-inactivating agent, also proved to be very effective when it was used in a 0.1 M concentration over 24 hours. With heat treatment, every species was inactivated at 60 degrees C. No satisfying results were obtained with purified saponin. To evaluate the harmful effects of each agent on mycoplasmal proteins, a representative strain was subjected to an effective inactivation protocol with each agent, which was monitored by Western immunoblotting. Immunoblotting was performed using sera of animals inoculated with the respective mycoplasma species, to compare the effect of all the agents on treated strains with untreated strains. The results confirmed that phenol, BEI and to a lesser extent also formalin inactivated all species without causing a significant damage while heat caused stronger damage on surface proteins. Future in vivo studies should be conducted because, as recently shown, the combined use of a suitable inactivant and adjuvant could give rise to the induction of certain cytokines and strong antibody production of a specific isotype pattern, thus opening ways to develop more efficacious inactivated vaccines against contagious agalactia.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Relationship between the endocervical mycoplasma infection and spontaneous abortion due to early embryonic death].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between endocervical mycoplasma infection and the spontaneous abortion due to the early embryonic death and the drug sensitivity to mycoplasma. METHODS: Endocervical swabs were taken from fifty normal pregnant women (normal group) and fifty-eight women with spontaneous abortion due to embryonic death. The swabs were used for ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) and mycoplasma hominis (MH) Cultivation respectively. The isolation rates of the two groups were comparedf. RESULTS: (1) In the embryonic death group, the positive rates of UU, MH and UU mixed with MH were 74.1% (43/58), 27.6% (16/58) and 20.7% (12/58) separately. In the normal female group, however, the positive rates correspondingly were the UU 48.0% (24/50), the MH 10.0% (5/50) and the UU mixed with MH 4.0% (2/50). There had significant differences of the positive rates between the two groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.05). (2) Drug sensitivity rates to mycoplasma were roxithromycin 94.6%, doxycycline 54.5% and ofloxacin 32.8%. (3) The infection rate of mycoplasma had no positive relationship with times of early embryonic death. CONCLUSIONS: (1) The endocervical mycoplasma infection could be one of the causes leading to the early embryonic death. (2) Roxithromycin was the most sensitive drug tested to mycoplasma.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMed2005

Colonization of mycoplasma in the upper respiratory tract of AIDS patients with pulmonary symptoms in Chennai, India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Mycoplasmas have been implicated in causing minor to severe respiratory infections in man. Mycoplasmas are considered to act as cofactors in patients with AIDS. A preliminary study was conducted to isolate mycoplasmas from sputum specimens of AIDS patients and non-HIV patients with underlying pulmonary symptoms and signs. METHODS: A total of 130 sputum samples (100 from AIDS patients and 30 from non-HIV) were cultured on standard pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) glucose agar up to 3 wk. The plates were examined for the presence of fried-egg colonies characteristic of Mycoplasma. Subsequently the plates were stained using Diene's stain. Sputum specimens from the AIDS patients were also screened for other bacterial pathogens. RESULTS: Mycoplasmas were detected from 36 (36%) of the AIDS patients and only 5 (16.6%) of the non HIV control individuals with underlying pulmonary symptoms. Data on the detection rates of other microorganisms from the AIDS cases were also analysed. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: This preliminary study provided supportive evidence that mycoplasma colonized in upper respiratory tract of individuals with AIDS to a larger extent than that of the non HIV subjects with pulmonary symptoms. Further studies need to be done to characterize mycoplasma isolates to species level.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed2006

[Female urogenital mycoplasma infection and drug sensitivity status in Changsha].

OBJECTIVE: To survey mycoplasma infection in female urogenital tract and analyze the drug sensitivity of mycoplasma in Changsha. METHODS: Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) and Mycoplasma hominis (Mh) were detected in 6566 cases of female urogenital tract infection by means of mycoplasma culture and drug sensitivity reagent kit. Sensitivity tests for 10 antibiotics were also performed. RESULTS: A total of 2938 cases were mycoplasma-positive (positivity rate of 44.75%), including 2469 Uu-positive cases (37.6%), 52 Mh-positive cases (0.08%) and 417 cases positive for both Uu and Mh (6.35%). Josamycin, doxycycline, clarithromycin and azithromycin were more effective against Uu infection. Josamycin, doxycycline and thiamphenicol were more effective against Mh infection. Mixed infection with Uu and Mh was more resistant to most antibiotics but Josamycin and doxycycline. CONCLUSION: The female urogenital mycoplasma infection results mainly from Uu. Compared with simple Uu or Mh infection, mixed infection with Uu and Mh has significantly greater resistance to a wider variety of drugs. Josamycin and doxycycline are the primary choice for female urogenital mycoplasma infection in Changsha.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

[Detection of mycoplasmas in eye swab specimens of cattle].

In the present investigation 262 conjunctival swabs were taken from 178 cattle and examined for mycoplasmas. The isolation was possible from 111 swabs. Mycoplasmas were found in eyes with clinical symptoms of IBK (in 64 of 148 swabs investigated = 43.2%) as well as in healthy eyes (in 47 of 114 swabs investigated = 41.2%). Consequently a correlation between clinical findings and isolation of mycoplasmas could not be observed. Unfortunately 60 of 111 isolates could not be subcultivated after storage at -20 degrees C. Using the indirect immunofluorescence test 41 of the 42 surviving isolates were identified as M. bovoculi which before has not been isolated in the Federal Republic of Germany. One isolate was determined as A. laidlawii. The 17 M. bovoculi strains investigated for their biochemical reactions showed the same characteristics like the reference strain M. bovoculi M 165/69. In repeating examinations mycoplasmas could be isolated 5 times after one month and 14 times after 6 months. Cattle younger than 2 years were more often infected with mycoplasmas (62.5%) than older animals (19.4%). No difference, however, could be observed in the clinical manifestations of IBK between younger and older animals. Mycoplasmas were more frequently isolated in autumn (43.6%) than in spring (21.4%) and summer (29.3%). In most of the animals examined both eyes were colonized by mycoplasmas. No spiroplasmas could be detected in the 262 conjunctival swabs investigated.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[Detection certainty of the contamination of bull sperm with mycoplasma].

Tests for presence of mycoplasmas were conducted on 20 insemination bulls known as mycoplasma spreaders, with 5 sperm pellet batches of 20 pellets each being investigated for each animal. Mycoplasma contamination was positively recorded from 83 of the above 100 batches. Mycoplasma (M.) bovigenitalium, M. californicum. M. arginini, M. bovirhinis, and Acholeplasma laidlawii were typed by means of indirect immunofluorescent technique, which confirmed the presence also in the GDR of mycoplasma species described in the literature and detected in sperm samples. The solid culturing media used in the above tests, medium-B agar and cattle blood agar with staphylococcal nutrix, proved to be equally suitable for isolation of mycoplasma from sperm samples. Mycoplasma was positively identified in about one third of all pellets/batches tested. 3 pellets to one batch should be sufficient a random sample size from which to obtain information at least very close to real contamination.

Acholeplasma laidlawii↗

PubMed1988

[Mycoplasma infections of the kidneys].

From the urine cultures of 1238 patients with renal or suspicious for renal disease mycoplasmas were isolated in 119 (9.6%). In 75 patients the mycoplasmas were typified. In 56 patients M. hominis and in 24 patients Ur. urealyticum were isolated. In 52 patients there were data for pyelonephritis, in 46 patients there was no renal infection. In 21 patents there were mycoplasmas and arterial hypertension without sufficient data for pyelonephritis. In the group of patients with pyelonephritis and arterial hypertension the infection with M. hominis, which is considered pathogenic for the kidneys, prevailed. In 23 patients a mixed flora was isolated and in 19 of them there was pyelonephritis. In 33 patients (27.7%) there were data for pyelonephritis and an independent Mycoplasma infection. Cases with Mycoplasma hominis prevailed. It is isolated in 16 out of 20 typified strains. All isolated mycoplasmas showed high sensitivity to tetracycline and gentamycin. 51 patients were treated by antibiotics. 35 patients were treated with methacycline, 33 of them successfully. 10 patients were treated with other antibiotics. The tetracyclines are recommended for the treatment of Mycoplasma infections.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Induction of NKCF-like activity in mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell culture: direct involvement of mycoplasma infection of tumor cells.

Co-culture of CBA/J spleen cells and certain lines of YAC-1 stimulators resulted in the appearance of NKCF-like activity in 24- to 48-hr supernatants. Numerous other in vitro cell lines were effective stimulators of this splenic cytotoxic factor (SCF). The cells participating in SCF production were absent from normal thymocytes and were present in BALB/c nu/nu spleen, were nonadherent, asialo GM1+, and bore low levels of Thy-1.2. SCF could mediate lysis of certain NK-sensitive tumor targets in an 18-hr 51Cr-release assay. However, the induction of SCF was not correlated with the ability of a particular cell line to be lysed by NK cells, but showed an absolute correlation with the presence of mycoplasma contamination in cultured tumor cell lines. Mycoplasma negative cell lines, including an uninfected but NK-sensitive subline of YAC-1, were unable to induce SCF. Decontamination of mycoplasma-infected lines with antibiotics or by passage through syngeneic mice abrogated the ability of infected tumor cells to stimulate SCF. The ability to induce SCF could be restored by reinfection with mycoplasma. Tumor cell-free supernatants from contaminated cultures were mitogenic for CBA spleen cells and could themselves induce SCF activity in spleen cell supernatants. SCF production and the agent responsible could be removed by passing such supernatants through 0.1-micron filters. The organism apparently responsible for SCF induction from CBA spleen cells was typed and found to be Mycoplasma orale, a nonfermentative, arginine-dependent, common tissue culture contaminant. About 50 to 60% of SCF activity could be removed by 0.1-micron filters, suggesting that SCF is composed of two components: mycoplasma organisms themselves and a soluble cytotoxic factor produced in response to mycoplasma.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

A transport medium for murine mycoplasma.

A medium was investigated for transportation of Mycoplasma pulmonis pure cultures and swabs from animals suspected of having Mycoplasma pulmonis infections. The medium was developed because many culture specimens from animals carry an abundance of contaiminating bacteria masking in vitro growth of Mycoplasma pulmonis. Commonly occurring contaminants were identified, and their antibiotic sensitivities were quantified. The combination of carbenicillin, tribrissen and polymixin B was found to inhibit contaminating bacteria and allow Mycoplasma pulmonis to grow in the transport medium. Mycoplasma pulmonis survived under a wide range of temperatures for extended periods of time in the transport medium. Actual shipment of the medium containing Mycoplasma pulmonis demonstrated its value as a transport medium. The transport medium not only protected Mycoplasma pulmonis in transit but also was selective in promoting its growth in vitro.

Agar↗

PubMed1981

Laboratory diagnosis of animal mycoplasma infections.

Laboratory diagnosis of animal mycoplasma infections is generally based on isolation of the mycoplasmas from the diseased tissues, followed by biochemical and serological identification of the isolates. However, the presence of serum antibodies and the demonstration of circulating antigen or antigen in infected lung tissue has also proved invaluable in the diagnosis of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. The isolation of a particular mycoplasma from a diseased tissue does not necessarily imply a causal relationship. It is important to know the pathogenicity potential of the mycoplasma in question, the number of mycoplasmas present, the presence of any other potentially pathogenic microorganisms and any other relevant information before the role of the mycoplasma can be assessed and a diagnosis of mycoplasma infection given.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Monoclonal antibodies reacting with immunogenic mycoplasma proteins present in human hematopoietic cell lines.

During studies of human hematopoietic cells, two novel anti-mycoplasma monoclonal antibodies reacting in human cell surface binding assays were generated. These monoclonal antibodies define antigens (called MP71 and MP33) that showed variable positive and negative expression in different cultures of the same human cell lines. Furthermore, negative cell cultures could be converted to positive cultures upon incubation with filtered media from a previously positive cell culture. A DNA staining assay was used to demonstrate the presence of mycoplasma in the cultures positive for MP71. The expression of MP71 on a panel of cell lines always correlated with the expression of MP33, suggesting that the latter antigen is also mycoplasma related. The monoclonal antibodies against both antigens (MP71 and MP33) were each able to block the growth of mycoplasma newly transferred to hematopoietic cell cultures. Biosynthesis of these mycoplasma antigens differed from biosynthesis of host cell surface antigens in that the former showed a relative insensitivity to gamma irradiation. Internal labeling with 35S-methionine or host cell surface labeling with 125I and analysis by immunoprecipitation showed that the antigens MP71 and MP33 had sizes of Mr 71,000 and 33,000, respectively. Also the antigen MP71 was almost completely, although transiently, cleared from the host cell surface by trypsin. Growth inhibition analysis of different mycoplasma species indicated that the monoclonal antibody recognizing MP71 was uniquely reactive with Mycoplasma hyorhinis.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed1981

General principles of laboratory diagnosis of mycoplasma infections.

Laboratory diagnosis includes 1) methods for direct microscopic demonstration of mycoplasma cells and antigens in animal and plant tissues or excreta, and cell cultures, 2) methods for isolation and growth of mycoplasmas from the said sources, and 3) techniques for identification and classification of mycoplasma isolates by a) determination of biochemical characteristics, and b) serological tests. A great many techniques are available for each of these purposes. Some of them have been used routinely for several years. Other methods that appeared promising when they were first introduced have never obtained general usage or they have more limited applications. Pertinent techniques will be reviewed and described. For demonstration of mycoplasmas in tissues, particular emphasis will be placed on immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase tests. Attempts at isolation and cultivation of mycoplasmas should take into consideration the source, collection and transport of materials, elimination of growth-inhibiting factors in animals and plant tissues, special growth requirements of mycoplasmas, and the importance of cloning of cultures as a preliminary to further characterization. Although a number of biochemical tests are available for general characterization of mycoplasma isolates, precise identification of the species can usually be made only by serological techniques. For that purpose, growth inhibition, immunofluorescence, and (in the case of spiroplasmas) the deformation test combine the advantages of being highly specific and relatively easy to perform, and hence have obtained most widespread usage.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Mycoplasmas and mycoplasmosis: the etiopathogenetic problems and nosological, clinical and diagnostic advances].

Authors point out, on the basis of literature and of their own experience, the following aspects of Mycoplasma infections: 1) Genetical and biological progresses, especially related to pathogenetic aspects and diagnostic procedures. 2) Recent clinical and diagnostic findings of M. pneumoniae infections: "bacteria-like" pulmonary presentations by mycoplasmas (and, on the contrary, "virus-like" pulmonary presentations by bacteria); atypical kinds of pulmonary presentations by mycoplasmas; role of autoimmunity in extrapulmonary involvement. 3) Relationship among mycoplasmas, immune system and autoimmune diseases, with particular regard to animal models and to the Mycoplasma "superantigen". 4) Appearance of new pathogens and of a new spectrum of Mycoplasma infections: genito-urinary involvement by Ureaplasma urealyticum and by M. Hominis; relationship between Mycoplasma spp. and HIV infection.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1993

Mycoplasmas as cofactors in infection due to the human immunodeficiency virus.

Results obtained in vitro suggest that mycoplasmas act as cofactors with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the development of AIDS. Mycoplasmas, including Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma pirum, and Mycoplasma penetrans have since been isolated from HIV-infected individuals. In addition, M. fermentans has been detected by different investigators in numerous tissues and in the blood of HIV-infected patients. Higher titers of antibodies to M. penetrans have also been found in HIV-infected patients as compared with noninfected individuals. These mycoplasmas have been shown to have the capacity to invade cells and to be potent immunomodulators. Although there is no doubt that mycoplasmas are found in HIV-infected individuals and eventually produce systemic infections, their pathogenic role in association with HIV remains to be determined.

HIV Infections↗

PubMed1997

Mycoplasma in urine and blood following catheterisation of patients undergoing vascular surgery.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this investigation was to determine if mycoplasmas enter the bloodstream after urinary tract catheterisation in patients undergoing vascular surgery in order to evaluate the efficiency of the routine prophylactic antibiotic treatment. DESIGN: Prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 patients (63 men and 37 women) undergoing elective vascular surgery had urine and blood cultures performed for mycoplasmas. Blood cultures were taken preoperatively after urinary tract catheterisation and the urine was collected during catheterisation. The median age of the patients was 67 years (range 42-87). RESULTS: A total of 12 (12%), 5 men and 7 women, had a positive urine culture for mycoplasmas (One patient had Mycoplasma hominis and 11 had Ureaplasma urealyticum isolated). Their median age was 60 years (range 42-76). No blood cultures were positive for Mycoplasma. CONCLUSIONS: Mycoplasmas do not enter the blood-stream after catheterization in sufficient amounts and sufficiently often to be detected by blood-cultures in this small patient sample. The number of vascular patients harbouring mycoplasmas in the urine was low and we found no indication for changes in the prophylactic antibiotic treatment based on these findings.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Mycoplasma genetic variation and its implication for pathogenesis.

Several pathogenic mycoplasma species are known etiologic agents of diseases in man and animals, which typically involve the respiratory tract, urogenital tract and joints and often show chronicity. Although the basis for this chronicity is not well understood, it is apparent that several species of pathogenic mycoplasmas are endowed with a sophisticated genetic machinery for altering their surface attributes. This surface phenotypic variation is thought to play a key role in the establishment and persistence of mycoplasma infections by enabling evasion of host defences and by ensuring adaptation to the rapidly changing microenvironmental conditions encountered in the host. The variability of mycoplasma surface characteristics results both from reversible ON- and OFF-switching of distinct membrane surface proteins (phase variation), from structural changes of these proteins (size variation) and from changes in their surface presentation (epitope masking and demasking). The majority of these surface proteins that are subject to variation are encoded by multiple variant single-copy genes and are lipid-modified proteins which represent the major coat proteins and surface antigens of several pathogenic mycoplasmas. Variable surface lipoproteins play an important role in the pathogenesis of a mycoplasma infection by providing escape from immune response, and probably by influencing both colonization of and translocation across the mucosal barrier. In this minireview, recent developments regarding the genetic mechanisms and the functional significance of surface lipoprotein variation in the pathogenesis of mycoplasma infections are summarized.

Animals↗