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Results for “Sedentary Behavior”

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PubMed1991

Monitoring activity and blood pressure.

Body motion and blood pressure were monitored simultaneously for 24h in 82 healthy normotensive employees with sedentary jobs. Body movement frequency decreased from the level during work to the level at home in the evening and fell further when the subjects went to sleep. Approximately 25% of changes in blood pressure levels were explained by changes in gross body movement. The mean intrasubject correlation between pressure and motility was r = 0.52 (diastolic) and r = 0.51 (systolic). Simultaneous monitoring of blood pressure and human activity, using a behavioral diary to record the type of activity and an electronic motility monitor to record its intensity, can show how skeletal motor outflow affects the regulation of blood pressure in the normal circumstances of everyday life.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1997

Four years of practice-based and exercise-supported behavioural medicine in one community of the German CINDI area. Countrywide Integrated Non-Communicable Diseases Intervention.

The main goal of the preventive intervention study in one community of the German CINDI (Countrywide Integrated Non-Communicable Diseases Intervention programme of the WHO) area was to improve cardiovascular health by reducing the risk factors smoking, hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolaemia, and by changing sedentary lifestyle. The intervention was performed by using the special "Three-Level-Strategy", which is characterised by activities of primary care physicians in the usual consulting hour (1st level), with patient groups in their practices (2nd level), and at community level (3rd level) where a special work group and a co-ordinating general practice are co-operating. To evaluate the occurrence of the risk factors in practice and the local population, four cross-sectional random samples (N(total) = 4881) were carried out in seven practices from 1992 to 1995. On the community level, 23 special exercise-based health groups (N(total) = 600) were established and were investigated by means of a questionnaire, related to behaviour and health beliefs. A "Local Health Information System" facilitated the evaluation, the management of the data, and the organisation of the health programme. The results of the practice samples showed a significant reduction of smoking (-17.8%) and hypertension (-31.5%) (p < 0.01). The exercise-based groups were combined with nutritional counselling or relaxation and were accepted very well by the participants (83.8%). The participants considerably improved their health behaviour: 82% discussed health in their family, 37.3% stated an increase of healthy nutrition, 52% of relaxation; 86.2% intended to regularly increase physical activity in leisure time and 82 % could not imagine regular health training without exercise meetings. We conclude that the practice-based "Three-Level-Strategy" provides a strong support for successful long-term prevention of cardiovascular risk, particularly, when exercise-based health training sessions are performed in order to change sedentary lifestyle. When organised on community level, they might have a positive impact on the health behaviour of the whole community. Physical activity can be used as a "prodrug" for health promotion in a holistic way.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Groningen active living model (GALM): stimulating physical activity in sedentary older adults; first results.

BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of older adults in The Netherlands does not regularly participate in leisure-time physical activity. The Groningen Active Living Model (GALM) was developed to change this situation for the better. In this article the first results with respect to the validation of the model are presented. METHODS: We obtained cross-sectional data from a sample of 392 potential participants. Scores on the potentially causal variables (self-efficacy, social support, perceived fitness, and enjoyment) and the stages of change give a first indication of the potential validity of the GALM behavioral change model. RESULTS: Seventeen percent of the subjects could be categorized as in the precontemplation stage, 42% in the contemplation/preparation stage, and 39% in the action/maintenance stage. Data with respect to stages of change were missing for 2% of the subjects. Scores on all potentially causal variables rose significantly from the precontemplation to the action/maintenance stage. Discriminant analysis resulted in a canonical correlation of 0.58 between the precontemplation and the contemplation/preparation stages and 0.59 between the contemplation/preparation and action/maintenance stages; respectively, 82.6 and 78.3% of the subjects had been classified correctly. CONCLUSIONS: The results found in this study support our hypothesis, as described in the conceptual theory of the GALM behavioral change model. For a more comprehensive validation of the model's action theory and conceptual theory, follow-up measurements are required.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Activities Contributing to Total Energy Expenditure in the United States: Results from the NHAPS Study.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity is increasingly recognized as an important factor influencing health and disease status. Total energy expenditure, both low-intensity and high-intensity, contributes to maintenance of healthy body weight. This paper presents the results of a quantitative approach to determining the activities that contribute to total energy expenditure in the United States. METHODS: Data from the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) were used. In 1992-1994 the NHAPS sampled 4,185 females and 3,330 males, aged 18 years and over, weighted to be representative of the 48 contiguous United States. A detailed report of each activity performed in the previous 24 hours was obtained. A score was created for each activity, by multiplying duration and intensity for each individual and summing across individuals. This score was then used to rank each activity according to its contribution to total population energy expenditure, for the total sample and separately for each gender, race, age, region, and season. RESULTS: This analysis reveals our society to be primarily sedentary; leisure time physical activity contributed only approximately 5% of the population's total energy expenditure. Not counting sleeping, the largest contributor to energy expenditure was "Driving a car", followed by "Office work" and "Watching TV". Household activities accounted for 20.1% and 33.3% of energy expenditure for males and females respectively. CONCLUSION: The information presented in this paper may be useful in identifying common activities that could be appropriate targets for behavioral interventions to increase physical activity.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Conditioned taste avoidance induced by forced and voluntary wheel running in rats.

Voluntary exercise by rats running in a freely rotating wheel (free wheel) produces conditioned taste avoidance (CTA) of a flavored solution consumed before running [e.g., Lett, B.T., Grant, V.L., 1996. Wheel running induces conditioned taste aversion in rats trained while hungry and thirsty. Physiol. Behav. 59, 699-702]. Forced exercise, swimming or running, also produces CTA in rats [e.g., Masaki, T., Nakajima, S., 2006. Taste aversion induced by forced swimming, voluntary running, forced running, and lithium chloride injection treatments. Physiol. Behav. 88, 411-416]. Energy expenditure may be the critical factor in producing such CTA. If so, forced running in a motorized running wheel should produce CTA equivalent to that produced by a similar amount of voluntary running. In two experiments, we compared forced running in a motorized wheel with voluntary running in a free wheel. Mean distance run over 30 min was equated as closely as possible in the two apparatuses. Both types of exercise produced CTA relative to sedentary, locked-wheel controls. However, voluntary running produced greater CTA than forced running. We consider differences between running in the free and motorized wheels that may account for the differences in strength of CTA.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Modelling the many-wrongs principle: the navigational advantages of aggregation in nomadic foragers.

We develop a simple individual-based model to gain an understanding of the drivers of aggregation behaviour in nomadic foragers. The model incorporates two key elements influencing nomadic foragers in variable environments: uncertainty regarding the location of food sources and variability in the spatio-temporal distribution of ephemeral food sources. A genetic algorithm is used to evolve parameters describing an individual's movement and aggregation strategy. We apply the aggregation model to a case study of the Bornean bearded pig (Sus barbatus). Bearded pigs are ideal for considering the foraging advantages of aggregation, because they are highly mobile and exhibit a variety of aggregation strategies, ranging from solitary and sedentary to mass aggregation and wide ranging migration. Our model demonstrates the "many-wrongs principle", and shows that environmental variability, uncertainty in the location of food sources, and local population density drive aggregation behaviour.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Body size, age and paternity in common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula).

Sexual selection should produce sexual size dimorphism in species where larger members of one sex obtain disproportionately more matings. Recent theory suggests that the degree of sexual size dimorphism depends on physical and temporal constraints involving the operational sex ratio, the potential reproductive rate and the trade-off between current reproductive effort and residual reproductive value. As part of a large-scale experiment on dispersal, we investigated the mating system of common brushtail possums inhabiting old-growth Eucalyptus forest in Australia. Paternity was assigned to 20 of 28 pouch-young (maternity known) genotyped at six microsatellite loci. Male mating success was strongly related to body size and age; male body weight and age being highly correlated. Despite disproportionate mating success favouring larger males, sexual size dimorphism was only apparent among older animals. Trapping and telemetry indicated that the operational sex ratio was effectively 1 : 1 and the potential reproductive rate of males was at most four times that of females. Being larger appeared to entail significant survival costs because males 'died-off' at the age at which sexual size dimorphism became apparent (8-9 years). Male and female home ranges were the same size and males appeared to be as sedentary as females. Moreover, longevity appears to be only slightly less important to male reproductive success than it is to females. It is suggested that a sedentary lifestyle and longevity are the key elements constraining selection for greater sexual size dimorphism in this 'model' medium-sized Australian marsupial herbivore.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2002

Exercise and psychosocial factors modulate immunity to influenza vaccine in elderly individuals.

BACKGROUND: Decreases in immune responsiveness with age contribute to the increased incidence and severity of infectious disease among elderly adults. The immune response to immunization also decreases with advancing age. Lifestyle factors (exercise, diet) have been established to play an important role in immunosenescence, and the practice of "healthy" behavior may minimize the age-associated decline of immune function. The objective of this study was to determine whether exercise, diet, and psychosocial factors were associated with altered immune response to influenza vaccine. METHODS: Adults aged 62 years and older were categorized into one of three groups: active (> or =20 min vigorous exercise three or more times per week), moderately active (regular exercise but with less intensity, frequency, and/or duration), or sedentary (no exercise). Two weeks postimmunization, serum was frozen for antibody analysis, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured in vitro with influenza vaccine to elicit antigen-specific responses (proliferation and cytokine [IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-10] production). Cytokines and antibody were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that anti-influenza IgG and IgM were greater in active as compared with moderately active or sedentary participants. PBMC proliferation was lowest in sedentary subjects. Perceived stress was a significant predictor of IL-2. Greater optimism and social activity were associated with greater IL-10. Daily multivitamin intake was significantly correlated with IL-2. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that lifestyle factors including exercise may influence immune response to influenza immunization. The practice of regular, vigorous exercise was associated with enhanced immune response following influenza vaccination in older adults.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Physical activity of public housing residents in Birmingham, Alabama.

OBJECTIVES: Because few data are available concerning physical activity among minority and low-income persons, we characterized physical activity patterns among public housing residents. METHODS: Two separate cross-sectional surveys were conducted 1 year apart of randomly selected residents of eight rental communities administered by the housing authority of Birmingham, Ala. Indigenous interviewers completed 687 interviews in survey 1 and 599 in survey 2. RESULTS: In both surveys, respondents were most frequently young adult African-American women, reflecting the predominance of women in these communities. Participants were generally poorly educated and either unemployed or working in service occupations. Thirty percent of the respondents in both surveys reported no participation in any of 13 physical activities in the previous year; approximately half reported activity levels equivalent to or less than walking 4 hours per week for 8 months of the year. Respondents who were younger and male were significantly more likely to have higher activity levels. CONCLUSIONS: A sedentary life-style is common among this low-income minority group, and, thus, interventions to promote exercise in these communities are needed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Exercise training, without weight loss, increases insulin sensitivity and postheparin plasma lipase activity in previously sedentary adults.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of exercise, without weight loss, on insulin sensitivity (S(I)), postheparin plasma lipase activity (PHPL), intravenous fat clearance rate (K(2)), and fasting lipids in sedentary adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: At baseline and after 6 months of walk training (intensity 45-55 or 65-75% heart rate reserve, frequency 3-4 or 5-7 days/week, duration 30 min/session), anthropometric indexes, S(I), PHPL, K(2), and fasting lipids were measured in 18 sedentary adults (12 women, 6 men; 51.9 +/- 5.8 years of age, BMI 28.9 +/- 4.6 kg/m(2)). RESULTS: Exercise increased S(I) (2.54 +/- 2.74 vs. 4.41 +/- 3.30 microU ml(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.005) and both lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (1890 +/- 1380 vs. 4926 +/- 1858 nEq free fatty acid [FFA]. ml(-1). h(-1)) and hepatic lipase (HL) activities (3326 +/- 1605 vs. 4636 +/- 1636 nEq FFA. ml(-1) x h(-1)) (both P < 0.001), without altering BMI, waist circumference, K(2), or fasting lipids. Correlations between changes in LPL and the total:HDL cholesterol ratio (r = -0.54) and changes in the LPL:HL ratio and waist circumference (r = -0.50) were significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Exercise, without weight loss, increases S(I) and PHPL activity in previously sedentary adults, without changing K(2) or fasting lipid levels. Furthermore, increased LPL is associated with a decreased total:HDL ratio, and an increased LPL:HL ratio is associated with a decreased waist circumference. Therefore, even modest amounts of exercise in the absence of weight loss positively affect markers of glucose and fat metabolism in previously sedentary, middle-aged adults.

Biomarkers↗

PubMed2004

[Junk food consumption and child nutrition. Nutritional anthropological analysis].

The increasing consumption of junk food and snacks in Chile in recent years and its association with marketing strategies and prevalent diseases, is reviewed. In the context of world economy, junk food is a global phenomenon. The availability of junk food and snacks at low prices and marketing has triggered an evolution of consumption of foods that require neither the structure nor the preparation of a formal meal. Many studies have suggested that the increase in snack consumption is associated with an increase in obesity, tooth decay and other chronic diseases among children and adolescents. The hypothesis suggests a link between the pattern of snack consumption and an increase increase in the energy density of food consumed, a decrease in satiety, passive over consumption, and an increase in obesity. Between 1977 and 1996, the contribution: of snacks to daily energy intake among children between 2 and 5 years increased by 30% in the United States. In each age group in Chile the frequency of non-transmissible chronic diseases is increasing due primarily to a westernized diet that is high in fat, cholesterol, sodium, and sugar and a sedentary lifestyle. Education about junk food consumption and healthy eating habits in the family, starling since childbirth and public policies about healthy lifestyles should be strengthened.

Anthropology↗

PubMed2004

[Are our university students eating properly?].

The feeding habits practiced by a society are a good indicator for the possible appearance of specific pathologies, some as common as obesity of hypertension. Nursing professionals have the difficult task of attempting to modify the harmful habits acquired during childhood by following the family feeding patterns and those habits acquire as each individual grows up due to the influences of his/her surroundings, such as fads and advertising. A health industry professional must practice what he/she preaches; you can not promote healthy living habits if you do not practice these oneself. For this reason, the authors have studied the feeding habits, along with some unhealthy living habits, such as a sedentary lifestyle or smoking, of 300 first year nursing students in Catalonia in 2001-2002 since they will be the ones responsible for promoting healthy lifestyles among the general population.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

3. Management and prevention of obesity and its complications in children and adolescents.

Obesity in children and adolescents has reached alarming levels--20%-25% of children and adolescents are overweight or obese, and 4.9% of boys and 5.4% of girls are obese. Rates of obesity have increased significantly in Australia from 1985 to 1995, with the prevalence of overweight doubling and obesity trebling. Body mass index (related to reference standards for age and sex) is recommended as a practical measure of overweight and obesity in children, and is used in monitoring individual progress in clinical practice. Obesity in childhood and adolescence may be associated with a range of medical and psychological complications, and can predispose individuals to serious health problems in adult life, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Obesity interventions for which there is some evidence include family support, a developmentally appropriate approach, long-term behaviour modification, dietary change, and increased physical activity and decreased sedentary behaviour. Prevention of obesity in children and adolescents requires a range of strategies involving changes in both the microenvironment (eg, housing, neighbourhoods, recreational opportunities) and the macroenvironment (eg, food marketing, transport systems, urban planning).

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Intervention-related cognitive versus social mediators of exercise adherence in the elderly.

CONTEXT: Participation in regular physical activity is recognized as one of the most important health behaviors associated with the prevention of chronic disease and the promotion of health and well-being among the elderly. Although a number of cross-sectional studies have reported predictors of physical activity participation, few studies have assessed changes in intervention-related mediators associated with physical activity adherence in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the relative abilities of cognitive mediating variables (i.e., self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectancies/realizations) versus a social mediating variable (i.e., exercise-related social support) to examine mediators of a telephone-based, exercise-counseling intervention on exercise adherence during months 7 to 12 of an exercise intervention. METHOD: Participants were 103 community-dwelling, healthy, sedentary, older adults (67 women and 36 men). Self-efficacy for exercise, outcome expectancies/realizations, and social support for exercise were assessed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Participants received telephone-based exercise counseling to promote exercise adherence during the course of two 12-month exercise programs (i.e., aerobic/strength or flexibility exercises). RESULTS: Changes in cognitive mediators (i.e., self-efficacy and fitness outcome realizations) were associated with 7- to 12-month exercise adherence while exercise-related social support was not. CONCLUSION: Attention should be given to increasing confidence in the elderly to overcome barriers to exercise and achieve relevant fitness outcomes in exercise programs.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Telephone versus face-to-face household interviews in the assessment of health behaviors and preventive practices].

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the influence of the interview method (telephone or face-to-face in households) on the assessment of health behaviors and preventive practices. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The same questionnaire was completed by two independent samples of the population aged 18-64 years living in the municipality of Madrid. One sample (n = 1,391 subjects) completed the questionnaire by telephone interview and the other (n = 739) by face-to-face interview in households. The results of the two samples for 28 variables related to anthropometry, physical activity, food consumption, tobacco and alcohol use, preventive practices and injuries were compared. RESULTS: The telephone sample had a higher rate of failed contact (31.8% vs. 22.2%) but a greater degree of cooperation than the sample for the face-to-face interview (83.0% vs. 74.0%). In total, 19 of the 28 variables showed a relative variation of less than 10% between the two surveys; the differences found were between 10 and 20% for eight variables and were higher than 20% for one variable. Differences were statistically significant for only four variables (sedentary leisure time, consumption of vegetables, giving up smoking and cholesterol measurement), with a relative variation of 6.1% (p < 0.01), 10% (p < 0.001), 36.7% (p < 0.01) and 8.6% (p < 0.01), respectively. The total cost of the telephone interview was half that of the face-to-face household interview. CONCLUSIONS: The results of both surveys were very similar. Because of its lower cost, the telephone interview is a good option in public health research when data collection by interview is required.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Convergent maternal care strategies in ungulates and macropods.

Mammals show extensive interspecific variation in the form of maternal care. Among ungulates, there is a dichotomy between species in which offspring follow the mother ("following" strategy) versus species in which offspring remain concealed ("hiding" strategy). Here we reveal that the same dichotomy exists among macropods (kangaroos, wallabies and allies). We test three traditional adaptive explanations and one new life history hypothesis, and find very similar patterns among both ungulates and macropods. The three traditional explanations that we tested were that a "following" strategy is associated with (1) open habitat, (2) large mothers, and (3) gregariousness. Our new life-history hypothesis is that a "following strategy" is associated with delayed weaning, and thus with the "slow" end of the slow-fast mammalian life-history continuum, because offspring devote resources to locomotion rather than rapid growth. Our comparative test strongly supports the habitat structure hypothesis and provides some support for this new delayed weaning hypothesis for both ungulates and macropods. We propose that sedentary young in closed habitats benefit energetically by having milk brought to them. In open habitats, predation pressure will select against hiding. Followers will suffer slower growth to independence. Taken together, therefore, our results provide the first quantitative evidence that macropods and ungulates are convergent with respect to interspecific variation in maternal care strategy. In both clades, differences between species in the form of parental care are due to a similar interaction between habitat, social behavior, and life history.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of physical activity defined by continuous heart rate monitoring among children from Liège.

Health benefits of a physically active lifestyle are well documented. We therefore investigated the physical activity patterns of 200 children from Liège. They were monitored continuously using a 24-hour Holter monitoring system during normal weekdays and the percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRR) was used to measure the amounts of physical activity at different intensities. Preschool children attained 184.3+/-54.2, 40.7+/-16.1, 15.8+/-6.9 and 6.0+/-7.2 minutes/day (mean+/-SD) between 20% to 40%, 40% to 50%, 50% to 60%, and greater than 60% of HRR, respectively. At the same %HRR intensities, schoolchildren attained 165.6+/-74.6, 32.1+/-12.1, 15.8+/-6.7 and 7.0+/-5.9 minutes/day, and teenagers attained 159.2+/-68.3, 32.1+/-23.5, 13.1+/-6.0 and 6.1+/-6.3 minutes/day. Age was a significant predictor of the intercept and slope of the time spent in physical activity and %HRR relationship. In Liège the average youth accumulates +/-30 to 40 minutes/day of moderate-intensity physical activity and +/-20 minutes/day of high-intensity physical activity. Those children meet the classical revised guidelines for physical activity but do not compare favourably with children from elsewhere. On the other hand, they get more than 2 1/2 to 3 hours/day of low-intensity physical activity. Our findings suggest that children from Liège are not engaged in sedentary behaviour but do not experience the ideal amount and type of physical activity classically believed to benefit the cardiopulmonary system. Public health strategies should be adapted to our findings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Overweight and obesity in Australia: the 1999-2000 Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab).

OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence of obesity in Australian adults and to examine the associations of obesity with socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. DESIGN: AusDiab, a cross-sectional study conducted between May 1999 and December 2000, involved participants from 42 randomly selected districts throughout Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Of 20,347 eligible people aged > or = 25 years who completed a household interview, 11,247 attended the physical examination at local survey sites (response rate, 55%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Overweight and obesity defined by body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)) and waist circumference (cm); sociodemographic factors (including smoking, physical activity and television viewing time). RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI > or = 25.0 kg/m(2); waist circumference > 80.0 cm [women] or > or = 94.0 cm [men]) in both sexes was almost 60%, defined by either BMI or waist circumference. The prevalence of obesity was 2.5 times higher than in 1980. Using waist circumference, the prevalence of obesity was higher in women than men (34.1% v 26.8%; P < 0.01). Lower educational status, higher television viewing time and lower physical activity time were each strongly associated with obesity, with television viewing time showing a stronger relationship than physical activity time. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of obesity in Australia has more than doubled in the past 20 years. Strong positive associations between obesity and each of television viewing time and lower physical activity time confirm the influence of sedentary lifestyles on obesity, and underline the potential benefits of reducing sedentary behaviour, as well as increasing physical activity, to curb the obesity epidemic.

Adult↗