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PubMed2001

An automated results notification system for PACS.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the interval between an examination being ordered by an Emergency Department physician and his or her review of the report and images could be shortened by notifying the physician that the results were available. This hypothesis was based on work done previously in the Medical Intensive Care Unit that showed that physicians would wait to review results for a time considerably longer than the time required for the radiologist to review the images and provide a preliminary report. The software developments operate properly and show that even simple integration of multiple information systems (PACS, RIS, speech recognition) can provide useful features. Early results indicate that the Emergency Department (ED) physicians prefer the notification system over the previous (travel to check on images and reports) methods. The hypothesized time reductions did occur, although it is not clear that the notification system accounted for all of them. A system for automated notification of radiology results availability has been shown to be possible and practical. To do this automated interaction of 3 systems with a low-level or no electronic integration was required. Although not fully successful for this study, early physician response has been positive, and requests to expand this service hospitalwide now are common.

Emergency Service, Hospital↗

PubMed2007

Creation of a CT Image Library for the Lung Screening Study of the National Lung Screening Trial.

The CT Image Library (CTIL) of the Lung Screening Study (LSS) network of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) consists of up to three annual screens using CT imaging from each of 17,308 participants with a significant history of smoking but no evidence of cancer at trial enrollment (Fall 2002-Spring 2004). Screens performed at numerous medical centers associated with 10 LSS-NLST screening centers are deidentified of protected health information and delivered to the CTIL via DVD, external hard disk, or Internet/Virtual Private Network transmission. The collection will be completed in late 2006. The CTIL is of potential interest to clinical researchers and software developers of nodule detection algorithms. Its attractiveness lies in its very specific, well-defined patient population, scanned via a common CT protocol, and in its collection of evenly spaced serial screens. In this work, we describe the technical details of the CTIL collection process from screening center retrieval through library storage.

Clinical Protocols↗

PubMed2005

New method for DNA microarrays development: applied to human platelet antigens polymorphisms.

DNA microarrays are a powerful experimental tool for the detection of specific genomic sequences and are invaluable to a broad array of applications: clinical diagnosis, personalized medicine, drug research and development, gene therapy, food control technologies, and environmental sciences. Alloimmunization to human platelet antigens (HPAs) is commonly responsible for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, post-transfusional purpura and platelet transfusion refractoriness. Using DNA microarrays, we developed a diagnosis to type the biallelic HPA-1 platelet group. The region for the human genomic DNA sequence that contains the polymorphism responsible for HPA-1 alleles was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expected DNA fragments were hybridized on DNA microarrays, and the data were analyzed using specially developed software. Our initial results show that the two HPA-1 antigens polymorphisms containing a single base difference were detected using DNA microarrays.

Antigens, Human Platelet↗

PubMed2006

Osteoarthritis severity of the hip by computer-aided grading of radiographic images.

A computer-aided classification system was developed for the assessment of the severity of hip osteoarthritis (OA). Sixty-four radiographic images of normal and osteoarthritic hips were digitized and enhanced. Employing the Kellgren and Lawrence scale, the hips were grouped by three experienced orthopaedists into three OA-severity categories: Normal, Mild/Moderate and Severe. Utilizing custom-developed software, 64 ROIs corresponding to the radiographic Hip Joint Spaces were manually segmented and novel textural features were generated. These features were used in the design of a two-level classification scheme for characterizing hips as normal or osteoarthritic (1st level) and as of Mild/Moderate or Severe OA (2nd level). At each classification level, an ensemble of three classifiers was implemented. The proposed classification scheme discriminated correctly all normal hips from osteoarthritic hips (100% accuracy), while the discrimination accuracy between Mild/Moderate and Severe osteoarthritic hips was 95.7%. The proposed system could be used as a diagnosis decision-supporting tool.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

"Hippocrates-mst": a prototype for computer-aided microcalcification analysis and risk assessment for breast cancer.

One of the most common cancer types among women is breast cancer. Regular mammographic examinations increase the possibility for early diagnosis and treatment and significantly improve the chance of survival for patients with breast cancer. Clustered microcalcifications have been considered as important indicators of the presence of breast cancer. We present "Hippocrates-mst", a prototype system for computer-aided risk assessment of breast cancer. Our research has been focused in developing software to locate microcalcifications on X-ray mammography images, quantify their critical features and classify them according to their probability of being cancerous. A total of 260 cases (187 benign and 73 malignant) have been examined and the performance of the prototype is presented through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The system is showing high levels of sensitivity identifying correctly 98.63% of malignant cases.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed1991

Diffusivity, respiratory rate and tidal volume influence inert gas expirograms.

We modified, and developed software for, a computer-controlled quadrupole mass spectrometer to measure complete breath-by-breath expirograms of helium (He) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) exhaled during the infusion of saline saturated with the inert gases. He and SF6 have similar blood solubilities but very different gas phase diffusivities allowing examination of the influence of gas phase diffusivity on steady state inert gas expirograms. We studied six normal human volunteers in nine separate studies and examined the influence of tidal volume (VT) and breathing frequency (f) on the airways dead space (VDaw) and alveolar plateau slope (phase III) for the inert gases and CO2. The experimental data showed a reduction in VDaw with rapid shallow breathing, while phase III slope increased by a factor of two to three. We critically evaluated the data and methodology of these and previously reported studies of continuous and single breath washout of He and SF6. In general the 15 to 20 ml differences in VDaw between He and SF6 were in keeping with previous studies by others. The ratio of phase III slopes of SF6 to He reported by us previously (Scherer et al., J. Appl. Physiol. 64: 1022-1029, 1988) was 3.13. In the current study, which includes the analysis of more than 400 He and SF6 breaths, the ratio of SF6 to He slope was 1.85. The difference between the two studies was largely related to the improved methodology of the current study, particularly for the measurement of He. The results support the conclusion that diffusivity is an important component of both phase II and phase III of the expirogram. However, the difference in phase III between He and SF6 is somewhat less than previously reported.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Motion measurement with high-speed video.

A new kinematic measurement system based on a high-speed video system, combined with a computer-assisted evaluation for the analysis of gait patterns, is described. The system allows both a reviewable visual assessment in slow motion (up to 1000 frames s-1 as well as automatic measurement of the kinematics of body segments. Specially developed software, which uses a pattern search algorithm and an additional subpixel correction, results in a deviation of less than 0.1% (without considering the lens nonlinearity). For most cases the recognition and tracking of temporarily concealed markers is also achieved. The results of the computer-assisted high-speed video analysis are being applied in rehabilitation programmes to increase the objectivity of standard movements, e.g. gait analysis of people with artificial limbs.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1993

Assignment of HLA-DPB alleles by computerized matching based upon sequence data.

Routine HLA typing by serology has been supported by DNA or protein analysis of the respective molecules in cases when serologic typing was inconclusive or difficult to perform. DNA analysis by RFLP, SSO, or PCR amplification with SSP is a reliable tool for the identification of alleles. Because DNA sequences may now be determined routinely, we developed software based on sequence data from known sequences for allele assignment of polymorphic gene systems. We describe the assignment of HLA-DPB alleles based upon sequence data obtained after PCR amplification and subsequent sequencing of exon 2. Our software includes a database containing all known HLA-DPB sequences, which offers the possibility of analyzing heterozygous individuals by combinatorial comparison through all alleles and thus identifying the one or two alleles involved. Quality control of the sequence has been included by the alignment of constant regions of the sequence combined with related polymorphism of known polymorphic nucleotides and the identification of the positions crucial for the allele assignment. The ability to type for HLA-DPB alleles routinely by automatic sequence determination and subsequent automated analysis offers new perspectives for HLA-DNA typing.

Alleles↗

PubMed1996

A computerized method to predict the discriminatory properties for class II sequencing based typing.

Accurate identification of alleles or groups of alleles is obtained using DNA techniques for HLA class II typing. In PCR-SSP and PCR-SSO the typing resolution is dependent on the location of the amplification primers and the number of oligonucleotide probes used for hybridization. These primers are developed based upon the known allele sequences. However, the number of published allele sequences increases rapidly. Periodic reconsideration of the discriminatory properties of the methods used is necessary and often leads to the addition of primers, and an increase of ambiguous genotypes. SBT is a high-resolution class II typing method which utilizes the second exon sequence at all positions for typing. Using a generic amplification and sequencing approach, a limited number of ambiguous heterozygotes can be expected. However, the number of ambiguities is dependent on the location of the primers. These ambiguities can be solved by the use of group-specific primers in either the amplification or sequencing reaction. To identify the applicability of a SBT approach with respect to typing resolution, it is important to identify these ambiguities and develop strategies to solve them. We developed software that predicts the ambiguous heterozygotes, and analyzes their sequences for group specific primers, solving these ambiguities. The location of the primers is considered as well as the use of generic vs group-specific amplification or sequencing reactions. Allele sequences of all class II genes, as accepted by the WHO nomenclature committee for factors of the HLA system and submitted to the EMBL/Genbank databases, are analyzed to define the allelic discrimination level of HLA-DQB1, -DQA1, -DFB1, -DPA1, -DRB1, -DRB3, -DRB4, and -DRB5.

Alleles↗

PubMed1992

Visualization of complex flow fields, with application to the interpretation of colour flow Doppler images.

The interpretation of colour flow Doppler images in regions of complex flow can be difficult. To aid in such interpretations, we have developed software which accepts as input the results of a fluid flow simulation program and produces simulated colour flow Doppler images on a workstation. This allows direct comparison between well-described flow fields and colour flow Doppler images. Application of this approach is demonstrated for flow in a two-dimensional model of a distal graft-to-vessel anastomosis, and the interpretation of the results for three-dimensional flows is briefly discussed. In addition, a method for presenting two-dimensional (vectorial) velocity data via colour coding is presented.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1986

NMR spectroscopy: analytical applications from chemistry to the clinic.

The impact of new technology in NMR instrumentation is described with reference to a range of problem areas in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. In particular, the contribution of very high field instruments based on superconducting magnets is considered, together with Fourier transform and related software developments. Specific application areas discussed include quantitative analysis, structure elucidation, NMR detection in high-performance liquid chromatography, analysis of body fluids, metabolic studies in single cells, analysis of intact tissue in vitro and in vivo, and NMR imaging.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1989

Computer-assisted location of reference points in three dimensions for radiographic cephalometry.

A major obstacle to the derivation of three-dimensional data from lateral and coronal radiographs of the head has been the lack of precision in locating the same landmarks on each of the biplanar images. The method described herein uses radiographic equations based on the geometry of a biplanar system to predict the location of a reference point on one film from its location on the other. This technique, which differs from previously described systems, allows a pair of cephalometric films to be digitized by an on-line procedure controlled by a personal computer. Three-dimensional coordinates of reference points are calculated and stored for subsequent retrieval when they can be used for metric analysis or for the display of simple wire-frame models of the skull. Computing algorithms are provided to aid software development.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1995

Volume of the pineal gland in schizophrenia; an MRI study.

Pineal gland abnormality has been proposed as a possible biological defect in schizophrenia. This study was designed to investigate volumetric differences of the pineal gland using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Patients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder (n = 45) and normal controls (n = 86) were scanned using a 1.5 Tesla scanner. The volume of the pineal was obtained by blind manual tracing of the gland on T1 weighted images, using locally developed software, BRAINS. The inter-rater reliability (n = 25) yielded an intraclass r of 0.92. Comparison of the volumes by t-test showed no significant difference between patients and normal controls (p = 0.77). This study, backed by a large sample size, suggests that there are no volumetric differences between schizophrenic patients and controls in regard to the pineal gland.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Recent progress in understanding chemical shifts.

In the past three or four years computer hardware and software developments have reached the stage where the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of many molecular systems can now be accurately evaluated. Detailed analysis of chemical shifts may soon become a routine part of solid (and liquid) state NMR structure prediction in chemistry and biology, and this Article covers the development of the topic from its earliest beginnings.

Carbon Isotopes↗

PubMed1995

Computer-controlled flushing for long-term cannulation in freely moving rats.

An in vivo long-term perfusion system is presented, which is based on automated, computer-controlled high-frequency heparin (10 U/mL) flushing of the cannula inserted into the tail artery of freely moving rats. The short flushing intervals as achieved with this system guarantee stable conditions throughout an experiment of several days, and reduce blood clotting and the infiltration of fibroblasts. In addition, a specially developed software enables the periodical application of test substances into the blood stream under time-controlled conditions over long periods. The system can be used continuously to follow up blood parameters in single animals without significant elicitation of stress-sensitive plasma catecholamines for up to 12 days.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Capacity and performance: ambulatory monitoring under controlled and real-life conditions].

OBJECTIVES: To determine the value of ambulatory monitoring in assessing human gait. To describe the sensors, the parameters and the ambulatory devices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature review and practical experience about techniques, principles, objectives and limits. RESULTS: Accelerometry is the main technique for ambulatory monitoring because of its reliability, pertinence of signals and software developed for interpretation. Simultaneous monitoring of heart rate response is clinically relevant. Pedometers and actimeters can answer precise clinical questions about amount of walking activity. CONCLUSION: Ambulatory monitoring during long periods (one day or more) is important, especially for rehabilitation medicine because it measures the actual patient activity performed and participation. The simultaneous monitoring of environmental conditions of activity should improve the interpretation of the data collected.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

Effect of computer mouse gain and visual demand on mouse clicking performance and muscle activation in a young and elderly group of experienced computer users.

The present study evaluated the specific effects of motor demand and visual demands on the ability to control motor output in terms of performance and muscle activation. Young and elderly subjects performed multidirectional pointing tasks with the computer mouse. Three levels of mouse gain and three levels of target size were used. All subjects demonstrated a reduced working speed and hit rate at the highest mouse gain (1:8) when the target size was small. The young group had an optimum at mouse gain 1:4. The elderly group was most sensitive to the combination of high mouse gain and small targets and thus, this age group should avoid this combination. Decreasing target sizes (i.e. increasing visual demand) reduced performance in both groups despite that motor demand was maintained constant. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid small screen objects and letters. Forearm muscle activity was only to a minor degree influenced by mouse gain (and target sizes) indicating that stability of the forearm/hand is of significance during computer mouse control. The study has implications for ergonomists, pointing device manufacturers and software developers.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Auditory brainstem response classification: a hybrid model using time and frequency features.

OBJECTIVE: The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is an evoked response obtained from brain electrical activity when an auditory stimulus is applied to the ear. An audiologist can determine the threshold level of hearing by applying stimuli at reducing levels of intensity, and can also diagnose various otological, audiological, and neurological abnormalities by examining the morphology of the waveform and the latencies of the individual waves. This is a subjective process requiring considerable expertise. The aim of this research was to develop software classification models to assist the audiologist with an automated detection of the ABR waveform and also to provide objectivity and consistency in this detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dataset used in this study consisted of 550 waveforms derived from tests using a range of stimulus levels applied to 85 subjects ranging in hearing ability. Each waveform had been classified by a human expert as 'response=Yes' or 'response=No'. Individual software classification models were generated using time, frequency and cross-correlation measures. Classification employed both artificial neural networks (NNs) and the C5.0 decision tree algorithm. Accuracies were validated using six-fold cross-validation, and by randomising training, validation and test datasets. RESULTS: The result was a two stage classification process whereby strong responses were classified to an accuracy of 95.6% in the first stage. This used a ratio of post-stimulus to pre-stimulus power in the time domain, with power measures at 200, 500 and 900Hz in the frequency domain. In the second stage, outputs from time, frequency and cross-correlation classifiers were combined using the Dempster-Shafer method to produce a hybrid model with an accuracy of 85% (126 repeat waveforms). CONCLUSION: By combining the different approaches a hybrid system has been created that emulates the approach used by an audiologist in analysing an ABR waveform. Interpretation did not rely on one particular feature but brought together power and frequency analysis as well as consistency of subaverages. This provided a system that enhanced robustness to artefacts while maintaining classification accuracy.

Acoustic Stimulation↗