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PubMed1998

[Comparison of the body image of healthy and psychiatrically and chronically ill children using the KBMT-K].

UNLABELLED: Initially some results from empirical studies regarding body satisfaction and differentiation of body experience of children are described. METHOD: In our study several groups of children showing different kinds of illness at the age of eight to twelve years were subjected to the "Körperbildmaltest für Kinder" (KBMT-K, Günter) (Colour-A-Person-Dissatisfaction-Test for Children), a depression inventory and an anxiety test. Furthermore we examined the children's body knowledge. We assessed two samples of children in psychiatric and psychotherapeutic inpatient treatment. The diagnoses were disruptive behaviour (n = 32) or emotional disturbances (n = 36). Three other groups were formed of children with somatic chronic illnesses (asthmatics (n = 47), inpatient diabetics (n = 34) and outpatient diabetics (n = 30)). We compared the test scores with those of healthy children. RESULTS: Only the younger (eight to ten years old) children of both samples showed a significantly lower body satisfaction in comparison to healthy children, the young girls with a chronic somatic illness having the lowest scores. Older girls with a chronic somatic illness (aged 11 or 12 years) had a significantly poorer differentiation of their body experience than the healthy peers, a finding we had not expected in advance. Comparing the different clinical samples with the healthy sample, only the emotionally disturbed children were significantly more dissatisfied with their own body. Whereas we were able to demonstrate by statistical analyses that in addition to the illness, depression and anxiety had an impact on body image, the knowledge of the body did not influence the above-mentioned concepts. The results are discussed.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1963

Body image.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Body Image↗
PubMed2000

Cross-cultural explanations of body image disturbance in Western cultural samples.

OBJECTIVE: We replicated and extended the findings of S. M. Stormer and J. K. Thompson (1996), by comparing the relationships among body image disturbance (BID) and teasing history, age of pubertal onset, societal pressures to be thin, and appearance comparison, across three Western cultures. METHODS: College females from the United States, Italy, and England completed several BID measures, as well as measures of the four predictors. Body mass levels and self-esteem, two known correlates of BID, were also examined. Data were analyzed using first standard, then hierarchical regression procedures. RESULTS: This investigation essentially found no cultural differences in the relationships among BID and its correlates for six of the seven criteria (BID) measures. Only one of the measures, the Figure Rating Scale (FRS), distinguished across groups. DISCUSSION: A lack of true cultural differences, or general similarities among university students, might explain these results. Nevertheless, these findings support the use of a Western cross-cultural research model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Impact of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia diagnosis and treatment on self-esteem and body image.

Most women commonly take an abnormal Pap smear to be indicative of invasive cancer. This fear can permeate their lifestyle to the degree that it may influence receptivity to medical procedures as well as promote cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. This longitudinal study was undertaken to provide baseline data on self-esteem and body image as the patient progresses from the initial visit through the postsurgery visit. Twenty patients ranging in age from 15 to 40 years were followed through diagnosis and treatment with colposcopic biopsy showing 25% CIN I, 45% CIN II, and 30% CIN III. Concern for cancer overrode all other concerns except during the postsurgery visit, at which time loss of attractiveness was paramount. Loss of sexual functioning ranked high in all visits. Self-esteem was lowest and anxiety highest during the initial and postsurgery visits. Positive body image was greatest when the results of the biopsy were received and during the postsurgery visit. Patients and sexual partners exhibited similar patterns of anxiety about the medical condition. Psychological repercussions from CIN occurred even prior to diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship of body size, body image, and self-esteem in African American, European American, and Mexican American middle-class women.

In this study we examined the influence of ethnicity on weight, body image, and self-esteem among adult women while controlling for socioeconomic status (SES). Fifty women of African American (AA), European American (EA), and Mexican American (MA) descent completed interviews and questionnaires related to body size and self-esteem, and were measured for weight and height. AA women were significantly heavier than EA women, but MA women did not differ materially from either grouping. Regardless of ethnic descent, all reported congruence between real and ideal body size. In addition no differences were found in self-esteem. This new comparative study calls into question variations previously attributed to race or ethnicity. It also provides a view of middle-class women missing from recent research. Based on the outcomes of our research, we suggest that socioeconomic differences could be more important than ethnic background. Health educators and providers may find these data helpful when designing prevention and intervention strategies for middle-class women regardless of their ethnic origin.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Body-image consciousness and self-reference effects in face recognition.

Subjects differing in body consciousness were compared on face memory. Compared to subjects low in body awareness, subjects with a highly developed body image showed enhanced retention of faces judged for similarity to self-appearance. Although the imaginal component of the self-concept may not be effective in general, subjects who are schematic on that dimension can effectively encode experiences in this way.

Body Image↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of sexual abuse on body image, self-image, and sexual activity of women.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the differences between females who had been sexually abused and those who had not been sexually abused in body image, self-image, self-consciousness, and relationships; to determine the effect of sexual abuse on sexual intimacy and behavior; and to identify consequences of sexual abuse. METHODS: A sample of 1664 females (832 sexually abused and 832 not sexually abused) who responded to a survey in Shape magazine were strictly matched on age and body mass index. RESULTS: Females who had been sexually abused reported more body dissatisfaction and self-consciousness, less satisfaction with themselves and in relationships, and less comfort with having sex with the lights on and undressing in front of their sexual partner than females who had not been sexually abused. Additional consequences of sexual abuse included lack of control over the body, eating disorders, and sexual identity confusion. Females who had been sexually abused were less likely to use contraception regularly than those without a history of sexual abuse. DISCUSSION: Results are presented with respect to limitations of the study and suggestions for treatment interventions. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of sexual abuse permeates all areas of survivors' lives. Clinicians have the opportunity to help their clients respond to the trauma of abuse.

Body Image↗
PubMed1997

Recall of the visual body image using a novel boundary detection task.

A new task for eliciting a pictorial mental image of the body or other objects is described. The task involved relating a pair of crosses to the boundary of a mental image 'projected' onto a computer screen. Responses were assessed for accuracy defined as identifying a relationship between a cross and an image that would hold when a photograph (of the same object) was substituted for the mental image. A group of 30 female students achieved between 70 to 80% accuracy when using this task to assess mental images of their own faces, torsos, or a familiar nonbody object. Accuracy was similar for body and nonbody objects. The presence of some kind of quasipictorial representation of the body is confirmed. Its characteristics await further elucidation.

Body Image↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of the defining characteristics of body image disturbance in Japan.

PURPOSE: To examine the validity of the nursing diagnosis body image disturbance and to specify its major and minor defining characteristics in Japanese culture. METHODS: A qualified sample of 149 RNs with an average of 10 years of clinical experience and knowledge of nursing diagnosis was given a questionnaire consisting of 21 defining characteristics from NANDA, 8 additional items from the literature, and 2 distracting characteristics. FINDINGS: Four major diagnostic content validation (DCV) scores of 0.75 and higher and 15 minor defining characteristics with DCV scores from 0.60 to 0.74 were identified. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a foundation for further study of culturally appropriate defining characteristics for use in Japan.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A "coca-cola" shape: cultural change, body image, and eating disorders in San Andrés, Belize.

Eating disorders have been associated with developing nations undergoing rapid social transition, including participation in a global market economy and heavy media exposure. San Andrés, Belize, a community with many risk factors associated with the cross-cultural development of eating disorders, has shown remarkable resistance to previously documented patterns, despite a local focus on female beauty. Drawing on longitudinal person-centered ethnography with adolescent girls, this article examines why this community appears exceptional in light of the literature. First, community beauty and body image ideals and practices are explicated. Then, a protective ethnopsychology is proposed as a key mediating factor of the rapid socio-cultural change among young women. Finally, possible nascent cases of eating disordered behavior are discussed in light of their unique phenomenology: that is, having to do more with economic opportunity in the tourism industry and less with personal distress or desire for thinness. Close, meaning-centered examination of eating and body image practices may aid understanding and prevention of eating disorders among adolescents undergoing rapid social change in situations of globalization and immigration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Body image across three generations of Americans: inter-family correlations, gender differences, and generation differences.

Three-hundred-and-eighty-one participants (undergraduates, their parents and grandparents) completed body image (BI; current minus ideal figure ratings) and dieting attitude measures. We found the usual gender gap in BI for the undergraduates (females' BI worse than males), but not for the parents and grandparents. This was due to males' worsening BI with age; females' BI did not differ across generations. The gender gap in dieting attitudes (females more likely to diet) also narrowed with increasing age (again due to males' changing attitudes), but remained significant across generations. In all three generations, females underestimated the size of the figure males found most attractive, whereas males overestimated the analogous figure for females. Finally, we found significant inter-family correlations for BI and dieting for all groups except undergraduate females. We discuss these results within cultural and evolutionary theoretical frameworks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Pregnancy, labor and body image in the United States.

Although substantial research has been done showing how alienation (which in Ollman's terms means that "an essential tie has been cut in the middle") manifests itself in the domain of human labor, little has been done to discover how similar processes might operate in other domains. I examine women's images of their bodies while they are pregnant, using Lakoff and Johnson's method of looking for metaphors that are presupposed in our ordinary language. I uncover several central images, all of which display a marked sense of separation of self from the parts of the body, and a passive stance in which events are described as happening to rather than being brought about by the speaker. Turning to written texts, I find that the literature on childbirth (from opposite ends of the spectrum--popular literature advocating prepared childbirth on one end and obstetrical texts for medical students on the other) holds an assumption in common: that the uterus is an involuntary muscle. This is so despite evidence to the contrary cited in the texts themselves. I explore the implications of this imagery for obstetrical treatment of 'uterine inertia' and show the similarity between this imagery and ideas about women's physiology that were current in the 19th century.

Body Image↗
PubMed1996

The pregnant mother and the body image of the daughter.

This paper is about the place of the pregnant maternal body in the developing body image of the daughter. Adult examples from two cases are offered to demonstrate its lingering effects on the women's perceptions of their shapes, sizes, abdomens, breasts, and buttocks. Attention is drawn to its neglect in our formulations. It is suggested that the whole exterior of the body of the female is as important to her as the outer and inner genitals, and makes a vital contribution to the final shape of her gender role identity.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Quality of life and facial trauma: psychological and body image effects.

This study evaluated the social and psychologic impact of facial trauma on previously healthy individuals. Inclusion criteria for the study included 18- to 45-year-old individuals who had a facial laceration of 3 cm or greater and/or a fractured facial bone requiring operative intervention within 6 months to 2 years prior to participation in the study. Retrospective analysis of patients at Yale New Haven Hospital Emergency Department was done between May 1997 and December 1998. When compared with a control population, the study group showed a statistically significant lower satisfaction with life, more negative perception of body image, higher incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder, higher incidence of alcoholism, and an increase in depression. Also, among the study group there was a significantly higher incidence of posttrauma unemployment, marital problems, binge drinking, jail, and lower attractiveness scores. In conclusion, in this preliminary study, it appears that the result of facial scarring/trauma includes a significantly decreased satisfaction with life, an altered perception of body image, a higher incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder, a higher incidence of alcoholism, and increased posttrauma jail, unemployment, binge drinking, and marital problems. Thus, it appears that there is significant negative social and functional impact related to facial trauma and scarring.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anorexia nervosa: prevalence, clinical features, and delusionality of body image.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anorexia nervosa is unknown. We hypothesized that body dysmorphic disorder would be underdiagnosed in patients with anorexia nervosa and that comorbidity with body dysmorphic disorder would result in greater overall dysfunction. METHOD: Forty-one patients with DSM-IV anorexia nervosa completed the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire, a self-report screen for body dysmorphic disorder. A follow-up interview was conducted using a reliable clinician-administered semistructured diagnostic instrument for DSM-IV body dysmorphic disorder. Delusionality about appearance was assessed using a validated semistructured interview. Comorbid DSM-IV diagnoses, number of hospitalizations and suicide attempts were obtained by means of a detailed diagnostic interview. RESULTS: Sixteen (39%) of the 41 patients with anorexia nervosa were diagnosed with comorbid body dysmorphic disorder unrelated to weight concerns. The anorexia nervosa patients with body dysmorphic disorder had significantly lower overall functioning and higher levels of delusionality than the anorexic patients without body dysmorphic disorder. DISCUSSION: These preliminary results suggest that body dysmorphic disorder may be relatively common among patients with anorexia nervosa. The presence of comorbid body dysmorphic disorder may indicate a more severe form of illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The impact of surgery on body image.

Surgery has an impact on the patient's view of himself and his body. It is within the professional nurse's realm to skillfully assess, make a nursing diagnosis, plan, and follow through on findings of body image assessment. Operating room nurses can expand their roles by contributing to this dimension of care. Because of their close contact with the patient, they are in an ideal situation to attend to this patient need. O.R. nurses need not be "little psychiatrists" in order to do this--only caring, intelligent, resourceful persons who use the nursing process and truly place the patient's welfare above all else.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1996

[Body image of patients with acute paranoid schizophrenia. A follow-up study].

In the light of the heterogeneous literature on disturbances of body image in schizophrenic patients, we examined body schema, body concept and body cathexis, their changes during hospital treatment and their correlations with psychopathology in 38 patients with acute paranoid schizophrenia. The image-marking method according to Askevold, the Body Distortion Questionnaire, a visual-analogue scale on body cathexis and psychopathometric scales were applied. Body schema was also investigated in 27 healthy controls. On average, patients underestimated the size of their lower extremities, indicating a centralized body schema. They accurately assessed proximal fixed points. Underestimation was significantly correlated with anxiety, overestimation with grandiosity. Body schema and body concept were relatively independent from each other and from body hallucinations. Disturbances of body perception were reduced significantly, but not completely, during the time from admission to discharge. The results confirm and clarify some findings in the literature on a distorted perception of body size and support theories on body perception in schizophrenia.

Acute Disease↗