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[The importance of food and drug plant factors in the combined treatment of patients with type-II diabetes mellitus].

A study was made of the effect of natural (vegetable dish) and refined (food methylcellulose--MC-100 and citrus pectin) vegetable fibers and Arfazetin (antidiabetic species, USSR) on the level of glucose, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), C-peptide, glucagon and gastrin in the blood of 41 patients with type II diabetes mellitus. These parameters were investigated on an empty stomach, 1, 2 and 4 h after breakfast I with a standard set of foodstuffs and minimum content of nutritive fibers. Similar investigations were conducted after intake of the same breakfast I in combination with various vegetable components. All the vegetable factors under study were shown to contribute to a decrease in a value of a glycemic rise noted after food intake. A vegetable dish and Arfazetin equally caused a significant rise of IRI secretion and C-peptide 60-90 min. after breakfast. MC-100 and particularly pectin decreased IRI and C-peptide secretion. There was a significant rise of gastrin secretion 1, 2 and 4 h when pectin was added to breakfast. When Arfazetin, a vegetable dish and MC-100 were added to breakfast I, a tendency to a rise of serum gastrin was observed 1 h after breakfast. The level of IRG during investigations with vegetable components did not differ from the results of investigations without these components.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Evidence for brain serotonin-mediated control of carbohydrate consumption in normal weight and obese humans.

A plasma insulin and amino acid-mediated mechanism is thought to modulate brain serotonin concentration, thereby regulating carbohydrate consumption on a meal to meal basis. It has been suggested that obesity is associated with a defect in the appetite control system. Furthermore, post-absorptive plasma levels of several amino acids are increased in obese subjects, which is ascribed to obesity-associated insulin resistance and/or hyperinsulinemia. We studied breakfast-induced changes in plasma ratios of tryptophan to other large neutral amino acids and associated differences in macro-nutrient composition of lunch food in normal weight and obese human subjects. The study was randomized, double blind and cross-over with a 2 x 2 factorial design with drug/placebo and type of breakfast as factors. Nineteen healthy, non-obese (body mass index (BMI) 22.5 +/- 1.9 kg/m2, mean +/- s.d.) and 19 obese (BMI 34.7 +/- 6.2 kg/m2) female volunteers were treated with either 60 mg fluoxetine (FXT), a serotonin re-uptake blocker specifically acting in the brain, or placebo for four days with a wash-out period between treatments of four weeks. The subjects received either a carbohydrate (CHO) breakfast (80 g maltodextrin, 300 kcal) or a protein-rich (PROT) breakfast (60% milk protein and 40% CHO, 300 kcal) on two consecutive days (days 4 and 5 of each treatment period). Plasma glucose, insulin and amino acids were measured at several time points after breakfast. Three hours after breakfast, subjects were able to choose from 29 different food items. Total energy content and weight of lunch food and energy percentage of each macronutrient were calculated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Drinking water with a meal: a simple method of coping with feelings of hunger, satiety and desire to eat.

This study examined whether drinking of water with breakfast affects the feelings of satiety and hunger, and how long after the meal this effect is maintained. Eight healthy, normal-weight women had three breakfasts with two extra glasses (4 dl) of water and three similar breakfasts without water. The breakfasts were served on three successive mornings during a 2 week period. The subjects filled in forms with visual analogue scales on feelings of hunger, satiety and desire to eat. The forms were filled just before the breakfast, in the middle of the breakfast before and after drinking of water, after finishing the meal, and thereafter every 30 min until 11.15 a.m. The results show that drinking two glasses of water affects subjective feelings of hunger and satiety during the meal, but this effect is not maintained after the meal. It is suggested that during a meal subjective feelings of hunger and satiety change independently of the food energy consumed. This study allows, however, no conclusions on the possible influence of drinking water on actual food intake during and after a meal.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite of the prodrug repirinast.

The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite of the new antiasthmatic drug repirinast was investigated in two different studies after oral administration of 300 mg of repirinast. In each study, 12 healthy volunteers received the repirinast dose under fasting or fed conditions in a crossover manner. In one study, a high-fat meal (American breakfast) was used and in another study, a low-fat, high-carbohydrate meal (continental breakfast) was used. Concentrations of the active metabolite in plasma and urine were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. After administration of repirinast with a low-fat and a high-fat meal, the relative bioavailability of the active metabolite increased by factors of 1.9 and 2.4, respectively, as expressed by area under the curve of concentration versus time from 0 to 12 h. The amount excreted into urine doubled after drug administration with both types of food and accounted for approximately 8% of the dose under fasting conditions and approximately 16% of the dose under fed conditions. Maximum concentrations in plasma were different between the two studies: mean maximum concentrations in plasma increased by factors of 1.7 and 3.2 after administration of drug with a low-fat (drug intake immediately after breakfast) and a high-fat breakfast (drug intake just before breakfast), respectively, compared with fasting conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Low-fat (41%) butter consumption decreases total energy and lipid intake in diabetic patients under acute conditions.

Decreasing fat intake in subjects at risk of cardiovascular diseases and particularly diabetics is a major issue. To investigate whether low-fat (41%) butter (LFB) is of any benefit compared to regular butter (RB), 97 hospitalized diabetics (41 insulin-dependent) were studied on four consecutive days. Breakfast (bread, butter and drink) was served at 0830 hrs, on successive mornings. LFB and RB were presented ad libitum, on alternate days. Satiety was assessed at 10 and 12 h, using line rating scales. At 1230 hrs lunch was served, with large servings corresponding to 130% of the recommended lunch intake, so that carry-over effects from the breakfast manipulation could be measured. At breakfast, LFB was consumed in higher amounts, 27 vs. 21 g, F(1,96) = 33.24, p < 0.0001, than RB; however, the energy intake was significantly lower (by about -38%) on LFB days, F(1,96) = 158.3, p = 0.0001. Hunger at 10 h but not at 12 h was affected by breakfast conditions. Lunch intake was comparable following LFB and RB breakfasts. In conclusion, LFB utilization under acute conditions seems to benefit diabetics by reducing caloric and fat intake.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Texture and flavour memory in foods: an incidental learning experiment.

Memory plays a major role in the formation of food expectations. How accessible and how accurate is incidentally acquired and stored product information? In the present experiment the memory for variations in texture (and flavour) was tested with a new and ecologically valid method. Subjects (N=69: 35 women, 34 men, age 19-59 yrs) came to the institute before having had breakfast and received a breakfast of several items (including breakfast drinks, biscuits and pâté). Subsequently, during the day, they answered questions about their hunger feelings every hour and returned for a taste experiment at the end of the day. When unexpectedly confronted with a series of multiple samples of four texture variations of each of the breakfast items mentioned above, they had to indicate which of these variations they had eaten at breakfast. Signal detection measures showed that most subjects recognised the eaten versions well for all three of the food items. Women remembered better than men. Both men and women used an equally conservative criterion.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

The effect of intense exercise on postprandial glucose homeostasis in type II diabetic patients.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The influence of postprandial high intensity exercise on glycaemia was studied in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Patients who were treated by diet only (n = 8) ate a standardised breakfast and 4 h later a standardised lunch. They were studied in the resting state (control day) and on another day (exercise day) when they did intermittent exercised at high intensity after breakfast) (4 bouts including 3 min at 56.5 +/- 3.9 % V.(O2) (max) (means +/- SEM), 4 min at 98.3 +/- 5.1 % V.(O2) (max) and 6 min of rest). Responses were calculated as areas under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) during 4 h after either breakfast or lunch. RESULTS: Breakfast-AUCs for glucose, insulin and C peptide were lower (p < 0.05) on the exercise day compared with the control day (glucose: 538 +/- 94 vs 733 +/- 64 mmol. l(-1). 240 min; insulin: 16 +/- 4 vs 22 +/- 3 pmol. ml(-1). 240 min; C peptide: 143 +/- 22 vs 203 +/- 29 pmol. ml(-1). 240 min). After breakfast glucose appearance was unaffected by exercise, whereas disappearance and clearance increased (p < 0.05). Muscle glycogen was diminished by exercise (p < 0.05). After lunch no differences were observed between experiments. Exercise-induced reductions in glucose, insulin and C peptide responses were similar (p > 0.05) in this study of intermittent, high intensity exercise and in a previous study of isocaloric but prolonged moderate (45 min at 53 +/- 2 % V.(O2) (max)) postprandial exercise. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: Postprandial high intensity exercise does not deteriorate glucose homeostasis but reduces both glucose concentrations and insulin secretion. The effect of exercise is related to energy expenditure rather than to peak exercise intensity. Finally, postprandial exercise does not influence glucose homeostasis during a subsequent main meal. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 1282-1292]

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed2002

The delivery rate of dietary carbohydrates affects cognitive performance in both rats and humans.

RATIONALE: Glucose is the main metabolic fuel of the brain. The rate of glucose delivery from food to the bloodstream depends on the nature of carbohydrates in the diet, which can be summarized as the glycaemic index (GI). OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefit of a low versus high GI breakfast on cognitive performances within the following 4 h. METHODS: The influence of the GI of the breakfast on verbal memory of young adults was measured throughout the morning in parallel to the assessment of blood glucose levels. The learning abilities of rats performing an operant-conditioning test 3 h after a breakfast-like meal of various GI was also examined. RESULTS: A low GI rather than high GI diet improved memory in humans, especially in the late morning (150 and 210 min after breakfast). Similarly, rats displayed better learning performance 180 min after they were fed with a low rather than high GI diet. CONCLUSION: Although performances appeared to be only remotely related to blood glucose, our data provide evidence that a low GI breakfast allows better cognitive performances later in the morning.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Regional postprandial differences in pH within the stomach and gastroesophageal junction.

Our objective was to determine regional differences in intragastric pH after different types of meals. Ten normal subjects underwent 27-hr esophagogastric pH monitoring using a four-probe pH catheter. Meals were a spicy lunch, a high-fat dinner, and a typical bland breakfast. The fatty dinner had the highest postprandial buffering effect, elevating proximal and mid/distal gastric pH to 4.9 +/- 0.4 and 4.0 +/- 0.4, respectively, significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to 4.2 +/- 0.3 and 3.0 +/- 0.4 for the spicy lunch and 3.0 +/- 0.3 and 2.5 +/- 0.8 for the breakfast. The buffering effect of the high-volume fatty meal to pH > 4 was also longer (150 min) compared to that of the spicy lunch (45 min) and the bland breakfast, which did not increase gastric pH to > 4 at any time. Proximal gastric acid pockets were seen between 15 and 90 min postprandially. These were located 3.4 +/- 0.8 cm below the proximal LES border, extending for a length of 2.3 +/- 0.8 cm, with a drop in mean pH from 4.7 +/- 0.4 to 1.5 +/- 0.9. Acid pockets were seen equally after the spicy lunch and fatty dinner but less frequently after the bland breakfast. We conclude that a high-volume fatty meal has the highest buffering effect on gastric pH compared to a spicy lunch or a bland breakfast. Buffering effects of meals are significantly higher in the proximal than in the mid/distal stomach. Despite the intragastric buffering effect of meals, focal areas of acidity were observed in the region of the cardia-gastroesophageal junction during the postprandial period.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Change in fetal urine production rate in growth-restricted fetuses after maternal meal ingestion.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if fetal urine production is affected by maternal meal ingestion in growth-restricted fetuses. METHODS: We studied 25 normal-growth fetuses in uncomplicated pregnancies and 15 growth-restricted fetuses, all after 30 weeks' gestation. Serial fetal bladder volume measurements were obtained at 2-3 minute intervals with ultrasonography 2 hours before and 2 hours after maternal breakfast. The hourly fetal urine production rate in each maternal state was calculated from the bladder volume measurements. The amniotic fluid index (AFI) and the pulsatility index of both umbilical and fetal middle cerebral arteries were also measured. RESULTS: Two of the 15 growth-restricted fetuses were excluded from analysis, one because it was anomalous and the other because it was not small for gestational age at birth. In the normal-growth fetuses, the hourly fetal urine production rate increased significantly after maternal breakfast (mean +/- standard deviation 30.2 +/- 11.7 versus 41.1 +/- 14.6 mL/hour, P < .001). In contrast, in the growth-restricted fetuses, the rate did not change after maternal breakfast (24.6 +/- 6.2 versus 24.9 +/- 5.7 mL/hour). Although the urine production rate before breakfast did not differ between groups, 2 hours after maternal breakfast it was significantly lower in the growth-restricted fetuses than in the control group (normal-growth) (P < .001). The AFI also was significantly lower in the growth-restricted fetuses than in the control group (15.0 +/- 3.5 versus 18.6 +/- 5.0 cm, P < .04). There were no significant differences in the pulsed Doppler studies. CONCLUSION: In contrast to normal-growth fetuses, maternal meal ingestion for growth-restricted fetuses does not increase fetal urine production. Decreased fetal urine production in the maternal fed state may lead to decreased amniotic fluid volume in growth-restricted fetuses without obvious hypoxia.

Amniotic Fluid↗

PubMed2006

The role of animacy and thematic relationships in processing active English sentences: evidence from event-related potentials.

Recent event-related potential studies report a P600 effect to incongruous verbs preceded by semantically associated inanimate noun-phrase (NP) arguments, e.g., "eat" in "At breakfast the eggs would eat...". This P600 effect may reflect the processing cost incurred when semantic-thematic relationships between critical verbs and their preceding NP argument(s) bias towards different interpretations to those dictated by their sentences' syntactic structures. We have termed such violations of alternative thematic roles, 'thematic role violations.' Semantic-thematic relationships are influenced both by semantic associations and by more basic semantic features, such as a noun's animacy. This study determined whether a P600 effect can be evoked by verbs whose thematic structures are violated by their preceding inanimate NP arguments, even in the absence of close semantic-associative relationships with these arguments or their preceding contexts. ERPs were measured to verbs under four conditions: (1) non-violated ("At breakfast the boys would eat..."); (2) preceded by introductory clauses and animate NPs that violated their pragmatic expectations but not their thematic structures ("At breakfast the boys would plant..."); (3) preceded by semantically related contexts but inanimate NPs that violated their thematic structures ("At breakfast the eggs would eat..."); (4) preceded by semantically unrelated contexts and inanimate NPs that also violated their thematic structures ("At breakfast the eggs would plant..."). Pragmatically non-thematic role violated verbs preceded by unrelated contexts and animate NPs evoked robust N400 effects and small P600 effects. Thematically violated verbs preceded by inanimate argument NPs evoked robust P600 effects but no N400 effects, regardless of whether these inanimate arguments or their preceding contexts were semantically related or unrelated to these verbs. These findings suggest that semantic-thematic relations, related to animacy constraints on verbs' arguments, are computed online and can immediately impact verb processing within active, English sentences.

Brain↗

PubMed2006

Event-related variations in alpha band activity during an attentional task in preadolescents: Effects of morning nutrition.

OBJECTIVE: Event-related desynchronization and synchronization (ERD/ERS) methodology was used to study interactions between nutrition, brain function, cognition and behavior in children who ate or skipped breakfast after overnight fasting. METHODS: Healthy preadolescents performed a cued visual Go/No-Go RT task after overnight fasting (Phase 1) and again (Phase 2) after eating breakfast (n=30) or continuing to fast (n=30). ERS and ERD determinations (8-10, 10-12Hz; frontal, central, parietal, occipital sites) and measures of sleep (overnight actigraphy) and blood glucose (finger sticks) were obtained. RESULTS: Feeding increased blood glucose, but the groups were similar in sleep amount and response accuracy. Between-phase comparisons showed slower RT and increased alpha synchronization in fasting subjects, but little change in those who ate breakfast. Phase 2 group differences emphasized greater frontal early ERS and late frontal-central ERD in Fed subjects. CONCLUSIONS: In preadolescents a brief extension of overnight fasting resulted in significant changes in brain activity and behavior that were effectively countered by eating breakfast. Delaying breakfast until mid-morning appeared to have introduced fasting effects that attenuated responses in Fed subjects. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show the sensitivity of brain function and behavior to subtle variations in nutritional status and argue for greater consideration of nutritional variables in neurobehavioral studies.

Attention↗

PubMed2003

Electrophysiological distinctions in processing conceptual relationships within simple sentences.

The aim of this study was to determine whether or not the brain distinguishes between two types of conceptual relationships between noun-phrases (NPs) and verbs during online processing of simple, unambiguous English sentences. A total of 15 participants read and made plausibility judgments on sentences that were presented word-by-word. Event-related potentials elicited by critical verbs were measured. In all cases, the critical verb assigned a thematic role of 'agent' to its subject NP. In non-violated sentences (e.g. "For breakfast the boys would only eat em leader"), the preceding NP was animate ("boys") and was a likely agent for a given verb ("eat") given its preceding context ("For breakfast"). In both types of conceptually violated sentences, the NPs were unlikely agents for the verbs given their preceding contexts. In 'thematic role animacy violations' (e.g. "For breakfast the eggs would only eat em leader"), the NP was inanimate ("eggs") and was therefore more likely to occupy the role of 'theme' than 'agent', i.e. eggs, being inanimate, cannot eat but they can be eaten. In 'non-thematic role pragmatic violations' (e.g. "For breakfast the boys would only bury em leader"), the thematic role of agent assigned by the verb ("bury") to its preceding NP ("boys") is inherently acceptable (boys can bury), but the sentence is still pragmatically incongruous given the preceding context ("At breakfast"). As expected, the non-thematic role pragmatic violations elicited a significant N400 effect. The thematic role animacy violations elicited a smaller N400 effect that only approached significance across all participants. The thematic role animacy violations, however, elicited a significant P600 effect-an ERP component that is most commonly associated with processing syntactic information during language comprehension. We discuss the possibility that the P600 was elicited by the thematic role animacy violations (but not by the non-thematic role pragmatic violations) because, in the former but not the latter, there was an online attempt to structurally repair and make sense of the sentences by reassigning the thematic role of the NP that preceded the critical verb from 'agent' to 'theme'. Our findings suggest a qualitative neural distinction in processing these two types of conceptual anomalies within simple, unambiguous sentences.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Available (ileal digestible reactive) lysine in selected cereal-based food products.

True ileal total lysine digestibility was determined and compared with true ileal reactive lysine digestibility when applied to 20 cereal-based breakfast foods. Semisynthetic diets each containing a breakfast cereal as the sole protein source were formulated and fed to growing rats. Titanium dioxide was included as an indigestible marker. Digesta were collected from the rats and total (conventional amino acid analysis) and reactive (guanidination) lysine were determined in both diets and digesta. The true ileal reactive lysine digestibility ranged from 53 to 108% and was significantly higher than the true ileal total lysine digestibility for most of the breakfast cereals. Available lysine content (digestible reactive lysine content) ranged from 0.21 to 3.5 g/kg across the breakfast cereals. The conventional measure of digestible total lysine content significantly overestimated (on average 37%) available lysine for the majority of the cereals. Breakfast cereals undergo a significant degree of lysine modification probably as a result of processing during manufacture.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Effects of a low-glycaemic index spaghetti meal on glucose tolerance and lipaemia at a subsequent meal in healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of a low glycaemic index (GI) breakfast on glucose tolerance and lipaemia at a subsequent lunch meal. DESIGN: A low GI spaghetti meal and a high-GI white wheat bread (WWB) reference meal were served in the morning after an overnight fast in random order. Four hours after the breakfast, the subjects were given a second meal-a standardized high-GI lunch-and the blood glucose, insulin and lipid responses were measured after the lunch meal. SETTING: The study was performed at the Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden. SUBJECTS: Ten healthy volunteers, eight women and two men, aged 25-51 y, with normal body mass indices, were recruited. RESULTS: Lowered glucose and insulin responses and reduced serum triglyceride (TG) level were found at the subsequent lunch meal when the low-GI spaghetti meal was given as a breakfast. No differences in total serum cholesterol or HDL cholesterol were seen after lunch, when preceded by the WWB reference breakfast or the spaghetti breakfast, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Improved glucose tolerance and lowered serum TG levels can appear in the course of a single day. As insulin resistance and raised postprandial TG concentration are known risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the present study adds evidence for a beneficial role of a low-GI diet. SPONSORSHIP: Cerealia Foundation for Research and Development (project no. 232) and the Swedish Council for Forestry and Agricultural Research. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 24-28

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Meal pattern, food choice, nutrient intake and lifestyle factors in The Göteborg Adolescence Study.

OBJECTIVE: To relate meal pattern of Swedish adolescents to food choice, nutrient intake and other lifestyle factors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study including diet history and interview about smoking, ethnicity, social factors and retrospectively collected data of menarche and growth. SETTING: School setting, Göteborg, Sweden. SUBJECTS: A total of 611 boys and 634 girls in grade 9 (15-16 y). RESULTS: The majority of the students, 65% of the boys and 52% of the girls, consumed three main meals daily. The in-between meals, however, contributed the major part of the energy intake. The energy intake was 12.9+/-3.5 MJ (mean+/-s.d.) for boys and 9.0+/-2.5 MJ for girls. Irregular breakfast eating, 12% of the boys and 24% of the girls, was related to negative lifestyle factors where smoking was the strongest, odds ratio 3.8 (95% CI: 2.6-5.4) and to irregular intake of lunch and dinner. These boys and girls had a food choice including a higher percentage of energy from snack food (26% vs 20% and 19% in boys and girls respectively, all P<0.001), mostly consumed between the main meals. These groups had significantly lower intakes of micronutrients, but higher intakes of sucrose and alcohol compared to the groups with regular breakfast intake. Girls omitting breakfasts and lunches (8%) also had a less healthy food choice and the poorest nutrient intake. These girls had matured earlier, with menarche age of 12.2+/-1.1 y vs 12.9+/-1.0 y (P<0.001) in girls with regular main meal intake. CONCLUSIONS: Meal pattern with omission of breakfast or breakfast and lunch was related to a clustering of less healthy lifestyle factors and food choice leading to a poorer nutrient intake. SPONSORSHIP: The Swedish Medical Research Council (project B94-19X-04721-19A), the Swedish Mill Industry and the Wilhelm and Martina Lundgren Foundation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Sustained increase in dietary oleic acid oxidation following morning exercise.

OBJECTIVE: We have previously reported that prior exercise increases the oxidation of dietary monounsaturated fat in comparison to rest when the fat is given in a mixed meal 30 min following the completion of exercise. In this study, we determined whether the increase in dietary fat oxidation after exercise persisted when the time between exercise and fatty acid administration was lengthened. DESIGN: Six female subjects (age=24+/-0.1 y, BMI=21+/-1 kg/m2) were recruited for a total of six visits each. During three visits, a stationary cycle exercise session (1250 kJ) was performed at 65% VO2 peak in a whole-body calorimeter; while during three other visits, exercise was replaced with rest. Subjects received [1-13C]oleate and [d31]palmitate with a different meal at each visit: breakfast, lunch, and dinner. RESULTS: Dietary oleate oxidation following prior rest did not differ between dose times and was 36+/-3, 42+/-5, and 42+/-3% for the 13 h following breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Prior exercise resulted in greater oleate oxidation following all dose times than prior rest (P<0.01) being 52+/-4, 64+/-3, and 53+/-3% for the breakfast, lunch, and dinner dose. The oxidation was significantly greater following lunch than the other dose times (P<0.05). Prior exercise (1250 kJ) did not result in greater oxidation of palmitate; however, oxidation following prior exercise increased with later dose times (13+/-2, 23+/-2, and 23+/-3% for breakfast, lunch, and dinner; P<0.05) and following rest (18+/-2, 22+/-2, and 27+/-2% for breakfast, lunch, and dinner; P<0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The increase in oleate oxidation when administered after early morning exercise was found to persist for all three meals of the day, with the greatest effect occurring for the lunch meal. Palmitate oxidation, while apparently resistant to the effects of 1250 kJ of prior exercise, increases when administered later in the day, suggesting a diurnal variation in the oxidation of dietary fatty acids. These results demonstrate that prior exercise selectively alters the partitioning of dietary fatty acids. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate additional benefits of substituting monounsaturated for saturated fatty acids in the diet.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Pharmacokinetics, food intake requirements and tolerability of once-daily combinations of nelfinavir and low-dose ritonavir in healthy volunteers.

AIMS: This study was performed to evaluate the steady-state pharmacokinetics, food intake requirements and short-term tolerability of once-daily combinations of nelfinavir and low-dose ritonavir. METHODS: Twenty-seven healthy volunteers were randomized over three groups to receive a once-daily regimen of nelfinavir/ritonavir 2,000/200 mg (group 1), 2,000/400 mg (group 2) or 2,500/200 mg (group 3) with food for 14 days. Pharmacokinetic parameters for nelfinavir and its active metabolite M8 were assessed on study days 15 and 16, after administration of the regimens with a full (610 kcal) or light (271 kcal) breakfast, respectively. RESULTS: Pharmacokinetic data were evaluable for eight volunteers in group 1, eight in group 2 and four in group 3. Administration of nelfinavir/ritonavir with a full breakfast resulted in geometric mean (GM) nelfinavir AUC(24h) values of 76.8, 51.3, and 61.9 h*mg/l in group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. GM 24-h Cmin concentrations of nelfinavir were 0.76 mg l(-1), 0.43 mg l(-1) and 0.47 mg l(-1), respectively. Co-administration of ritonavir increased M8 concentrations more than nelfinavir concentrations, resulting in GM AUC(24h) and Cmin values for nelfinavir plus M8 that were higher than or comparable to reference values for the approved regimen of nelfinavir (1,250 mg BID without ritonavir). In the 2,000/200 mg group, seven out of eight subjects had a Cmin value of nelfinavir plus M8 above a threshold of 1.0 mg l-1. Administration of the combinations with a light breakfast resulted in significant decreases in the AUC(24h) and Cmin of nelfinavir and nelfinavir plus M8, compared with intake with a full breakfast. For the Cmin of nelfinavir plus M8, the GM ratio (light/full breakfast) was 0.76 (90% confidence interval 0.67-0.86, participants from all groups combined). Short-term tolerability was satisfactory, apart from a higher than expected incidence of mild rash (12%). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of nelfinavir in a once-daily regimen appears feasible. A nelfinavir/ritonavir 2,000/200 mg combination appears appropriate for further evaluation. Once-daily nelfinavir/ritonavir should be taken with a meal containing at least 600 kcal.

Adolescent↗