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PubMed1977

A new selective medium for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes.

A new selective medium for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), is described. The medium contained propolis, nalidixic acid, polymyxin B and rivanol as selective substances. The new medium (propolis-agar) was compared with two other selective media and one nonselective medium. No inhibitory effect was found on the 6 strains of Lm tested, and Lm was easily isolated from a mixture of Lm and contaminating bacteria. The selective effect was better than for the two other selective media tested.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1997

[Study on the inactivated vaccine of Gardnerella vaginalis of fox. VI. Experimental development of the inactivated vaccine of Gardnerella vaginalis of fox].

The aluminum hydroxide gel, propolis and oil adjuvant inactivated vaccines were developed by silecting good immunity, representing principal epidemic serotype I GVF44 of Gardnerella vaginalis of fox in civil. The results showed that the aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine in safety was better than propolis and oil adjuvant vaccines, the most optimal inactivated concentration of formalin is 0.1%. Efficient immunity doses are 4 billon bacteria/1 ml. There were on any bad influences to occur for fox after the aluminum hydroxide gel of three times immunity doses were injected. The inoculated foxes could resist challenge of a hundred ID50 virulent strains after the vaccine was injected to foxes for 21 d. Immunity period of the vaccine is 6 months storage period is 10 months at 4-10 degrees C. The field experiments confirmed that the vaccine possessed accuracy, stability and reliability.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Antibacterial effect of plant extracts against Helicobacter pylori.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of plant extracts as alternative and[sol ]or as active agents supporting antibiotics for treating Helicobacter pylori infection. The effect of either, ethanolic or aqueous extracts from 17 plant materials were studied against one H. pylori standard strain and 11 clinical isolates using a disc diffusion test and by evaluating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on solid media. An inhibitory activity against H. pylori strains was recorded in a large percentage of tested plants. MIC values of ethanolic extracts were from two to four concentration steps lower than the aqueous ones. In particular, ethanolic extracts of Cuminum cyminum L. and Propolis expressed MIC90 values of 0.075 mg/mL. The results show a significant in vitro effect of plant extracts against H. pylori that could be considered a valuable support in the treatment of the infection and may contribute to the development of new and safe agents for inclusion in anti-H. pylori regimens.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2006

Protections of pinocembrin on brain mitochondria contribute to cognitive improvement in chronic cerebral hypoperfused rats.

To study effects of pinocembrin, a natural compound extracted from propolis, on cognitive ability impaired by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats, and if it did so, to investigate its effects on brain mitochondria. Rat chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was achieved by permanent bilateral common carotid arteries ligation, with regional cerebral blood flow evaluated. Cognitive ability was tested by Morris water maze task. Production of reactive oxygen species and origin targets including mitochondria membrane potential, respiratory chain complex I, complex III activities and mitochondria swelling degree were evaluated. Cytochrome oxidase was determined on its expression level by western blotting. Pinocembrin alleviated cognitive impairments in Morris water maze and decreased mitochondria reactive oxygen species production, in accordance with its improvements on complex I activity, membrane potential level, mitochondria swelling degree and cytochrome oxidase deficits. Pinocembrin could improve rat cognitive impairments induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, contributed to its protections on brain mitochondria structure and function.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Screening of novel nuclear receptor agonists by a convenient reporter gene assay system using green fluorescent protein derivatives.

Nuclear receptors represent a very good family of protein targets for the prevention and treatment of diverse diseases. In this study, we screened natural compounds and their derivatives, and discovered ligands for the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). In the reporter assay systems of nuclear receptors presented here, two fluorescent proteins, enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) and enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP), were used for detection of a ligand-based induction and as an internal control, respectively. By optimizing the conditions (e.g., of hormone response elements and promoter genes for reporter plasmids), we established a battery of assay systems for ligands of RARs, retinoid X receptor (RXR) and FXR. The screening using the reporter assay system can be carried out without the addition of co-factors or substrates. As a result of screening of more than 140 compounds, several compounds were detected which activate RARs and/or FXR. Caffeic acid phenylethyl ester (CAPE), known as a component of propolis from honeybee hives, and other derivatives of caffeic acid up-regulated the expression of reporter gene for RARs. Grifolin and ginkgolic acids, which are non-steroidal skeleton compounds purified from mushroom or ginkgo leaves, up-regulated the expression of the reporter gene for FXR.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Antioxidative natural product protect against econazole-induced liver injuries.

The study objective of this research is in order to investigate the hepatoprotective and therapeutic effects of propolis ethanol extract (PEE) on acute econazole-induced liver injury. Positive control of various concentrations of PEE on liver function and the dose-response relationship of liver injury induced by various doses of econazole were firstly observed from biochemical assay of serum level of aspartate transaminase (SGOT) and serum alanine transaminase (SGPT) and histopathological microscopic examination. The hepatoprotective effects of various concentration of PEE on liver damage induced by hepatotoxic dose (300 mg/kg) of econazole were observed by the obvious decrement of SGOT and SGPT level and further confirmed by hepatohistological microscopic examination. The inhibitory effects of PEE on FeCl(2)-induced (in vitro) or econazole-induced (in vivo) lipid peroxidation were investigated from the measurement of the formed malonic dialdehyde (MDA) level in the rat liver homogenate. The IC(50) (microM) of various concentrations of PEE in the superoxide scavenging activity in econazole (300 mg/kg)-damaged rat liver homogenate were assessed by cytochrome c reduction method and compared with that of (+)-alpha-tocopherol. It could be postulated that the hepatoprotective effect of PEE may be, at least in part, due to their inhibitory ability on membrane lipid peroxidation and free radical formation or due to their free radical scavenging ability.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMed2006

Immunologic synergism with IL-2 and effects of cCHMIs on mRNA expression of IL-2 and IFN-gamma in chicken peripheral T lymphocyte.

Two compound Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients (cCHMIs) were prepared, respectively, with epimedium polysaccharide plus propolis flavone (cCHMIs 1) and astragalus polysaccharide plus ginsenoside (cCHMIs 2). In animal immune experiment, Newcastle disease vaccine was mixed, respectively, with two cCHMIs and IL-2 to vaccinate 15-day-old chicken in experimental groups. On days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after vaccination, the dynamic changes of serum antibody titers were tested by micro-method. In gene expression experiment, each cCHMIs, at three concentrations, was added into cultured chicken peripheral T lymphocyte. After cultivation of 7h, the expression of IL-2 mRNA in the cell, 24h, IFN-gamma mRNA, were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay. The results showed that two cCHMIs, whether single or cooperative injection with IL-2, could significantly raise the antibody titers, while immunologic synergisms of two cCHMIs with IL-2 were unconspicuous. cCHMs 1 at three doses and cCHMIs 2 at high dose could remarkably promote the expression of IL-2 mRNA in chicken T lymphocyte, two cCHMIs at three doses, the expression of IFN-gamma mRNA, which could explain why the immunologic synergism of cCHMIs with IL-2 was not obvious.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2000

Antimutagenicity of ethanol extracts of bee glue against environmental mutagens.

The antimutagenicity of ethanol extracts of bee glue (propolis) (EEBG) was evaluated, using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 as a test model, against two direct mutagens, 4-nitro-O-phenylenediamine (4-NO) and 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), and two indirect mutagens, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) with S9 mix. EEBG was shown to suppress the mutagenicity of these compounds in a dose-dependent fashion. To delineate the mechanism of action of the antimutagenic effects of EEBG on the two indirect mutagens IQ and B[a]P, two possible points of blocking were considered: (1) cytochrome P-450 activity (route 1) and (2) interaction with microsome-generated proximate mutagens to generate an inactive complex (route 2). Our results clearly demonstrated, at a very low dose, remarkable suppression of the mutagenicity of both compounds by inhibiting either route 1 or route 2 pathway. Further studies indicated that EEBG was capable of inhibiting both the activities of hepatic cytochrome P-450 IA1-linked 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and IA 2-linked 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECD) in a similar dose-dependent manner. Taken together, we demonstrated that EEBG was a good inhibitor for mutagenicity of direct mutagens, 1-NP and 4-NO, as well as for the indirect mutagens IQ and B[a]P in the presence of S9 mix via inactivation of microsomal enzyme activities (e.g. EROD and ECD) or antagonizing metabolic generation of the proximate mutagens of IQ and B[a]P.

7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase↗

PubMed1999

Effects of some probable antioxidants on selenite-induced cataract formation and oxidative stress-related parameters in rats.

The effect of several natural and synthetic compounds on selenite-induced cataract was investigated in rat pups. Simultaneous determination of glutathione S-transferase (GST), selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were carried out in the lens, erythrocyte and plasma. The results showed that propolis, diclofenac, vitamin C (Vit-C) and quercetin prevented cataract formation to the extent of 70, 60, 58.4, and 40%, respectively. Standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (Egb 761) did not affect the cataract formation. Selenite treatment caused a significant decrease in the activity of erythrocyte SOD. This was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the levels of MDA either in lens and in plasma. A significant increase was shown in erythrocyte GST (substrate ethacrynic acid; eaa), and GPx activities and lens GST (substrate chlorodinitro benzene; cdnb) activity. Antioxidant treatment caused significant changes in enzyme activities and MDA levels. There was no effect of selenite and antioxidants on total body weight increase during the course of the study. Blood parameters did not correlate to lens parameters following selenite treatment. Our results suggest that antioxidant supplementation following selenite exposure may prevent the cataract formation and may enhance antioxidant defence of blood and lens.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

First total synthesis of artepillin C established by o,o'-diprenylation of p-halophenols in water.

We have demonstrated that prenylation of p-halophenols was dependent on the solvent effect and succeeded in o,o'-diprenylation of p-halophenols in water. Following the Mizoroki-Heck coupling of the diprenyl-p-iodophenol 3c with methyl acrylate and then hydrolysis, we first synthesized artepillin C [3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-di(3-methyl-2-butenyl)phenyl)-2(E)-propenoic acid] (1), which is a biologically active constituent of propolis. These reactions may be applicable to the synthesis of various useful natural products such as 2,4,6-trisubstituted phenol derivatives.

Brazil↗

PubMed2005

Patch test reactions to cosmetic allergens in 1995-1997 and 2000-2002 in Finland--a multicentre study.

Contact sensitivity to cosmetics is common, but the sensitizing chemicals vary between countries and study periods. The present survey aimed at revealing the recent trends in patch test sensitivity with cosmetic chemicals in Finland. We report a retrospective multicentre survey of patch test reactions focusing on cosmetic-related substances and comparing the test results in 1995-97 with those in 2000-02. The most striking increases in the frequency of the patch test sensitivity were found with balsam of Peru and propolis from 4.0% to 6.2% (P < 0.001) and from 0.5% to 1.4% (P < 0.001), respectively, whereas the most prominent decreases were found with methylchloro/methylisothiazolinone and chlorhexidine diglugonate from 2.4% to 1.3% (P < 0.001) and from 1.2% to 0.5% (P < 0.001), respectively. The level of patch test sensitivity to methyldibromo glutaronitrile increased, although not significantly, from 1.0% to 1.5%. An increasing tendency was also found with hair dye chemicals 4-aminophenol and toluene-2,5-diamine or toluene-2,5-diamine sulfate from 1.3% to 3.8% and from 1.4% to 5.2%, respectively, while such a tendency was not found among permanent wave chemicals. The sensitivity level of fragrance mix remained the same (6% - 7%). We conclude that surveys revealing the state of sensitivity to cosmetic chemicals should be performed periodically in different countries.

Allergens↗

PubMed1983

Contact dermatitis due to honeybee royal jelly.

A woman who had ingested honeybee royal jelly as a nutrient, showed an exacerbation of dermatitis when it was applied to her feet. A topical fungicide also aggravated her skin lesions. Patch testing showed positive reactions to the royal jelly, pyrrolnitrin in the fungicide and urushiol. Positive reactions to the royal jelly were found in 2 out of 10 controls, 1 of whom was sensitive to propolis.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Assessment of antioxidant activity of natural compound by water- and lipid-soluble antioxidant factor].

We evaluated the antioxidant activity of natural compounds in water-soluble and lipid-soluble phases and found that ferulic acid, quercetin and caffeic acid showed stronger activity in the water-soluble phase. Various fractions isolated from Bidens pilosa showed this activity mainly in the water-soluble phase. Antioxidant activity in the lipid-soluble phase of propolis depended on the lipophilic extraction.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed1998

Skin healing preparations: compared in vitro diffusion of the active ingredients.

We have developed skin healing preparations based on propolis extract:ointments, emulsions, and transparent oil-water (TOW) gels. The formulations were optimized in terms of macroscopic characteristics including spreadability and penetrability, and limpidity and isotropy for the TOW gels. We describe here the results of a study of in vitro diffusion of the active ingredients, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, from some of the preparations we developed. These results show the influence of the dosage form and the choice of excipients on the release of the active product. The least satisfactory results were obtained for hydrophobic ointments and o/w emulsions. The strongest diffusion was obtained with a TOW gel associating isopropyl palmitate, Eumulgin B3, and Cetiol HE.

Dermatologic Agents↗

PubMed2002

The effect of herbal remedies on the production of human inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

BACKGROUND: Some herbal remedies are sold as food additives and are believed to have immune-enhancing properties. OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of five herbal remedies--Sambucol Black Elderberry Extract, Sambucol Active Defense Formula and Sambucol for Kids (with known antiviral properties), Protec and Chizukit N (containing propolis and Echinacea, claimed to be immune enhancers)--on the production of cytokines, one of the main components of the immune system. METHODS: The production of four inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-6 and IL-8) and one anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) was tested using blood-derived monocytes from 12 healthy donors. RESULTS: The Sambucol preparations increased the production of five cytokines (1.3-6.2 fold) compared to the control. Protec induced only a moderate production of IL-8 (1.6 fold) and IL-10 (2.3 fold) while Chizukit N caused only a moderate increase in IL-10 production (1.4 fold). Both Protec and Chizukit N caused moderate decreases in IL-1 beta, TNF alpha and IL-6 production. Lipopolysaccharide, a known activator of monocytes, induced the highest levels of cytokine production (3.6-10.7 fold). CONCLUSIONS: The three Sambucol formulations activate the healthy immune system by increasing inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines production, while the effect of Protec and Chizukit N is much less. Sambucol could therefore have immunostimulatory properties when administered to patients suffering from influenza (as shown before), or immunodepressed cancer or AIDS patients who are receiving chemotherapy or other treatments.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed2003

Allergy and skin diseases in musicians.

In order to define a standard diagnostic protocol for managing allergic dis-eases in musicians, we conducted a literature search on this topic. The most frequent allergic disease in this special category of workers was contact dermatitis, always described in stringed and wind instruments players, involving the mouth and the hands. No other allergic disease directly related to musical instruments was reported. The most frequently reported culprit substances were: colophony, exotic woods, nickel sulphate, varnishes, and propolis (bee glue). Thus, being contact dermatitis the most frequent disease, a correct diagnostic approach to this problem in musicians should involve, in addition to clinical history and examination, the patch test with a specific panel of substances. Finally, allergy in musicians involves additional problems: the virtual impossibility to avoid the offending substance, and the poor adherence to therapy due to lifestyle. In general, this specific allergologic problem seems to be underestimated, underdiagnosed and, as a conquence, poorly managed.

Callosities↗

PubMed1990

Regulation of traumatic skin wound healing by influencing the process in the neighbouring zone of the wound.

After the burn, the authors immediately applied the albuminous hydrolysate Hydropot, a propolis-urea ointment and Trypsin compresses (3,500 E) to the burned area and its vicinity, and repeated this procedure for several days. Samples for histological examination were taken after the animals' decapitation every 2 hrs. and on the 3rd, 5th and 14th post-injury days. The morphological picture showed a difference in rate and quality of regeneration. The authors are of the opinion that the processes occurring in the neighbourhood of the traumatic skin wound can be influenced and that regeneration can be regulated.

Albumins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Apiphytotherapeutic original preparations in the treatment of chronic marginal parodontopathies. A clinical and microbiological study].

The paper presents results obtained by the treatment of chronic marginal parodontopathies with natural products of apiarian derivatives and vegetal extracts. These are original preparations such as Proparodont, sage extracts, watercress extracts, etc., by comparison with other similar existing products, and with zinc chloride. The clinical study evaluated the "inflammation status of the marginal prodontium" on the basis of variations in the PMA index. The microbiological study has established the bacteriostatic and the bactericidal activities of the products employed. The results obtained stress the high antimicrobial activity of the original products called Proparodont, and stress its antimycotic effects, especially against Candida albicans. The blackwort (Symphytum off.) extracts have a good repair effect, especially after surgical procedures. The complex original products based on propolis and vegetal extracts are indicated in the treatment of inflammatory lesions of the gingivo-parodontal tissues, and of the buccal mucosa. They also have antimicrobial effects, as well as antimycotic, antiinflammatory and antiscar effects. They de not have side effects which are characteristic for other medicinal drugs employed in the treatment of chronic marginal parodontopathies.

Anti-Infective Agents↗