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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

A physiologic in vitro model of the inferior vena cava with a computer-controlled flow system for testing of inferior vena cava filters.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The authors develop a physiologic in vitro model of the inferior vena cava (IVC) for testing of filters. METHODS: The model is driven by a centrifugal pump. A computer-controlled electromagnetic valve is used for generation of different flow patterns. Limitation of the pressure increase in case of IVC occlusion is achieved by a bypass circuit. A glycerin solution is used for perfusion. Artificial clots are made from polyacrylamide gel. Data acquisition includes continuous monitoring of flow and difference pressure over the filter and video recording of the testing events. RESULTS: The model can generate constant and pulsatile flows. The pressure increase can be limited to 70 mm Hg in case of occlusion. Calculation of the flow velocities in the IVC is possible. A classification of thrombus capturing is presented. The testing of most of the results are reproducible. CONCLUSIONS: The in vitro model simulates the physiologic conditions in the IVC. It can be used for comparative testing of different filters and the evaluation of new filter designs.

Blood Flow Velocity↗

PubMed2005

The effect of transdermal delivery of fentanyl on activity in growing pigs.

Recently, decreased activity levels have been observed in pigs treated postoperatively with transdermal delivery of fentanyl (TD-fentanyl) after isoflurane anaesthesia. Whether the change in behaviour is related to opioid-induced sedation or to insufficient pain relief remains to be investigated. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the effect of TD-fentanyl 50 microg h(-1) on the activity level with and without isoflurane anaesthesia. Eight pigs (25.4 +/- 5.2 kg) were submitted to a cross-over study and given two treatments; 1) fentanyl patch applied after 30 minutes of anaesthesia (treatment A/F) and 2) fentanyl patch without anaesthesia (treatment F). The pigs' behaviour was observed from a video recording instantaneously every 10 minutes for 24 h before treatments and up to 72 h after the patch attachment. Venous blood samples were taken 1, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after the patch application. The behaviour recordings showed that TD-fentanyl did not produce sedation in any pig. No differences were found between the two treatments in activity level, weight gain or serum fentanyl concentration. This concentration measured after 24 h was 0.27 +/- 0.11 ng ml(-1) and 0.47 +/- 0.40 ng ml(-1) in the A/F and F group, respectively. In conclusion, transdermal delivery of 50 microg h(-1) fentanyl did not cause inactivity in growing pigs. However, the large variations in serum fentanyl concentration indicate that drug absorption from transdermal patches is unpredictable and sometimes deficient.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The captured launch of a ballistospore.

Ballistospore discharge is a feature of 30000 species of mushrooms, basidiomycete yeasts and pathogenic rusts and smuts. The biomechanics of discharge may involve an abrupt change in the center of mass associated with the coalescence of Buller's drop and the spore. However this process occurs so rapidly that the launch of the ballistospore has never been visualized. Here we report ultra high-speed video recordings of the earliest events of spore dispersal using the yeast Itersonilia perplexans and the distantly related jelly fungus Auricularia auricula. Images taken at camera speeds of up to 100,000 frames/ s demonstrate that ballistospore discharge does involve the coalescence of Buller's drop and the spore. Recordings of I. perplexans demonstrate that although coalescence may result from the directed collapse of Buller's drop onto the spore, it also may involve the movement of the spore toward the drop. The release of surface tension at coalescence provides the energy and directional momentum to propel the drop and spore away from the fungus. Analyses show that ballistospores launch into the air at initial accelerations in excess of 10,000 g. There is no known analog of this micromechanical process in animals, plants or bacteria, but the recent development of a surface tension motor may mimic the fungal biology described here.

Basidiomycota↗

PubMed2001

Estimation of low back loading on nurses during patient handling tasks: the importance of bedside reaction force measurement.

By means of video recording, measurement of ground reaction forces, and biomechanical modeling of the lower part of the body, the low back loading of nurses during patient handling can be estimated. In this study the force exerted on the bedside by a nurse during different patient handling tasks was measured, and the contribution to the moment at the L4/L5 joint was investigated. It is shown that the bedside reaction moment contributes significantly to the total moment, and could lead to substantial over-estimation if not appropriately included in the calculations, when using an upward biomechanical model for estimating the spinal load of nurses during patient handling tasks.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed2000

Risk reduction in diving spinal cord injury: teaching safe diving skills.

Thirty-four recreational swimmers underwent an intervention program to improve diving skills. Participants with low diving skills completed seven 10-minute sessions which emphasised locking thumbs and holding arms extended beyond the head, and steering and gliding skills. Various dive entries were video-recorded and maximum depth reached was used as the criterion measure. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance was conducted for each dive condition. Maximum depth decreased for all dives. Velocity at maximum depth was greater for the Treadwater, Deck and Block conditions. Improved streamlining and increased 'spring' were evident in more confident participants. Hands separated in 71% of pre-intervention dives but only in 3% of post-intervention dives. Preintervention, arms were pulled backward before. or at, maximum depth in 30% of participants but none did this post-intervention. Diving skills were improved following participation in the intervention program.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Research approaches to describe the mechanisms of injuries in sport: limitations and possibilities.

A number of different methodological approaches have been used to describe the inciting event for sports injuries. These include interviews of injured athletes, analysis of video recordings of actual injuries, clinical studies (clinical findings of joint damage are studied to understand the injury mechanism, mainly through plain radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, arthroscopy, and computed tomography scans), in vivo studies (ligament strain or forces are measured to understand ligament loading patterns), cadaver studies, mathematical modelling and simulation of injury situations, and measurement/estimation from "close to injury" situations. In rare cases, injuries have even occurred during biomechanical experiments. This review describes each research approach and assesses its strengths and weaknesses in contributing to the understanding and prevention of sports injuries.

Athletic Injuries↗

PubMed2005

Cognitive strategy generation in children with developmental coordination disorder.

BACKGROUND: Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a condition of impaired quality of movement and occupational performance. It has been hypothesized that the difficulties experienced by children with DCD may in part be due to an impaired ability to use cognitive strategies to solve occupational performance problems. Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) is a verbally-based approach to helping children remediate this difficulty. The current pilot study investigated the use of cognitive strategies in children with DCD to determine whether cognitive strategy use is improved by CO-OP. METHODS: Observations of video-recorded sessions of 18 school-aged children were scored for frequency and type of cognitive strategies used. RESULTS: Differences within and between groups revealed changes in the types and frequency of cognitive strategies. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results of the present study support the use of a cognitively-based approach such as CO-OP in assisting children with DCD in developing cognitive strategies when solving occupational performance problems. However, further research using a larger sample is necessary to fully explore the impact of CO-OP on the strategy use of children with DCD.

Child↗

PubMed1984

Procedures for the selection of spastic dysphonia patients for recurrent laryngeal nerve section.

Patients with spastic dysphonia were studied to identify the characteristics of patients benefiting from recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) surgery. Studies included laryngeal video recordings made during speech, measures of frequency and amplitude variations during extended phonation, the effects of altered auditory feedback on dysfluencies, and temporary unilateral RLN block. Two patients had vocal fold adductor spasms during connected speech, had increased acoustic phonatory tremor in frequency, were not benefited by altered auditory feedback, and responded favorably to nerve block. Subsequent RLN section improved the speech of both patients. Other patients had speech blocks, repetitions and prolongations, vocal fold tremors during phonation, reduced dysfluencies during altered auditory feedback, and were not benefited by temporary nerve block. Two subtypes of spastic dysphonic patients are proposed.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Development and validation of the Two-Dimensional Social Interaction Scale (2DSIS).

The Two-Dimensional Social Interaction Scale (2DSIS) is a newly developed 20-item observer rating scale to assess four distinct categories of social interaction: active participate; active non-participate; passive participate; and passive non-participate. The scale was submitted to a validation procedure based on video recording of 59 dyadic social interactions between a confederate enacting one of the four types of social behaviours and a participant. The 2DSIS observer ratings on the participants were associated with meaningful differences in participants' social behaviour and their scores on the Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale. The 2DSIS observer ratings on the confederates were associated with participants' Post Encounter Scale scores. Factor analysis suggested that the four category ratings did exist in the two dimensions as proposed. The 2DSIS could be used in conjunction with conventional assessment tools to evaluate the social functioning of individuals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

A new preparation of rat extensor digitorum longus muscle for intravital investigation of the microcirculation.

The extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle is a fast contracting muscle with 60% of Type IIB fibres at the surface. We developed a surgical procedure for exposing this surface from which the microcirculation can be visualized via intravital microscopy. From video recorded microscopic images we determined that microvascular perfusion at the surface is fairly stable for at least 5 hours. Among 7 anaesthetized rats (male Wistar), the density of perfused capillaries decreased at a rate of 4% per hr. The average velocity of red cells in perfused capillaries remained constant at 0.14 mm/s. In order to demonstrate the usefulness of the preparation we report 2 sample experiments involving muscle contraction and aging. The major advantages of EDL preparation are (1) absence of mechanical manipulation of the muscle during exposure, (2) no requirement for surface superfusion following exposure, and (3) independence of the visibility of the microcirculation from rat size and age.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Changes in the kinematic structure and non-kinematic features of movements during skilled reaching after stroke: a Laban Movement Analysis in two case studies.

The purpose of this study was to adapt a universal language for human movement, Laban Movement Analysis (LMA), to capture the kinematic and non-kinematic aspects of movement in a reach-for-food task by subjects whose movements had been affected by stroke. Two control subjects, one stroke subject with internal capsule damage, and one subject with right posterior parietal stroke were video recorded while performing the reaching task. The movements of limb advancement, grasping the food, and limb withdrawal to place the food in the mouth, were notated using LMA. A scale, the Expressive Reaching Scale (ERS), was derived from the notation. All subjects completed the task; however, the stroke subjects displayed abnormalities in both the kinematic and non-kinematic aspects of movements during reaching with either limb. The most extensive impairments were in the contralateral-to-stroke limb and were most severe in the subject with internal capsule damage. The ERS rating scale may be a useful diagnosis and assessment tool.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Role of vision on early motor development: lessons from the blind.

For a better understanding of the contribution vision makes to the development of other sensory systems and to movement and posture, we studied effects of early blindness by examining video recordings of 14 totally blind infants. Infants were born at term or preterm and showed no evidence of brain damage. During preterm and term periods no noticeable changes in motor activity were observed. Around 2 months postterm all infants showed clear delay in head control and abnormal, exaggerated type of 'fidgety movements'. Later, postural control was characterized by a prolonged period of ataxic features. Results indicate a lack of normal calibration exerted by vision on proprioceptive and vestibular systems. Early visuomotor coordination such as coordinated eye-head scanning and head orientating were present but disappeared after several weeks.

Blindness↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Participatory design of information systems in health care.

AIM: To study the objectives, processes, and ideologies expressed during participatory design of information systems (PDIS) in health care. DESIGN: Longitudinal documentation of project meetings by video recording. Grounded theory development in three steps. SETTING: Systems development project in primary care. RESULTS: The developing system was discussed mainly from a clinical and practical, as opposed to a technical, viewpoint. The design decisions were related to societal-level participants and institutions. This external influence on design decisions was mediated by design voices in discussions, each having its own scope. CONCLUSIONS: The social environment has to be considered when applying PDIS in health care. Instructions for nondesigners can be used to introduce them to the design objectives, processes, and ideologies on which PDIS is based and to support them when relating clinical and practical design questions to the existing social constraints and norms.

Group Processes↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Handling premature neonates: a study using time-lapse video.

Handling procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICUs) constitute a potential hazard for very pre-term infants. This study examines whether the presence of continuous physiological trend data on a cot-side monitor affects the overall length of time an infant is handled. This was done by pairing infants by gestational age and assessing the frequency and length of handling procedures, using a video recorder in time-lapse mode. No consistent correlation was found between handling duration and either continuous monitoring, gestational age, birth weight or ventilatory status. We also compare the actual numbers of handling episodes and the length of time spent being handled with the perceptions of handling among NICU staff. The study was constrained by the requirements of a larger study examining the effects of the cot-side monitors, and so numbers recruited were small and our conclusions tentative at best; however, the discrepancy between what staff thought handling rates were and what we observed indicates that there may be room for considerable improvements in the planning of care giving to very vulnerable infants.

Clinical Nursing Research↗

PubMed1997

Reliability of the gross motor function measure in cerebral palsy.

The Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), an instrument comprising five dimensions devised by Russell and co-workers (7) to measure gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy (CP) or brain damage, enables changes in performance status to be evaluated after therapy or when monitored over time. We analysed its inter-rater and intra-rater reliability on the three most difficult dimensions. A video-recording of three children with CP performing test tasks was assessed on two occasions at an interval of six months by each of the 15 physiotherapists using the GMFM manual but without previous experience or training in the use of the instrument. Mean percentage scores were similar at the first and second assessments. Both inter- and intra-rater reliabilities were good, inter-rater reliability being 0.77 and 0.88 at the first and second assessments, respectively, and intra-rater reliability 0.68 at the second assessment. The findings suggest the GMFM to be a useful and reliable instrument for assessing motor function and treatment outcome in CP.

Cerebral Palsy↗

PubMed2003

Pre-performance routine consistency: temporal analysis of goal kicking in the Rugby Union World Cup.

This study examined the consistency of pre-performance routines in international rugby union goal kickers on kicks of varying difficulty and under different amounts of situational pressure. Concentration times and physical preparation times were calculated from video recordings of the 572 place kicks taken during the 1999 Rugby Union World Cup. In contrast to the view that performers should seek consistent pre-performance routine times, the results revealed a strong positive relationship between kick difficulty and concentration time. Analysis of the effect of situational pressure, determined by the difference in score before the kick, revealed that players tended to have longer concentration times and shorter physical preparation times when the scores were close. There were no differences between the best and worst kickers in the tournament on routine time, consistency or rhythmicity. The view that increasing the temporal consistency of a routine will result in improved performance is challenged.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Image quality and radiation levels in videofluoroscopy for swallowing studies: a review.

Inexpensive video recording equipment coupled to conventional x-ray fluoroscopes is now in widespread use by clinicians for the evaluation of patients with swallowing disorders. The prevalence and simplicity of this apparatus have encouraged its use by clinical specialists who are often not specifically trained in the safe use of x-ray equipment, and this may not be in the best interest of either the patient or the examiner. This has prompted an overview of the operating principles of videofluorescopy equipment. The factors governing image quality are discussed as well as potential hazards and protective measures for both patients and operator. A method of estimating the radiation dose to sensitive tissues from a typical swallowing study is included.

Cineradiography↗

PubMed2003

Reference values for an index of fetal aortic isthmus blood flow during the second half of pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: During fetal life, the parallel position of the two cardiac ventricles confers a special status to the aortic isthmus. Flow through the isthmus reflects the balance between the performances of the two ventricles and their respective peripheral impedances. This study proposes a fetal aortic isthmus flow velocity index and its reference values defined on the basis of gestational age (GA). METHODS: Video recordings of 111 normal fetuses from 18 to 39 weeks of gestation were retrospectively reviewed. An isthmus flow velocity index (IFI) was calculated as follows: IFI = (systolic + diastolic)/systolic velocity integrals. GA-specific reference ranges of IFI were constructed. RESULTS: An IFI of 1.33 +/- 0.03 was found at 18 weeks. This value decreased slightly but steadily with GA to reach 1.23 +/- 0.16 at 39 weeks. This change is mainly related to a decrease in diastolic velocity integrals. CONCLUSION: The proposed IFI provides information on the direction and, indirectly, on the volume of blood flow through the fetal aortic isthmus.

Aorta, Thoracic↗