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PubMed2004

Cysticercosis: IgG-ELISA evaluations of peak1 antigen and <30 kDa antigen of delipidized extract of Taenia solium metacestodes.

The antigenicity of ether-delipidized Taenia solium metacestode extract (DLPAg) was investigated by IgG-ELISA. The antigen showed higher antigenicity than that of non-delipidized antigen (NDLPAg). Then the DLPAg was subjected to Sephacryl S-200 gel chromatography and a partially purified antigen (DLPP1Ag) was identified as the promised antigen by IgG-ELISA using 25 sera from cysticercosis cases, 177 cases of 24 heterologous infections, and healthy controls. Sensitivity was 52% and specificity was 91.8% at the cut-off value (X + 7SD), 0.399. Cross-reactivity occurred with 17 cases of eight diseases: cystic echinococcosis (7/11), taeniasis (1/16), gnathostomiasis (2/8), strongyloidiasis (1/12), angiostrongyliasis (1/12), paragonimiasis heterotremus (2/15), opisthorchiasis (1/9) and fascioliasis (2/7). When DLPP1Ag was fractionated through Ultra free centrifugal tube (retained 30 kDa) and Amicon (PM10), MWCOP1Ag (<30-10> kDa) was obtained; the antigen showed better results than DLPP1Ag with 88% sensitivity and 95.6% specificity at the cut-off value (X + 4SD), 0.264. Nine cases of six diseases cross-reacted with this antigen: cystic echinococcosis (2/11), gnathostomiasis (2/8), trichinellosis (2/12), toxocariasis (1/5), schistosomiasis (1/6), and fascioliasis (1/7). MWCOP1Ag gave higher sensitivity than that of DLPP1Ag but some cross-reactivity occurred.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Taenia solium ocular cysticercosis: findings in 30 cases.

We found the following results in 30 patients with intraocular cysticercosis: (1) a higher incidence in the first two decades of life compared with neurocysticercosis, (2) living cysticerci concomitant with inflammatory reactions, (3) diseases related to immune dysfunction in 17% of the cases, (4) anticysticercus antibodies in 57% of cases, (5) blindness in 81% of patients despite proper surgery, and (6) adult Taenia solium infection in a higher frequency of cases than expected for the Mexican population. We discuss these findings in light of recent and established knowledge regarding this disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Vaccination for the prevention of cysticercosis.

Several species of taeniid cestode parasites cause cysticercosis in their intermediate hosts. The most important species is Taenia solium, which infects pigs as the natural animal intermediate host but also may infect humans as intermediate hosts, leading to the disease known as neurocysticercosis. T. solium has been identified as a potentially eradicable disease and increasing attention is being placed on efforts to control transmission of the parasite. One option to assist with control of the disease is to prevent infection occurring in pigs by vaccination, thereby breaking the parasite's life-cycle and removing the source of infection for humans. Several approaches are being examined towards development of vaccines against T. solium, one of which is the application of recombinant oncosphere antigens. Two different oncosphere antigens, designated TSOL18 and TSOL45, have been evaluated, each of which has been shown to induce complete or near complete protection against experimental challenge infection in four separate vaccine trials in pigs. Investigations have begun towards characterising various aspects of this vaccine before undertaking controlled field trials. The TSOL18/TSOL45 vaccine has the potential to make a substantial contribution to the control and, potentially, the eradication of human neurocysticercosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Immunological mediation of gonadal effects on experimental murine cysticercosis caused by Taenia crassiceps metacestodes.

Female BALB/c mice are naturally more susceptible than males to intraperitoneal experimental infection with Taenia crassiceps metacestodes. Gonadectomy tends to equalize susceptibility between sexes by reducing in half the mean individual intensity of females and by tripling that of males. The effect of gonadectomy is seen only in mice with intact immune systems but not in irradiated mice. Purified sex hormones (17-beta estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone) do not affect cysticercus reproduction or growth in vitro. Thus, gonadal effect on mouse susceptibility to cysticercosis appears to be mediated via the immune system, and it is probably not the consequence of the major sex steroids acting directly upon the parasites. Because sublethal irradiation increases the intensity in gonadectomized females and intact males, whereas that of gonadectomized males and intact females remains unchanged, irradiation results are consistent with the hypothesis that immunological events that participate in controlling the growth of cysticerci are inhibited by ovaries and stimulated by testes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Seroepidemiology of cysticercosis in Mexico].

The seroprevalence of cysticercosis indicate that there is a high risk of contact with Taenia solium in Mexico, including both genders and all regions, socioeconomic group, and ages. There are some statistically significant differences in risk of contact, affecting principally the center and southeast of the country, rural areas, handicapped persons, children, old people and women. However, these differences are small. This study emphasizes the fact that the risks of infection by Taenia solium are important in all groups, and therefore, the programs for the control of this disease should be focused at the entire population and emphasize strategies for social development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Cysticercosis cerebri.

With increasing immigration from endemic regions, the incidence of cysticercosis in North America is rising. This fascinating disease with its varied presentations may pose complex management dilemmas whose resolutions often require a combined approach to treatment involving medical and, in some cases, selected surgical intervention. The treatment course must be individualized depending on the symptomatology, anatomic location of the cysts, and host inflammatory response.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

MR imaging of intraventricular cysticercosis.

Intraventricular cysticercosis cysts can migrate through the ventricular system and produce hydrocephalus. MR is more sensitive than CT in the detection of these cysts.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cysticercosis: first 12 months of reporting in California.

Cysticercosis, a sometimes fatal ailment caused by larvae of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium, became a reportable disease in California in 1989. During the first year, from 1 April 1989 through 31 March 1990, 134 cases were reported to the California Department of Health Services. All of the 112 patients for whom laboratory diagnostic test data were obtained had neurocysticercosis. Nearly all (117) of the 127 patients whose race and ethnic background were known had a Hispanic background, and most of the 112 patients whose country of birth or prior residence was known had immigrated from T. solium-endemic countries. However, three of 11 patients born in the United States said they had never traveled outside the country, and it appears possible that indigenous transmission has been occurring. These findings affirm that neurocysticercosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of neurologic symptoms in patients who have immigrated from or traveled to T. solium-endemic countries, and also in those who have been in close contact with immigrants from endemic countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A rare case of subretinal cysticercosis.

This is a case of a 25 year old lady whose eye had been infected by cysticercosis. This case highlighted that the inflammation was due to host immune response. She was treated with oral corticosteroid and the lesions regressed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Short report: cysticercosis in an Egyptian mummy of the late Ptolemaic period.

We describe here an ancient case of cysticercosis that was discovered in an Egyptian mummy of a young woman of about 20 years of age who lived in the late Ptolemaic period (second to first centuries b.c.). On removal of the stomach and its rehydration, a cystic lesion in the stomach wall was observed by naked eye. Microscopical examination of sections of this lesion revealed a cystic structure, with a wall, with numerous projecting eversions, a characteristic feature of the larval stage (cysticercus) of the human tapeworm Taenia solium (or "pig tapeworm"). Immunohistochemical testing with serum from a T. solium-infected human confirmed the identity of the cyst. This finding is the oldest on record of the antiquity of this zoonotic parasite. This observation also confirms that, in Hellenistic Egypt, the farming of swine, along with man an intermediate host of this parasite, was present, and supports other archeological evidence.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Ocular cysticercosis: a case report and literature review.

We have described a case of cysticercosis in the vitreous chamber of the left eye of a 16-year-old female student. The patient had presented with marked loss of visual acuity of about two months duration, but there were no other clinical signs and no evidence of intestinal taeniasis. The initial response to chemotherapy with praziquantel was good, but the patient defaulted treatment and when seen again, there was an indication of increased inflammatory responses in the eye. A vitrectomy was carried out to remove the cysticercus and associated fibrous strands. When last seen, the patient was well with improvement of vision.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A recombinant immunodiagnostic antigen for bovine cysticercosis.

The 70% ammonium sulfate-soluble fraction of the cyst fluid of Taenia hydatigena (designated ThFAS) was previously shown to have potential as an immunodiagnostic reagent for bovine cysticercosis. Western blot analysis indicated that the specific reactivity with antibodies in sera of T. saginata-infected cattle was associated with a 10 kDa component. Rabbit antiserum to ThFAS identified a homologous antigenic protein from the cestode Taenia crassiceps. Consequently, a cDNA expression library was constructed in lambda gt11 using poly A mRNA purified from T. crassiceps metacestodes and screened with rabbit antiserum to ThFAS. One strongly reactive clone (designated lambda TCA-2) produced a 123 kDa beta-galactosidase fusion protein which reacted in Western blot with sera from calves experimentally-infected with T. saginata and did not react with sera from uninfected calves or from cattle infected with Fasciola hepatica or with common gastrointestinal cattle parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Determination of praziquantel levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in patients with cysticercosis of the central nervous system treated with praziquantel].

The CSF and plasma concentrations of praziquantel (PZQ) were determined with high pressure liquid chromatography in 37 patients with cysticercosis of the central nervous system during a dosing regimen of PZQ 20 mg/kg p o q 8h for 3 days. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using the nonlinear least squares method. The results showed that PZQ could pass through the blood-brain barrier. The absorption and elimination rates in CSF were slower than those in plasma, the corresponding mean levels being 0.1 and 0.27 micrograms/ml, which were lower than those in plasma. There was a linear correlation between CSF and plasma concentrations (r = 0.87, P less than 0.01). The neurological complications during the period of therapy were not related to the CSF level of PZQ. The cure rates of muscular and cerebral cysticerci were 14/14 and 5/37 respectively. The difference in susceptibility was considered to be caused by the pharmacokinetic behavior of PZQ and CSF and plasma. It was suggested that in general favorable regimens had better be adjusted with adequate increase of the dosage of PZQ, shortening the dosing interval, and prolong the period of PZQ treatment, but individualization of the PZQ dosing regiment would be necessary in accordance with the plasma concentration of the PZQ.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Active and inactive forms of cerebral cysticercosis. Study of 10 cases].

Ten cases of neuro-cysticercosis attended in our hospital over the last five years are presented. Six patients presented non-active parenchymatous calcifications of which four manifested epilepsy, one dementia caused by hydrocephalus and one other was asymptomatic. Two patients presented active intraparenchymatous cysts with a clinic of epilepsy. One patient presenting cisternal -ventricular-parenchymal involvement and another with ependymal -meningeal-parenchymal involvement, both suffered of psychiatric alterations. Ataxia and pyramidal deficits. The two patients with active parenchymal form were treated with Praziquantel obtaining a complete cyst remission (normal cranial Ot scan, in one case normal NMR) and neurological clinical symptoms. Two more patients treated with Praziquantel suffering ventricular and meningeal ependymal involvement presented little or no response to this treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[A case of multiple cysticercosis of the brain].

The paper describes a clinical observation made in a 51-year old patient with brain cysticercosis. The onset of the disease resulted from symptoms of diencephalic damage (altered blood pressure, subfebrility, drowsiness, hormonal abnormalities). Following 4 hours paroxysmal phenomena appeared. The diagnosis was established by using skull X-ray study and computed tomography.

Cerebral Ventricles↗
PubMed1990

[Different stages of magnetic resonance in cerebral cysticercosis and its clinical significance].

We report the MR findings in 52 cases of cerebral cysticercosis, divided into four stages according to MR findings and clinical features. 1. Active stage 915 cases was characterized by the presence of small cysts in the brain parenchymal. On T1-WI images, the cysticercus appeared as hypointensity vesicle with a high-intensity nodule that corresponded to the scolex; 2. Degenerative stage was characterized by the presence of small cysticercotic cerebral abscess (6 cases) or infarctions (1 case), arachnoiditis with hydrocephalus (2 cases), cysticercus racemose (1 case); 3. Inactive stage was characterized by calcification (10 cases), and fibrosis in the basal meninges with hydrocephalus (2 cases); 4. Mixed stage (14 cases). We conclude that MR is more sensitive than CT in the diagnosis of active and degenerative stages of the parasite, whereas it is less sensitive for the inactive stage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Serodiagnosis of cysticercosis by ELISA and western blot. Their value and limitations in Madagascar].

Cysticercosis is linked to the infestation of men (or pigs) by the larval stage of Toenia solium: Cysticercus cellulosae. This disease, very common in the Third World, represents in Madagascar, a very serious problem for Public Health. Neurocysticercosis, particularly, must be detected before the stage of evolution towards cicatrisation. Two biological tests have been developed: 1) ELISA test: Cysticercus antigen is prepared from pig cysticercus, with addition of PMSF: proteases inhibitor increasing antigen stability. We present sensitivity and specificity studies of the test. 2) Western Blot test: E.I.T.B.: this test completes first test in case of negative ELISA test with clinical signs. In this case, evolving diagnosis is supported by low weight proteins revelation by patient's serum. These two tests applied to 100 positives cases have permitted the chemotherapy indication, with favorable results in more that 80% of the cases.

Blotting, Western↗