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PubMed1957

The relationship between sodium, potassium, and chloride in amphibian muscle.

The Na,(+) Cl(-), and K(+) content of toad plasma and the sartorius muscle has been determined. Although the Na(+) and Cl(-) level of the muscles in the living animal varied greatly (0 to 38.0 m.eq. per kg., and 0 to 31.8 m.eq. per kg. respectively) the K(+) level was subject to a smaller variation (76.5 to 136 m.eq. per kg.). There was a direct relationship between Na(+) and Cl(-), which was independent of the K(+) level. There is a closely related gain of Na(+) and Cl(-) when muscle is soaked in normal Ringer. These gains are not related to the K(+) loss, frequently found on soaking. The relationship between the three ions was studied in a large series of 124 muscles in normal Ringer. As found in vivo, there was a correlation between Na(+) and Cl.(-) This correlation was independent of K(+) content, except when this was abnormally low. Alteration of the external NaCl level produced concomitant changes in the internal levels of these ions. Alteration of the external KCl level produced an increase in internal Cl(-) similar to that found with high NaCl solutions, but the amount of K(+) entering the cell was approximately one-third of the external increase. Removal of K(+) from the external solution did not result in a loss of K(+) from the cell, although there was an adequate amount of Cl(-) present to accompany it. The results cannot be reconciled with either a Donnan concept for the accumulation of K(+), or a linked carrier system. A theory is proposed to account for the ionic differentiation within the cell. The K(+) is assumed to be adsorbed onto an ordered intracellular phase. The normal metabolic functioning of the cell is necessary to maintain the specificity of the adsorption sites. There is another intracellular phase, which lacks the structural specificity for K(+), and which contains Na(+), Cl(-), and K(+) in equilibrium with the external solution. The dimensions of the free intracellular phase will vary from cell to cell, but it will be smaller in the intact animal, and will increase on soaking in normal Ringer, until it is approximately one-third of the total cellular volume. The increase in this phase may be ascribed to a decrease in the energy available to maintain the ordered phase.

Amphibians↗

PubMed1958

The distribution of inorganic phosphate in amphibian muscle.

The Na(+), K(+), and inorganic phosphate levels of the plasma and sartorius muscle of the toad Bufo marinus were determined. Soaking in normal Ringer brought about the usual cation shifts, but did not alter the level of inorganic phosphate in the cell. Increases in the external phosphate level brought about an increase in the internal phosphate, but the apparent phosphate space of muscle is somewhat smaller than the apparent Cl(-) space. Phosphate spaces were compared with inulin spaces and were found to be significantly greater. Alteration of the H(+) concentration of the high phosphate Ringer did not alter the partition of phosphate across the cell membrane. These results have been found to be consistent with the theory of a three compartment system for muscle, wherein the tissue is assumed to consist of an extracellular phase, and two intracellular phases. The inorganic phosphate of the cell is assumed to be adsorbed onto the "ordered phase," and increments in organic phosphate found on raising the external level are assumed to take place in the "free intracellular phase."

Amphibians↗

PubMed1976

The number of sodium ion pumping sites in skeletal muscle and its modification by insulin.

1. [3H]ouabain binding by frog sartorius muscles shows at least two components: one linked to inhibition of the pump and another not related to transport inhibition. This is suggested by the finding that [3H]ouabain uptake continued to increase when (a) the glycoside concentration was increased beyond that causing maximum transport inhibition, and (b) exposure times longer than those required to produce full inhibition were used. 2. A number of 1600 pumping sites per mum2 of membrane was estimated considering only the cylindrical surface of the muscle. 3. Insulin stimulated the ouabain-sensitive components of 22Na efflux and 134Cs influx. It also increased [3H]ouabain binding to a level of 1-7 times the total resting value. The increases in [3H]ouabain binding and in 22Na efflux followed a similar relationship with respect to insulin concentration. 4. Insulin stimulated the Na pump in muscles whose pumping sites had been inhibited by ouabain and then transferred to a glycoside-free solution. This stimulation was observed before detecting any recovery of the initial pumping activity. 5. When both the resting and the insulin-stimulated 22Na efflux had been blocked by ouabain, an additional dose of insulin, in a ouabain-free solution, had no further effects on 22Na efflux. 6. The effects of insulin were unaffected by cycloheximide or by high concentrations of butyryl derivatives of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. 7. We conclude that there are two pools of Na pumping sites in muscle cells: one active and another inactive. Insulin unmasks the inactive pumping sites by a mechanism that is independent of protein synthesis, increases in intracellular [Na] or decreases in intracellular [K].

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed1979

A dual effect of formaldehyde on the inwardly rectifying potassium conductance in skeletal muscle.

1. The inwardly rectifying potassium conductance of the membrane of frog sartorius muscle fibres is greatly reduced by treatment of muscles for 30 min with a solution containing formaldehyde (10 mM). 2. A transient increase in the conductance of the inward rectifier is observed early during formaldehyde action. 3. Analysis of the biphasic time course of the conductance changes, as determined under controlled voltage conditions, suggests that treatment with formaldehyde alters simultaneously, but in opposite ways, two factors that determine the conductance of the inward rectifier. 4. The linear component of the current-voltage relation, which dominates the relation at strongly positive potentials, is not affected while the above changes occur. But on prolonged exposure to formaldehyde the leak conductance increases. 5. The effects of formaldehyde on the inward rectifier are reversible on prolonged superfusion with normal Ringer solution. 6. The slight inward rectification remaining after most of the extracellular K is replaced by Rb, is similarly reduced by treatment with formaldehyde. 7. The results are interpreted in terms of the chemical properties of formaldehyde and present views of the mechanisms of inward rectification.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Repriming and reversal of the isometric unexplained enthalpy in frog skeletal muscle.

1. heat production and high-energy phosphate hydrolysis by frog sartorius muscles in 6 s isometric tetani were measured to test the hypothesis that the isometric unexplained enthalpy (u.e.) and labile maintenance heat (l.m.h.) were of similar origin. Muscles were first given a conditioning tetanus to deplete the u.e. and l.m.h. A second (test) 6 s tetanus was given 6-300 s later to ascertain the extent to which l.m.h. and u.e. had recovered (reprimed). 2. The labile maintenance heat repriming was biphasic: 42% of the conditioning l.m.h. reprimed with a time constant of 10 s, the remainder with a time constant of 500 s. 3. The u.e. produced in the test tetanus 6 s after the conditioning tetanus was reduced to 18% of its conditioning value. By 30 s, u.e. had returned to conditioning values even though the amount of high-energy phosphate splitting was 17% less than that in the conditioning tetanus. 4. This observation is supported by measurements revealing that during the 30 s following a 6 s tetanus an amount of enthalpy was absorbed (less heat produced than expected from the measured metabolic changes) whose absolute value (after correction for oxygen consumption) was not different from the amount of unexplained enthalpy liberated during the tetanus. 5. The difference in repriming time course shows that l.m.h. and u.e. are not produced by the same reactions. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that calcium binding to troponin and parvalbumin produce u.e. while calcium binding to troponin and a non-linear time course of ATP hydrolysis produce l.m.h.

Animals↗

PubMed1962

Muscle morphology in infantile protein malnutrition.

A study was made of the sartorius muscle in Jamaican infants dying of protein malnutrition. Total counts were made of muscle fibres and sub-sarcolemmal nuclei in transverse section and compared with controls.A striking pathology is found in severe cases. The muscle fibre is reduced to a size comparable with that of the foetus. Although there is a greatly increased concentration of cells, there is also degeneration and actual loss of fibres and of sub-sarcolemmal nuclei. The proportion of the area occupied by muscle bundles may be halved, and there is a marked relative increase in interstitial collagen. These changes profoundly affect the interpretation of the results of biochemical analysis.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1988

Potassium, sodium, water, and Donnan potential changes in the myofibrils of intact muscle fibres after exposure to ouabain and K-free Ringer.

Frog sartorius muscles were superfused for 40 min with solutions of K-free Ringer, normal Ringer containing ouabain, or K-free Ringer containing ouabain. Changes in myoplasmic K and Na were measured with ion-selective microelectrodes; changes in total fibre K and Na were measured by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy; and changes in total fibre water content were obtained from wet and dry weights. Application of a two-compartment model permitted one to calculate (i) the K, Na, and water changes in the myofibrils and in the surrounding myoplasm (extramyofibrillar space); (ii) the changes in the transmyofibrillar Donnan potential (ED); and (iii) the changes in the ratio of the apparent association constants (kNa/kK) of the myofilament charge sites to Na and K. In the resting fibres, the K, Na, and water content of the myofibrils were calculated to be 82, 87, and 80% of total fibre content, respectively; ED was calculated as -4.5 mV; kNa/kK was calculated as 1.4. After a 40-min ouabain treatment, 12 mmol (per kg fibre water) of intrafibre K exchanged with 7.5 mmol of extrafibre Na, 6.4 mmol of myofibrillar K exchanged with an equal amount of extramyofibrillar Na, ED increased to -8.3 mV, and kNa/kK remained relatively constant. After a 40-min K-free treatment, the fibres gained 5.5 mmol of Na without any change in fibre K or water, the myofibrils shifted 9.3% of their water into the extramyofibrillar space instead of exchanging K for Na, ED increased to -10.7 mV, and kNa/kK decreased to 0.47.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Algorithms↗

PubMed1990

Heat production associated with neuromuscular transmission in the toad nerve-muscle preparation.

The time course of the heat produced by the toad sartorius muscle in response to nerve stimulation was determined by using a new type of heat-sensor with a high time resolution. The records obtained showed the existence of a brief burst of large heat production prior to the onset of the muscle heat associated with contraction. This initial heat-burst was shown to be produced at the motor endplates. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

[Effect of postsynaptic blockade of neuromuscular transmission on membrane properties of phasic muscle fibers in the frog].

Electric properties and acetylcholine sensitivity in frog sartorius muscle fibres were investigated after denervation and after prolonged paralysis with d-tubocurarine and alpha-bungarotoxin. No changes similar to those that appeared after nerve section developed in the muscle fibres after d-tubocurarine or alpha-bungarotoxin treatment. It is suggested that neurotrophic control of muscle fibres in frog is supported by materials transported to the muscle by axoplasmic flow rather than by the junctional acetylcholine or nerve impulsation.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed2000

Participation of electrogenic Na+-K+-ATPase in the membrane potential of earthworm body wall muscles.

The effect of Na+-K+-ATPase inhibitor ouabain on the resting membrane potential (Vm) was studied by glass microelectrodes in isolated somatic longitudinal muscles of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris and compared with frog sartorius muscle. In earthworm muscle, Vm was -49 mV (inside negative) in a reference external solution with 4 mmol/l K+. The electrogenic participation of Na+-K+-ATPase was absent in solutions with very low concentrations of 0.01 mmol/l K+, higher in 4 and 8 mmol/l K+ (4-5 mV) and maximal (13 mV) in solutions containing 12 mmol/l K+ where Vm was -46 mV in the absence and -33 mV in the presence of 1 x 10(4) M ouabain. The electrogenic participation of Na+-K+-ATPase was much smaller in m. sartorius of the frog Rana temporaria bathed in 8 and 12 mmol/l K+. The results indicate that the Na+-K+-ATPase is an important electrogenic factor in earthworm longitudinal muscle fibres and that its contribution to Vm depends directly on the concentration of K+ in the bathing solution.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Muscle tension dynamics of isolated frog muscle with application of perpendicular distortion.

The purpose of the present study was to confirm the relationship between isolated frog muscle tension and muscle hardness by conducting physiological evaluation in vivo. Two different mounting forms of the muscle were adopted. One form placed the gastrocnemius muscle (GA) on a base plate; this dented the muscle as a "mass". The other form tightened the sartorius muscle (SA) between holders in Ringer's solution; this bent the muscle as a "string". The first experimental method allowed testing of muscle hardness during stretching up to 140% (experiment 1) and the other method allowed testing of hardness during tetanic muscle contraction (experiment 2). The response force to vertical distortion, measured as muscle hardness, increased linearly with resting tension increase and this relationship was not influenced by the hysteresis (experiment 1). The response force increments at each level of tetanic muscle tension were proportional to the contracting tension (experiment 2). Although the muscle mounting forms were different, the response force increment to muscle tension in GA and SA showed quite similar relationships in both tests. It seems likely that muscle hardness evaluated by the response force must depend on the amplitude of the tension at the instant of the hardness measurement, regardless of the mounting form or the stretching phase (ascending or descending). In conclusion, muscle hardness measured by perpendicular distortion has physiological significance related to the changes in passive and active muscle tension.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Correlated release of acetylcholine and protein from the neuromuscular junction.

Transmitter release at adrenergic synapses is accompanied by release of chromogranin proteins, which are contained in synaptic vesicles. To determine if a similar phenomenon occurs at the neuromuscular junction, correlated release of acetylcholine (ACh) and protein was investigated using in vitro neuromuscular preparations (phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle of the rat and mouse, sciatic nerve-sartorius muscle of Rana pipiens and R. catesbeiana). Nerve stimulation of curare-paralyzed preparations increased the rate of efflux of Lowry-reactive material relative to control values. Stimulus-specific responses outlasted the period of neural stimulation. Stimulus-induced release of Lowry-reactive material was correlated with ACh release since it was Ca2+ dependent and Mg2+ antagonized. Conditions that potentiate spontaneous ACh release also significantly increased the rate of efflux of Lowry-reactive material. Most of the Lowry-reactive material released with ACh is not a secretory product of synaptic vesicles because the amount released exceeds the contents of synaptic vesicles that undergo exocytosis. It is concluded that ACh release from the neuromuscular junction is accompanied by release of proteinaceous material that is not entirely derived from synaptic vesicles.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1990

Magnetic resonance imaging of primary skeletal muscle diseases: patterns of distribution and severity of involvement.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the lower extremities was performed with a low field system in 51 patients representing three different categories of biopsy-proven primary skeletal muscle disease; muscular dystrophies, congenital myopathies and polymyositis. The intermuscular distribution of abnormal signal intensity and the grade of involvement of individual muscles were assessed. Large differences in the degree of pathological signal intensity between individual muscles were found in all categories. In the muscular dystrophy and polymyositis patients, the overall involvement was significantly more severe than in patients with congenital myopathy. Definite patterns of selective involvement were seen. Statistical evidence of selective muscle sparing was found; the gracilis muscle was significantly less affected than the other muscles in all three disease groups. Other muscles with significant sparing include the rectus femoris and sartorius muscles of the thigh and the tibialis posterior muscle of the leg. Common anatomical and functional characteristics of muscles may be related to the distribution of muscular disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Classification of the intrafusal muscle fibres in the frog muscle spindle: histochemical and immunofluorescent studies.

Intrafusal muscle fibres from bull-frog semitendinosus, iliofibularis and sartorius muscles were classified into three types using the histochemical, immunofluorescent and morphological characteristics, with reference to the extrafusal muscle fibres, which were classified into five types in accordance with Rowlerson & Spurway (1988). Immunofluorescent reactions with antibodies against slow or fast myosins obtained from anterior or posterior latissimus dorsi muscles (ALD or PLD), respectively, of chicken were used as the primary criterion. Histochemical profiles of muscle fibres were classified into nine types of myosin ATPase activity as the secondary criterion. Anti-PLD intrafusal fibres (polar zone) with ATPase profiles of moderate to high acid and alkaline stabilities correspond to large nuclear bag fibres in the classification of Diwan & Ito (1989), whereas anti-ALD fibres (polar zone) with alkaline-labile ATPase profiles correspond to medium nuclear bag fibres. On the basis of diameter, anti-PLD fibres (polar zone) with ATPase profiles of moderate to low acid stability and moderate to high alkaline stability seem to correspond to two types of small nuclear chain fibre. Variations between muscles, between intra- and extrafusal fibres and also between zones along intrafusal fibres are discussed.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed1984

Factors affecting the equatorial X-ray diffraction pattern from contracting frog skeletal muscle.

Changes in the equatorial X-ray diffraction pattern from tetanized frog sartorius muscles (Rana catesbiana ) were studied by use of time-resolved data collection technique (time resolution, 0.5 sec) to give information about the dynamic properties of the cross-bridges. No significant changes in the intensity ratio of two equatorial reflections (I1,0/I1,1) were observed when isometrically contracting muscles were slowly stretched by 5-6%, in spite of marked force changes. The intensity ratio also showed no significant changes when the load on isometrically contracting muscles was suddenly increased from Po to 1.2-1.5 Po to produce isotonic muscle lengthening. Closer examination of the data indicated that a small decrease in the value of I1,1 was caused by both slow stretch and isotonic lengthening. Because of the scatter of experimental plots in I1,0, the effect of small change in I1,1 on the intensity ratio fell within the range of accuracy of measurement. It is suggested that no marked changes in myosin head orientation or in the number of the cross-bridges in the vicinity of the thin filaments take place in response to slow stretches or isotonic lengthening, and that the decreased regularity of the filament lattice may produce the change in I1,1.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Recovery of sensitivity to acetylcholine following desensitization in muscles of different vertebrate species.

The recovery after desensitization (DS) of the frog sartorius muscle postsynaptic membrane has a constant rate with a half-time of about 6 sec at 22 degrees C. Several other avian and mammalian species were also examined to answer the question, whether this parameter differs in muscles of different function and acetylcholine receptor properties. The following muscles were studied using iontophoretic microapplication of ACh: frog m. cutaneus pectoris, chick anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi, innervated and denervated rat diaphragm, and diaphragm of awake and hibernating golden hamsters. In all cases, desensitization developed when series of 6-20 short ACh doses were applied to the end-plate region of the muscle fibre membrane without any DS potentiating drugs. Rate of DS onset was dependent on the dose and/or frequency of ACh application. The rate of recovery, however, differs very little in all the muscles studied, the half-times being in the range of 5-6 sec at 22 degrees C. A similar rate of DS recovery was thus found in muscles with different pharmacological properties of cholinoreceptors (e.g. different sensitivity of frog and rat innervated and denervated muscles to d-tubocurarine), or different ionic pathways during activation (hibernating golden hamster). These results support the assumption that desensitization is not of receptor origin and indicate that the system operating during DS does not undergo substantial changes during the functional differentiation of vertebrate muscle membrane.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1984

Metastatic malignant melanoma in muscle.

A case is reported in which metastatic melanoma had extensively infiltrated the sartorius muscle which had been used earlier to cover the femoral vessels at the time of an inguinal node dissection. The patient also had a swelling in the ipsilateral popliteal fossa that was thought to be a metastasis from the primary malignant melanoma of the foot: however, on exploration, this mass was found to be a Baker's cyst.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1974

Tension responses to quick length changes of glycerinated skeletal muscle fibres from the frog and tortoise.

1. Twitch fibres isolated from the sartorius muscle of the frog were glycerinated (cf. Heinl, 1972) and thin fibre bundles dissected from the m. ileofibularis of the tortoise were briefly glycerinated as described by Julian (1971).2. The glycerinated fibres (length 0.3-0.5 cm) were fixed to an apparatus which performed length changes within 5 msec and recorded the time course of tension changes in the fibres.3. The fibres were suspended in a relaxing medium, containing ATP and 4 mM-EGTA. Contraction was induced by raising the calcium concentration to 4 mM-CaEGTA.4. The tension time course of activated fibres following quick length changes (0.1-1% L(0)) was studied. The tension records produced by quick releases and stretches could be resolved into four phases similar to the kind shown in Fig. 1 a.5. The phase of quick tension recovery was found to take place more rapidly in frog than in tortoise fibres: it was completed in approximately 30 msec (after stretch) and in approximately 20 msec (after release) in frog fibres (3 degrees C). The corresponding values obtained for tortoise fibres were approximately 300 and approximately 400 msec (3 degrees C).6. In tortoise fibres the size of the elastic and quick recovery phase increased with rising isometric tension (induced by raising the calcium concentration (pCa 8 to 5)), and decreased with increasing sarcomere length (2.5-4.2 mum). In fibres, in which the rigor state was induced by withdrawal of ATP, no quick tension recovery was recorded.7. It is suggested that the rotational movement of the crossbridge head on the actin filament, postulated by Huxley & Simmons (1971 b) is taking place more slowly in the tortoise than in the frog muscle. Furthermore, it is suggested that this rotational movement does not occur in the rigor state, as no quick tension recovery was recorded there.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗