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PubMed1996

[Serologic studies of domestic cats for potential human pathogenic virus infections from wild rodents].

For several viral infections a reservoir in wild rodents has been demonstrated. Some of the agents are known or suspected to be pathogenic for humans. Because improvements in hygiene have reduced direct human contact with rodents, domestic cats could be acting as active transmitters of these viruses from rodents to man. We selected 4 such pathogens--ortho- and parapox-, hanta- and encephalomyocarditis viruses--which, in different ways, may lead to serious human illness: Ortho- and parapoxvirus infections may cause localized pox lesions following direct skin contact. In general, the lesions heal without complications; in immunosuppressed or -deficient individuals, however, infection may generalize and take a dramatic course. Hantaviruses exist in various serotypes with different pathogenicity for human beings, varying from asymptomatic infection to highly fatal disease. In central and northern Europe the Puumala serotype is predominant causing influenza-like symptoms and renal dysfunction. Human infections arise from inhalation of aerosolized excreta of persistently infected rodents. Infections of man associated with encephalomyocarditis virus were demonstrated sporadically in cases of encephalitis and meningitis. In the present study, we investigated in 200 feline serum samples the prevalence of antibodies to ortho- and parapox-, hanta- and encephalomyocarditis virus. All serum samples were from cats that had been allowed to roam outside and to hunt. They were submitted from all parts of Austria for routine diagnosis in 1993. Four per cent of cats showed antibodies to orthopoxviruses with haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres of 16-512; because of extensive cross-reactivity, positive samples reacted with all investigated orthopoxviruses (a feline orthopoxvirus recently isolated in Vienna, the reference strain of cowpox virus, Brighton, and vaccinia virus, strain IHD), only varying in titre. The specificity of the results was confirmed by virus neutralisation (VN) test, in which the same sera showed titres of 4-32. These data imply that, at least in Austria, unrecognized or subclinical orthopoxvirus infection in cats is more common than previously thought. In contrast to orthopoxviruses, all serum samples proved negative to parapoxvirus (parapoxvirus bovis 1) in VN test. In the same 200 samples, a seroprevalence of 5% was found to hantavirus (immunofluorescence antibody assay), indicating that domestic cats are susceptible to this virus and that infection is not uncommon in cat populations. Because higher titres were obtained against the Puumala serotype compared to the more pathogenic serotype Hantaan, it is most likely that the cats had experienced Puumala infections. Using HI test, antibodies to encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) were demonstrated in only 1.5% of the feline serum samples; although the antibody titres were low (16 and 32, respectively) we consider them specific, because these sera proved positive in VN test as well. Nevertheless, EMCV infection in domestic cats seems to be of low importance. The serological results presented in this paper, together with virological and epidemiological data, indicate that the domestic cat plays an important role only in the transmission of orthopoxviruses to human beings, but not in the case of parapox-, hanta-, and encephalomyocarditis virus.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

HITS: a short domestic violence screening tool for use in a family practice setting.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Domestic violence is an important problem that is often not recognized by physicians. We designed a short instrument for domestic violence screening that could be easily remembered and administered by family physicians. METHODS: In phase one of the study, 160 adult female family practice office patients living with a partner for at least 12 months completed two questionnaires. One questionnaire was the verbal and physical aggression items of the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS). The other was a new four-item questionnaire that asked respondents how often their partner physically Hurt, Insulted, Threatened with harm, and Screamed at them. These four items make the acronym HITS. In phase two, 99 women, who were self-identified victims of domestic violence, completed the HITS. RESULTS: For phase one, Cronbach's alpha was .80 for the HITS scale. The correlation of HITS and CTS scores was .85. For phase two, the mean HITS scores for office patients and abuse victims were 6.13 and 15.15, respectively. Optimal data analysis revealed that a cut score of 10.5 on the HITS reliably differentiated respondents in the two groups. Using this cut score, 91% of patients and 96% of abuse victims were accurately classified. CONCLUSIONS: The HITS scale showed good internal consistency and concurrent validity with the CTS verbal and physical aggression items. The HITS scale also showed good construct validity in its ability to differentiate family practice patients from abuse victims. The HITS scale is promising as a domestic violence screening mnemonic for family practice physicians and residents.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Sodium and potassium concentration in the tissues of wild and domesticated representatives of the chicken order].

Na and K content has been studied in tissues of the hazel grouse Bonasa bonasia, black grouse Lyrurus tetrix, capercaillie Tetrao urogallus, domestic hen Gallus domesticus and turkey hen Meleagris gallopavo. With respect to the increase in potassium and sodium content, the tissues investigated in wild species form the following sequence: major thoracal muscle (red), minor thoracal muscle (white), gastrocnemius muscle, left ventricle of the heart, stomach muscles, brain hemispheres, spinal cord. Domestic birds exhibit lower sodium level in stomach muscles. Potassium distribution in tissues of wild birds is more even than in domestic ones; in the latter potassium content of the heart is significantly lower than that of other muscles. The main bulk of muscles in wild birds contain more potassium and less sodium as compared to the muscle tissue of domestic ones. No interspecific differences were found in potassium and sodium content of white and red pectoral muscles.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

First molecular detection and partial ORF1 characterization of psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) in domesticated parrots of Northern Vietnam.

Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV), currently classified within the species Circovirus parrot, is an infectious agent in avian species, particularly psittacine birds. PBFDV is the causative agent of psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), leading to feather loss, deformed beaks and nails, immunosuppression, and high mortality. However, there is limited information on PBFDV in Vietnam, particularly in domesticated parrots. This study aims to detect and molecularly characterize PBFDV in psittacine birds in Northern Vietnam. Among the 193 psittacine birds tested by conventional PCR, 48 were PBFDV-positive, corresponding to a positivity rate of 24.87%. Based on partial ORF1 characterization, phylogenetic tree analysis of the ten PBFDV sequences showed that genotype I, which exhibits genetic diversity, is circulating in Vietnam. This study highlights the importance of genomic characterization of PBFDV in domesticated exotic psittacine birds in Vietnam. Together with the recent cases of PBFD in domestic parrots, further surveillance is needed to elucidate the host specificity, transmission, and pathophysiology of PBFDV.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Evolution of maize recombination landscape during domestication.

Despite the plethora of knowledge about the benefits of meiotic recombination and numerous theoretical studies examining how recombination rates evolve, there is a general lack of empirical support and consensus across species. To fill this knowledge gap, we characterized the evolution of recombination landscape in maize during its domestication from teosinte and related the observed changes to established theoretical frameworks. Through examining recombination in experimental populations of maize and teosinte and the population genomics approach of identifying historical recombination events using ancestral recombination graph inference to generate saturated maize and teosinte recombination maps, we found that during domestication, maize experienced a 12% increase in its genome-wide recombination rate. Furthermore, maize evolved higher recombination rates on the long arms of chromosomes in regions closer to centromeres, where recombination is generally very low. The repatterning of crossover events came from changes in global crossover positioning rather than alterations in cis-acting chromatin factors. Consequently, we found evidence of selection acting on trans-acting recombination modifiers affecting crossover interference and controlling the interference-dependent class I crossover pathway. We show that CO repatterning was likely beneficial for maize fitness, as significant recombination rate increases were predominantly in gene-rich regions, which harbor domestication-related variation. This work suggests genomic and mechanistic processes leading to the evolution of meiotic recombination landscape in response to directional selection pressure and provides evidence for the evolutionary advantage of recombination.

Zea mays↗

PubMed2025

Multi-omics analysis of ubiquitin E2 genes in Setaria: evidence for the roles of E2 genes in various aspects of plant development, stress tolerance, and domestication.

Ubiquitin E2 enzymes (E2s) are critical mediators in the ubiquitination cascade, a post-translational modification process that regulates protein stability, activity, localization, and degradation. Here, we analyzed the E2 gene family in foxtail millet (Setaria italica), integrating comparative genomics, transcriptomics, and functional studies. A total of 52 E2 genes were identified and classified into four subfamilies (UBC, UEV, SCE, and RCE) based on phylogenetic analysis across 49 species. Notably, foxtail millet exhibited significant gene expansion. Tissue-specific expression profiling revealed distinct roles of E2 genes in growth and development. Haplotype and quantitative trait loci analyses demonstrated that several E2 genes, including SiUBC39, are associated with key agronomic traits, such as plant height, flowering time, and stress tolerance. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we validated the functional role of SiUBC39, finding that its disruption led to phenotypes resembling wild species (Setaria viridis), such as early flowering and reduced plant height and grain yield. IP-MS and transcriptome analysis revealed SiUBC39's involvement in growth and development regulation, drought stress response, and immune response. SiPIP2;1 and SiEhd2 were identified as interactors of SiUBC39, explaining its roles in blast resistance and flowering time control. Furthermore, domestication analysis identified an A/G mutation in the SiUBC39 promoter TATA box, distinguishing domesticated and wild haplotypes and highlighting its role in domestication selection. This study underscores the essential roles of E2 genes in regulating crop agronomic traits and stress responses, providing valuable insights for genetic improvement in foxtail millet and other cereals.

Setaria Plant↗

PubMed2000

Domestication differentially affects cochlear nucleus subdivisions in the gerbil.

We analyzed the effects of domestication on the subdivisions of the cochlear nucleus in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) by comparing their volumes and rostrocaudal extents in laboratory gerbils and in age-matched F1 offspring of gerbils caught in the wild. In addition, soma size was systematically analyzed in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of both groups. Total cochlear nucleus volume and rostrocaudal extent were not significantly different between groups either for young (postnatal day 9) animals before the onset of hearing or for young 4-month-old animals. However, the dorsal cochlear nucleus was significantly larger and the anteroventral cochlear nucleus was significantly smaller in young adults of the wild strain. Thus the relative proportions of the cochlear nucleus subdivisions differed between the groups. In addition, soma size was significantly larger in the low-frequency portion of the anterovental cochlear nucleus in domesticated gerbils compared to wild gerbils. To our knowledge, this is the first reported instance of a well-defined brain structure (e.g., the antreovental cochlear nucleus) being larger in the domesticated than in the wild form.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Reduction of flobufen in pig hepatocytes: effect of pig breed (domestic, wild) and castration.

Knowledge of the biotransformation processes of veterinary drugs and food supplements in food-producing animals is increasingly important. Residual levels of parent compounds or their metabolites in food of animal origin may differ with the breed, breeding conditions, and gender of animals. The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug flobufen, 4-(2',4'-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-2-methyl-4-oxobutanoic acid (racemic or its individual enantiomers) was used as a model to evaluate differences in activity, stereoselectivity, and stereospecificity of reductases in primary cultures of hepatocytes from intact male or castrated male domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) or male wild pig (Sus scrofa scrofa). Time-dependent consumption of flobufen enantiomers and formation of dihydroflobufen (DHF) diastereoisomers as their principal metabolites in hepatocytes were measured using chiral HPLC. Flobufen reduction in hepatocytes from all three experimental groups of animals was stereoselective ((+)-R-flobufen was predominantly metabolized) and stereospecific (2R;4S-DHF and 2S;4S-DHF diastereoisomers were preferentially formed). Flobufen reductases activity in male domestic pigs was 30 times higher compared to castrated pigs. Flobufen reductases activity was similar in domestic and wild pigs. The stereospecificity and stereoselectivity of DHF production did not significantly differ with breed or castration of animal. Chiral inversion of flobufen enantiomers was also studied and differences between castrated and intact male pigs were seen.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Unsafe sex, substance abuse, and domestic violence: how do recently trained obstetricians-gynecologists fare at lifestyle risk assessment and counseling on STD prevention?

BACKGROUND: Unsafe sexual practices, substance abuse, and domestic violence impact women's health. This study examined whether lifestyle risk assessment during a general medical examination and counseling about sexually transmitted disease during consultations for adolescent contraception and treatment of a sexually transmitted disease were more frequently done by recently trained obstetricians-gynecologists compared to those of obstetrician-gynecologists licensed before 1990. It also documented obstetrician-gynecologists' evaluations of their medical training in that area. METHODS: A pretested anonymous mail survey was conducted in 1995 with all 241 obstetrician-gynecologists practicing in Quebec, Canada; 66% responded (N = 158). RESULTS: Compared to less recently trained obstetrician-gynecologists, recently trained obstetrician-gynecologists reported routinely assessing tobacco use (77 vs 51%, P = 0.01), alcohol use (50 vs 23%, P = 0.004), and illicit drug use (33 vs 17%, P = 0.05) more frequently during a patient's general medical evaluation. However, they did not assess condom use (50%), number of sexual partners, sexual partners' sexually transmitted disease risk (30%), or experiences of sexual abuse or domestic violence (3%) more frequently than less recently trained obstetrician-gynecologists. They were also not more likely to counsel teenagers about sexually transmitted disease prevention during a contraceptive consultation (30-60%) or to discuss human immunodeficiency virus infection (29%) and hepatitis B immunization (13%) during a sexually transmitted disease consultation. CONCLUSION: Although evaluation of substance use was better among recently trained OB-Gyn physicians, little or no improvement has been noted regarding STD prevention or the evaluation of sexual abuse or domestic violence, all important lifestyle risks that directly affect women's health and well-being.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Cellular mechanisms of implantation in domestic farm animals.

In order for pregnancy to be established, the conceptus of domestic animals must signal its presence upon arrival in the uterus, a process known as maternal recognition of pregnancy. The conceptus derived signal(s) prevent(s) the structural and functional demise of the corpus luteum to ensure the maintenance of a uterine environment that supports implantation and embryonic development. Implantation is a remarkable event that has been described as a biological paradox because an adhesive interaction is formed between two apical surfaces of epithelial cell types that are typically covered by non-adhesive glycoproteins. In domestic animals (such as pigs, horses, sheep, does and cows), the implantation process is not invasive as it is in most other mammalian species. This review describes the interaction between the conceptus (embryo and surrounding membranes) and the uterine epithelial surface in domestic farm animals and ability of the conceptus to control the lifespan of the corpus luteum to maintain pregnancy.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

A cytoarchitectonic volumetric comparison of the area gigantopyramidalis in wild and domestic sheep.

The area gigantopyramidalis has been circumscribed on frontal serial sections of brains of mouflons (Ovis ammon musimon) and domestic sheep (Ovis ammon f. aries). A brief description of the topography and lamination of the area 4 is given. By means of intraspecific-allometric methods this area has shown a decrease in volume by 29.9% in domestic sheep compared with wild sheep. In view of the close relationship between size and function of a structure the reduction rates of the area gigantopyramidalis, the cerebellum and the basal ganglia are discussed as due to the special environmental changes caused by domestication.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Formative evaluation of home visitors' role in addressing poor mental health, domestic violence, and substance abuse among low-income pregnant and parenting women.

OBJECTIVES: This research assessed home visitor effectiveness in communicating about and responding to poor mental health, domestic violence, and substance abuse among pregnant and parenting women home visited as part of a comprehensive family support strategy in seven urban communities. METHODS: Cross-sectional studies were conducted with mothers (n = 189) actively engaged in home visitation programs and home visitors (n = 45). Maternal interviews assessed need for and receipt of mental health, domestic violence, and substance abuse services, and home visitor discussion of these risk areas. Home visitor surveys assessed perceived adequacy of training and personal effectiveness in addressing these risk areas. RESULTS: Over half of mothers needed mental health, domestic violence, or substance abuse services; however, only 27% of mothers in need of service received services. Most mothers reported having communicated with their home visitor about the three risk areas, but there were no differences in communication frequency based on whether services were needed. Most home visitors perceived themselves as effective in communicating about and responding to these risk factors but rated the training they had received in these areas as less than adequate. CONCLUSIONS: Home visitors could benefit from more intensive training in the formal assessment of risks and the protocols for communication about those risks with their clients. Home visitors could also receive support from and work in collaboration with professionals in addressing client risks. Further research on home visit content is needed to determine which strategies facilitate home visitors' ability to effectively communicate about and address client risks.

Baltimore↗

PubMed1995

Proliferative responses of splenocytes from wild and domestic northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) to T- and B-cell mitogens.

Baseline information on the functional responses expected for assays used to assess immunocompetence in the Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) are largely unavailable. Our primary objective was to develop an in vitro lymphoproliferative response assay for assessing cell-mediated immunocompetence in the Northern bobwhite. Culture conditions were optimised for domestic Northern bobwhites and field tested on splenocytes from wild-caught quail. Results indicated that increasing cell concentration and media volume in culture, as well as decreasing concentrations of serum in media, improved splenocyte responses to Con A stimulation. Optimum culture conditions were attained with 1 million cells per well cultured in 200 microliters of AIM-V serum-free media for 72 h. Five micrograms concanavalin A (Con A) or 2.5 micrograms Salmonella typhimurium mitogen (STM) per well provided maximum stimulation as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Stimulation indices of splenocyte cultures of wild-caught Northern bobwhites to 5 micrograms Con A were approximately four-fold greater than levels observed for domestic quail (P = 0.0055). Alternatively, stimulation indices of splenocyte cultures obtained from wild-caught and domestic Northern bobwhites to 2.5 micrograms STM per well were not different (P = 0.3938).

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Prevalence and pathology of helminth parasites in domestic ducks of Bangladesh.

Parasitism in waterfowl is a very common phenomenon. Two detailed check lists of helminth parasites of waterfowl are available (Lapage, 1961; McDonald, 1969) and many of these parasites are reported to occur in domestic ducks. However, the pathological significance of most of them is unclear. In a preliminary study, Qadir (1979) recorded 13 species of helminths from domestic ducks of Bangladesh. The present paper reports on the prevalence and pathological effects of helminth infections in domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) of Bangladesh under natural conditions and on their incidence in two age and sex groups of ducks.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Variations in the glucuronidation rate and in the composition of the endoplasmic reticulum of the wild and semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus).

1. The activity of UDPglucuronosyltransferase was analyzed in the hepatic and renal microsomes and in the postmitochondrial supernatant fraction of the duodenal mucosa of wild and semi-domestic reindeer. 2. The total activity was about the same in the hepatic microsomes of both animal groups. When the specific activity was analyzed, the semi-domestic reindeer showed twice as high activities as the wild ones. 3. The results in the kidney and duodenum showed similar changes. 4. The protein, cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations of microsomal and postmitochondrial supernatant preparations were higher in the wild reindeer. 5. It is concluded on the basis of present results that the in vitro glucuronidation in the wild reindeer is on a lower level than in the semi-domestic ones. 6. This might be a consequence of changed membrane structure where UDPglucuronosyltransferase is located.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Chemically induced immunomodulation in domestic food animals.

There is extensive research underway on development of chemical immunomodulators for use in humans. This research is primarily driven by the need for therapeutic immunomodulators for use in patients with cancer or AIDS. Currently, there are no chemicals approved as immunomodulators by the Food and Drug Administration for use in domestic food animals. There is considerable potential for applying the rapid advances in immunomodulation research to benefit domestic animals. In domestic food animals, immunomodulators have the greatest potential for prevention and perhaps therapy in early stages of infectious diseases associated with immunosuppression. There are many different causes for immunosuppression and many different molecular mechanisms responsible for defective function of immune cells. It is unlikely that any one immunomodulator will be capable of preventing or reversing all of these various causes of immunosuppression. Therefore, research is needed to understand the mechanisms of immunosuppression and the mechanism of action of immunomodulators so that rational approaches can be developed for their prophylactic and therapeutic use. Without this information and information on effective dosages and duration of action, attempts to use immunomodulators clinically are likely to produce discouraging results.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2005

Germ cell transplantation and testis tissue xenografting in domestic animals.

Transplantation of germ cells from fertile donor mice to the testes of infertile recipient mice results in donor-derived spermatogenesis and transmission of the donor's genetic material to the offspring of recipient animals. Germ cell transplantation provides a bioassay to study the biology of male germ line stem cells, develop systems to isolate and culture spermatogonial stem cells, examine defects in spermatogenesis and treat male infertility. Although most widely studied in rodents, germ cell transplantation has been applied to larger mammals. In domestic animals including pigs, goats and cattle, as well as in primates, germ cells can be transplanted to a recipient testis by ultrasonographic-guided cannulation of the rete testis. Germ cell transplantation was successful between unrelated, immuno-competent pigs and goats, whereas transplantation in rodents requires syngeneic or immuno-compromised recipients. Genetic manipulation of isolated germ line stem cells and subsequent transplantation will result in the production of transgenic sperm. Transgenesis through the male germ line has tremendous potential in domestic animal species where embryonic stem cell technology is not available and current options to generate transgenic animals are inefficient. As an alternative to transplantation of isolated germ cells to a recipient testis, ectopic grafting of testis tissue from diverse mammalian donor species, including horses and primates, into a mouse host represents a novel possibility to study spermatogenesis, to investigate the effects of drugs with the potential to enhance or suppress male fertility, and to produce fertile sperm from immature donors. Therefore, transplantation of germ cells or xenografting of testis tissue are uniquely valuable approaches for the study, preservation and manipulation of male fertility in domestic animals.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Has the kouprey (Bos sauveli Urbain, 1937) been domesticated in Cambodia?

The kouprey (Bos sauveli Urbain, 1937) is a very rare bovid species of Cambodia, which may be extinct in the wild, as no living specimen has been observed for a long time. Here, we describe a complete taxidermy mount, which presents astonishing morphological similarities with the kouprey. The animal was mounted in 1871 at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, where it was referenced as No. 1871-576. It was deposited at the Natural History Museum of Bourges, France, in 1931, where it is still conserved today. To clarify the taxonomic status of the specimen of Bourges, DNA was extracted from a piece of bone taken on the mandible, and two different fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were independently amplified and sequenced. The phylogenetic analyses show that the specimen of Bourges is robustly associated with the holotype of the kouprey, and that both are related to other wild species of Bos found in Indochina, i.e., banteng (B. javanicus) and gaur (B. frontalis). Because of doubts for sexing the animal, we applied a molecular test based on the PCR amplification of a DNA fragment specific to the Y chromosome. The results indicate that the specimen of Bourges is a male. The comparisons with male kouprey previously described in the literature reveal important differences concerning the body size, general coloration and horns. As these differences involve phenotypic traits that are strongly selected in case of domestication, we suggest that the specimen of Bourges was a domestic ox. This implies therefore that the kouprey may have been domesticated in Cambodia, and that several extant local races may be directly related to the kouprey.

Animals↗