PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “AMMONIUM CHLORIDE”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Optical studies on chemical bath deposited nanocrystalline CdS thin films.

Nanocrystalline cadmium sulphide thin films were prepared by the chemical bath (CB) deposition using a mixed aqueous solution of cadmium chloride, thiourea, and ammonium chloride. The XRD patterns showed that the CdS films were of hexagonal phase with preferred (002) orientation. From ellipsometric measurements, the film thickness was found to be in order of 66 nm and the optical band gap was estimated to be 2.4 eV.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of patients with idiopathic calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate stones.

Our primary objective was to test the hypothesis that a defect in acidification is more common in patients who have idiopathic calcium phosphate kidney stones than in those whose stones are formed mainly of calcium oxalate. Additionally, other risk factors might differ for these 2 stone types. Urine pH was measured serially over 24 hours, and along with ammonium and titratable acid, it was measured before and serially after ingestion of ammonium chloride in 3 groups of subjects: 24 patients with predominantly calcium phosphate stones, 30 patients with calcium oxalate stones, and 15 health non-stone-formers. Twenty-six parameters potentially related to stone formation and acidification were assayed on urines collected over 24 hours, and 15 parameters on blood. The data base was a computerized list of 5900 analyses of stones from patients living in Newfoundland. Patients not known by their physician to have had urinary tract infection, anatomical abnormality, hyperparathyroidism, or renal tubular acidosis were asked to participate in the study. Differences between means were considered significant if p values were less than 0.05 for F by analysis of variance and also less than 0.01 by t-test. In all patients with calcium oxalate stones and all non-stone-formers, urine acidified to pH less than 5.25, but in 8 of the 23 phosphate stone formers who completed the ammonium chloride study urine failed to acidify to pH less than 5.25. As all 8 had normal values for venous pH, total CO2, and chloride, they were considered to have incomplete renal tubular acidosis (IRTA). The 8 phosphate stone formers with IRTA had greater mean values for urine pH on all 9 specimens collected serially over 24 hours (all means greater than 6.2), and after administration of ammonium chloride (p less than 0.01), as well as lower mean values for urine titratable acid excretion (p less than 0.01), both after administration of ammonium chloride and in 24-hour urine samples, compared with the remaining phosphate stone formers whose urine acidified and the oxalate and non-stone-forming control groups. Nearly all the phosphate stone formers had 1 or more risk factors for stone formation, but with frequencies not significantly higher than those found in the oxalate group. Hypercalciuria and hypocitruria were the commonest, but increased oxalate or urate also occurred. Thus, idiopathic calcium phosphate stone formation can be associated with 1 or more of several risk factors, and, with the possible exception of those with IRTA, treatment should be similar to that given to patients with calcium oxalate stones.

Acidosis, Renal Tubular↗
PubMed1992

Ammonia regulation of phosphate-activated glutaminase displays regional variation and impairment in the brain of aged rats.

The regulation of PAG by ammonia in whole brain (Sprague-Dawley) and regional (Fischer-344) synaptosomal preparations from adult and aged animals was assessed. Whole brain synaptosomal preparations from both age groups displayed a significant decrease in PAG activity with increasing ammonium chloride concentrations, however, the aged rats exhibited a significant attenuation in ammonia-induced PAG inhibition. PAG activity measured in synaptosomes prepared from the striatum (STR), temporal cortex (TCX) and hippocampus (HIPP) was also inhibited by ammonium chloride. The STR showed the greatest degree of ammonia-induced PAG inhibition (55%) followed by the HIPP (30-35%) and the TCX (25-30%). This reduction in PAG activity was significantly attenuated in STR from aged rats at ammonium chloride concentrations greater than 50 microM and in the TCX, PAG activity was significantly attenuated in the aged rats at ammonia concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mM. Ammonia regulation of PAG activity in the HIPP appeared to be unaffected by age. Ammonium chloride concentrations up to 5 mM had no effect on GLU release from cortical slices, although GLN efflux was significantly enhanced. These findings suggest that isozymes of PAG may exist in different brain regions based on their differential sensitivity to ammonia. The attenuation of ammonia-induced PAG inhibition seen in aged rats may have deleterious effects in the aged brain.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

[The (15N) ammonium test in clinical research].

By use of the [15N]-ammoniumtest the liver function is investigated under influence of hormonal contraceptives in women and in liver diseases in children. With the described noninvasive nonradioactive isotope test the ammonia detoxification capability and the urea synthesis capacity of the liver is determined by measuring of the 15N-exceretion in ammonia and urea in the urine after oral administering of [15N]-ammonium chloride. The [15N]-ammonium test shows a significant influence of the hormonal contraceptives on the liver function and gives diagnostic evidence for liver diseases in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Kinetic effects of chemical and physical uncoupling on the energy-transducing ATPase from spinach chloroplasts.

Ammonium chloride, an uncoupler of photophosphorylation which stimulates the membrane-bound chloroplast coupling factor ATPase when added after light/dithiothreitol activation, causes a decrease in the number of extra water oxygens incorporated into the phosphate formed during ATP hydrolysis. This observation is in contrast to the long-reported insensitivity of intermediate Pi:H2O oxygen exchange to uncoupler dinitrophenol in the mitochondrial F1 ATPase system. The effect of ammonium chloride on the CF1-catalyzed oxygen exchange reaction is consistent with ATPase activity stimulation caused by increased partitioning forward of the enzyme . products complex. In line with the oxygen exchange data, ammonium chloride causes an increase in the apparent Km of the enzyme for substrate ATP. The effect of ammonium chloride on the pattern of the intermediate Pi:H2O oxygen exchange is not a threshold phenomenon; the extent of exchange decreases in a continuous fashion, paralleling the stimulation of ATPase activity. The uncoupler CF3OPhzC(CN)2 also decreases the extent of oxygen exchange upon stimulating the membrane-bound ATPase, while phlorizin, an energy-transfer inhibitor, has essentially no effect on exchange although it inhibits the ATPase reaction. Similar to the effect of chemical uncoupling on the membrane-bound enzyme, physical removal of the coupling factor ATPase from the thylakoid membrane also results in an increase in forward partitioning of the enzyme . ADP . Pi complex. The modulation of oxygen exchange observed by altering the degree of coupling is similar to that which accompanies changing ATP concentration in the mitochondrial ATPase system [Russo, J. A., Lamos, C. M. and Mitchell, R. A. (1978) Biochemistry 17,473-480 and Choate, G. L., Hutton, R. L. and Boyer, P. D. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 286-290]. However, the uncoupler modulation is not readily correlated with the degree to which multiple catalytic sites are occupied by substrate.

Catalysis↗
PubMed1976

Influence of aminooxyacetate administration on ammonia-induced metabolic disturbances in the rat liver.

The purpose of the present report was to investigate the effects of aminooxyacetate administration to rats on the ammonia-induced disturbances in the substrate levels and in the activities of the enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism. 1.--Aminooxyacetate enhances the accumulation of ammonia following an ammonia load and prevents the other substrate level changes induced by ammonia. Thus, this transaminase inhibitor suppresses ammonia detoxication by formation of aminoacids as well as by urea synthesis. 2.--A significant decrease of glutamine synthetase activity is observed only after administration of both aminooxyacetate and ammonium chloride. 3.--Like in rats injected with ammonium chloride alone, an ammonia-induced activation of liver glutaminase I is found in inhibitor-pretreated rats. This result confirms the specific enhancement of glutaminase I activity by ammonia in excess.

Acetates↗
PubMed1982

Effects of methionine sulphoximine on protein transients during heterocyst differentiation in Anabaena and Cylindrospermum spp.

Heterocystous blue-green algae normally do not develop heterocysts if grown in the medium enriched with ammonium compounds. If such cultures are resuspended in a medium lacking combined nitrogen, the heterocysts differentiate within 24 h. L-methionine-DL-sulphoximine (MSO) has been reported to induce heterocysts even in the presence of ammonium chloride. The changes in gel electrophoresis protein profiles of cultures developing heterocysts, in the ammonium chloride enriched medium supplemented with MSO suggest that heterocyst differentiation in the presence of ammonium chloride and MSO may be due to derepression of heterocyst formation genes by MSO.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed2003

A model for ammonia poisoning in cattle.

The intravenous infusion of ammonium chloride was used to induce ammonia (NH3) poisoning in cattle. A 1.5 M ammonium chloride solution, buffered to pH 7.0, was infused at 400 mL/h until a convulsive episode occurred and therapy was initiated. Convulsions occurred with 200 to 1200 mL of ammonium solution. The clinical picture and metabolic effects were similar to the natural poisoning; no side effected occurred. The hypermmoniemia caused hyperglycemia, hyperlactemia, hyperkalemia and Intense metabolic acidosis. After treatment there was a sharp decrease in plasma NH3. Within 110 min all steers stood and recovered appetites. The induction of NH3 poisoning in cattle with ammonium chloride offers many advantages over the administration of high po doses of urea.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1988

Effects of ammonia and beta-methylene-DL-aspartate on the oxidation of glucose and pyruvate by neurons and astrocytes in primary culture.

Both ammonia and beta-methylene-DL-aspartate (beta-MA), an irreversible inhibitor of aspartate aminotransferase activity and thus of the malate-aspartate shuttle, were found previously to decrease oxidative metabolism in cerebral cortex slices. In the present work, the possibility that ammonia and beta-MA affect energy metabolism by a common mechanism (i.e., via inhibition of the malate-aspartate shuttle) was investigated using primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes. Incubation of astrocytes for 30 min with 5 mM beta-MA resulted in a decreased production of 14CO2 from [U-14C]glucose, but did not affect 14CO2 production from [2-14C]pyruvate. Conversely, incubation of astrocytes with 3 mM ammonium chloride resulted in decreased 14CO2 production from [2-14C]pyruvate, but 14CO2 production from [U-14C]glucose was not significantly affected. Ammonium chloride had no significant effect on 14CO2 production from either [U-14C]glucose or [2-14]pyruvate by neurons. However, incubation of neurons with beta-MA or beta-MA plus ammonium chloride resulted in a approximately 45% decrease of 14CO2 production from both [U-14C]glucose and [2-14C]pyruvate. A 2-h incubation of astrocytes with beta-MA resulted in no change in ATP levels, but a 35% decrease in phosphocreatine. Similar treatment of neurons resulted in greater than 50% decrease in ATP, but had little effect on phosphocreatine. beta-MA also caused a decrease in glutamate and aspartate content of neurons, but not of astrocytes. The different metabolic responses of neurons and astrocytes towards beta-MA were probably not due to a differential inhibition of aspartate aminotransferase which was inhibited by approximately 45% in astrocytes and by approximately 55% in neurons.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1976

Renal acidification in sickle cell trait.

Nine sickle cell trait and nine control subjects underwent six-hour ammonium chloride acid loading. Maximal urine osmolality and renal hemodynamics were studied separately. Base line arterial pH, carbon dioxide pressure (Pco2), and [HCO3] were normal and comparable in the two groups. After ammonium chloride loading, urine pH decreased to 5.3 or less in all, and maximal excretion of ammonium and titratable and net acid was comparable as was urine minus blood Pco2 after bicarbonate loading. The ammonium chloride acidosis caused a small decrease in red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels but no alteration in oxygen pressure at 50% saturation at pH 7.4, sickling, or adverse effects. Control and sickle cell trait subjects had comparable renal hemodynamics but maximal urine osmolality was lower in sickle-cell trait subjects. Adults with sickle cell trait have diminished renal concentrating ability and normal renal acidification and hemodynamics.

Acidosis, Renal Tubular↗
PubMed1999

Intracellular growth of Listeria monocytogenes insertional mutant deprived of protein p60.

The study of the mutant strain described here demonstrates that several characteristics contribute to maximal virulence of pathogenic strains of L. monocytogenes. The invasion levels of L. monocytogenes JB1115, a p60-deficient strain, were the same as for the parent strain L. monocytogenes 1043S in J774 macrophage-like cells. The invasion level of Listeria strains in Int407 cells was 100 times lower than in J774 cells. In epithelial Int407 cells, the time of division of p60- strain L. monocytogenes JB1115 was 43% slower than for the parent strain. In this study, two lisosomotrophic agents, ammonium chloride and chlorquinoline were tested in experimental L. monocytogenes 1043S and p60-deprived mutant JB1115 infection in both cell lines. The presence of ammonium chloride increased the level of infection (calculated as number of gentamicin-resistant cells) of both Listeria strains, but in the case of infection by p60 mutant, the increased amount of ammonium chloride showed only a minimal effect on the number of isolated bacteria. In both cell lines treated with chlorquinoline we observed a decrease in the number of viable intracellular bacteria isolated from infected monolayers. Our observation of parental and mutated strains of Listeria showed that phospholipase activity also depends on the presence of p60 protein. Mutated strain showed 31.46% reduction of PI-PLC activity measured in normal growth conditions. Protein p60 plays a role not only in listeriolysin O mediated haemolytic activity but full phospholipase C activity is also dependent on the presence of the Iap protein.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed2002

Newborn rats' first suckling experience: taste differentiation and suckling plasticity.

The present study examined responsiveness of newborn rats to a surrogate nipple providing fluids with basic tastes (sweet, sour, bitter and salty) and assessed the effects of this first gustatory experience on subsequent responding to the nipple itself (empty nipple) or the nipple providing water. Responsiveness (attachment to and ingestion from a surrogate nipple providing saccharin, saline, quinine or ammonium chloride) was compared with that toward a nipple providing water. Compared to water, saline and quinine significantly reduced attachment to and ingestion from the nipple, while saccharin and milk significantly increased attachment behavior. Ammonium chloride increased attachment but not ingestive behavior. Suckling experience with saline, quinine and ammonium chloride attenuated both attachment and ingestive behaviors when subjects were tested 1 h later with an empty surrogate nipple or a nipple providing water. Experience with saccharin and milk (but not water) increased both measures. The data suggest that in newborn rats, as early as a few hours after birth, mechanisms of gustatory detection have control over suckling behavior. Initial experience with the tastants available from the nipple in the first suckling episode may alter further responsiveness to the nipple itself, mediated perhaps by mechanisms of appetitive and aversive conditioning.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed1991

Alkalinity of non-industrial cleaning products and the likelihood of producing significant esophageal burns.

Alkaline cleaning products are a cause of serious esophageal injury. Over time, legislation has diminished the concentration of many such non-industrial solutions and solids; however several products presently do not list either the pH or relative concentrations of alkaline constituents. This study measures the pHs of several non-industrial cleaning products containing either ammonium chloride, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide. Three pH measurements were performed on each of 10 non-industrial alkaline cleaning products (eight liquid, two solid). Two 0.1% ammonium chloride solutions had pHs of 12.06 +/- 0.00 and 12.06 +/- 0.01, whereas a pH of 12.43 +/- 0.00 was recorded in a 0.2% ammonium chloride solution. Concentrations of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide were listed on only one of five liquid cleaning product labels. The pHs for these five products varied between 12.83 +/- 0.009 and 13.5 +/- .0.2. The pHs of three sodium hydroxide solutions differed from values reported in Micromedex (Micromedex Inc, Denver CO) by up to 0.32 pH units. Ten percent (v/v) solutions of two solid lye products had pHs of 13.62 +/- 0.008 and 13.74 +/- 0.02. The investigator found that selected non-industrial cleaning products, including ammonia solutions, retain the ability to cause clinically important esophageal damage.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed2007

Enhancing the effect of radionuclide tumor targeting, using lysosomotropic weak bases.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to investigate if treatment with lysosomotropic weak bases could increase the intracellular retention of radiohalogens and thereby increase the therapeutic effect of radionuclide tumor targeting. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Four different lysosomotropic bases, chloroquine, ammonium chloride, amantadine, and thioridazine, were investigated for their ability to increase radiohalogen retention in vitro. The two most promising substances, chloroquine and ammonium chloride, were studied in several cell lines (A431, U343MGaCl2:6, SKOV-3, and SKBR-3) in combination with radiolabeled epidermal growth factor (EGF) or the HER2 binding affibody (Z(HER2:4))(2). RESULTS: The uptake and retention of radionuclides was found to be substantially increased by simultaneous treatment with the lysosomotropic bases. The effect was, however, more pronounced in the epidermal growth factor:epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF:EGFR) system than in the (Z(HER2:4))(2):HER2 system. The therapeutic effect of ammonium chloride treatment combined with (211)At-EGF was also studied. The effect obtained after combined treatment was found to be much better than after (211)At-EGF treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS: The encouraging results from the present study indicate that the use of lysosomotropic weak bases is a promising approach for increasing the therapeutic effect of radionuclide targeting with radiohalogens.

Amantadine↗
PubMed1983

Intracellular dissociation of receptor-bound asialoglycoproteins in cultured hepatocytes. A pH-mediated nonlysosomal event.

The binding, internalization, and degradation of 125I-asialo-orosomucoid were studied in primary monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes. Ligand entered the cell bound to the asialoglycoprotein receptor and subsequently dissociated from the receptor intracellularly. Rate coefficients for each of the transitions that constitute the endocytic pathway were computed. Subcellular fractionation on Percoll gradients revealed that prior to localization in lysosomes, 125I-asialo-orosomucoid resided in a fraction of slightly lower buoyant density than plasma membranes. Neither ammonium chloride (20 mM) nor leupeptin (0.1 mg/ml) affected ligand binding or internalization of prebound ligand. However, both reagents inhibited degradation of ligand by greater than 95%. Of the two, only ammonium chloride inhibited receptor-ligand dissociation. Ammonium chloride treatment resulted in the accumulation of ligand in the prelysosomal fraction. In contrast, exposure of cells to leupeptin led to accumulation of ligand within lysosomes. The results are interpreted in terms of pH-mediated dissociation of ligand-receptor complex within a nonlysosomal endocytic vesicle.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in the enzyme activities involved in nitrogen assimilation in Mycobacterium smegmatis under various growth conditions.

Glutamate dehydrogenase (aminating) and glutamine synthetase activities were assayed in Mycobacterium smegmatis following growth on various carbon and nitrogen sources. The activities (expressed as nmoles product formed/min/mg crude extract protein) of these two enzymes were higher in crude extracts from glucose-grown cells than in glycerol- or fructose-grown cells. In the presence of succinate, pyruvate, fumarate or acetate in the growth medium, both these enzyme activities were lower than those in citrate-grown cells. The glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity was the same in asparagine and glutamine-grown cells. Ammonium chloride, alanine or glutamic acid, when used as nitrogen source, resulted in low GDH activity as compared to asparagine-grown cells. Glutamine synthetase activity was considerably lower (2-4 fold) when the cells were grown on alanine, glutamine, glutamic acid or ammonium chloride as the nitrogen source than those in asparagine-grown cells. Glutamate and ammonium chloride, when present in the growth medium, repressed both glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase, though the degree of repression was small. The results suggest that only a weak transcriptional control operates for these enzyme activities in M. smegmatis.

Alanine↗