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PubMed1999

Effect of polyphosphate treatment and electrical stimulation on postchill changes in quality of broiler breast meat.

The objective of this study was to assess effects of treating electrically stimulated broiler forequarters with polyphosphates after various aging periods on quality. Ninety-six mixed sex broilers were electrically stunned and slaughtered. Half the carcasses were electrically stimulated during bleeding and half were not. Forequarters were harvested immediately after chilling and after 2, 4, and 6 h postchill. Left forequarters were marinated in salt solution and right forequarters in salt solution plus sodium tripolyphosphate. After marination, the quarters were cooked. Yield and meat pH were evaluated immediately after marinating; and color, yield, and cooking loss were evaluated after cooking. Electrical stimulation resulted in a decline in muscle pH for the 0 postchill group. The pH of muscles from unstimulated and stimulated carcasses from the remainder of the postchill times were equivalent. Phosphate treatment increased pH at all postchill times. Electrical stimulation of the marinated quarters increased cooking loss and decreased yield regardless of marinade composition. Both cooking loss and yield were superior for forequarters harvested at 0 or 2 h postchill compared to those harvested at 4 or 6 h postchill. The phosphate improved moisture binding regardless of electrical treatment or time of harvest. Color values of cooked muscles were unaffected by marination time, but the phosphate-treated muscles had higher b* (yellowness) values than controls. Shear values of unstimulated carcasses that received phosphate treatment were 35% greater than those that received no phosphate treatment. When the carcasses were electrically stimulated, the toughening effect of the phosphate was eliminated.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Single blind, randomised controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones, and no treatment in management of genuine stress incontinence in women.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of pelvic floor exercises, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones, and no treatment for genuine stress incontinence. DESIGN: Stratified, single blind, randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Multicentre. PARTICIPANTS: 107 women with clinically and urodynamically proved genuine stress incontinence. Mean (range) age was 49.5 (24-70) years, and mean (range) duration of symptoms 10.8 (1-45) years. INTERVENTIONS: Pelvic floor exercise (n=25) comprised 8-12 contractions 3 times a day and exercise in groups with skilled physical therapists once a week. The electrical stimulation group (n=25) used vaginal intermittent stimulation with the MS 106 Twin at 50 Hz 30 minutes a day. The vaginal cones group (n=27) used cones for 20 minutes a day. The untreated control group (n=30) was offered the use of a continence guard. Muscle strength was measured by vaginal squeeze pressure once a month. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pad test with standardised bladder volume, and self report of severity. RESULTS: Improvement in muscle strength was significantly greater (P=0.03) after pelvic floor exercises (11.0 cm H2O (95% confidence interval 7.7 to 14.3) before v 19.2 cm H2O (15.3 to 23.1) after) than either electrical stimulation (14.8 cm H2O (10. 9 to 18.7) v 18.6 cm H2O (13.3 to 23.9)) or vaginal cones (11.8 cm H2O (8.5 to 15.1) v 15.4 cm H2O (11.1 to 19.7)). Reduction in leakage on pad test was greater in the exercise group (-30.2 g; -43. 3 to 16.9) than in the electrical stimulation group (-7.4 g; -20.9 to 6.1) and the vaginal cones group (-14.7 g; -27.6 to -1.8). On completion of the trial one participant in the control group, 14 in the pelvic floor exercise group, three in the electrical stimulation group, and two in the vaginal cones group no longer considered themselves as having a problem. CONCLUSION: Training of the pelvic floor muscles is superior to electrical stimulation and vaginal cones in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Response of colonic smooth muscle from newborn and adult rabbits to electrical field stimulation.

Electrical field stimulation (EFS) of circular smooth muscle from the proximal and distal colon of adult rabbits elicits region-specific patterns of contraction and relaxation referred to as on and off responses. The present study examined EFS-mediated on and off responses in neonatal (3- to 5-d-old), juvenile (2-wk-old), and adult rabbits to determine whether colonic motility undergoes a period of postnatal maturation with respect to the pattern of contraction/relaxation that develops in response to stimulation of the enteric nervous system. Muscle strips from the proximal and distal colon were oriented parallel to the circular muscle layer and stimulated electrically (80 V;0.5-ms pulse width) for 10 s using platinum wire electrodes. Stimulus frequency varied between 1 and 64 Hz. EFS stimulation of circular smooth muscle from the proximal colon of neonatal, juvenile, and adult rabbits was characterized by the development of atropine-sensitive on-contractions. The frequency-response curves were similar for each age group. In the distal colon, EFS of circular smooth muscle from neonatal, juvenile, and adult rabbits produced on-relaxations and atropine-insensitive off-contractions. The frequency-response data for the off-contractions were similar for each age group. Although no age-related differences were observed with respect to the pattern of contractile response to EFS, the force of the proximal colon on contractions and the distal colon off-contractions increased as the animals matured. The results suggest that the pattern of colonic enteric neurotransmission is established early in the neonatal period and does not undergo any significant change during the postnatal period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1992

[Responses of neurons in the somato-sensory area I to noxious electric stimulation of nervus peroneus communis. The study of intracellular potentials].

Noxious electric stimulation of nervus peroneus communis (PN) results in pain. It hasn't been reported that the neurons in somatosensory area I (SI) may respond to the noxious stimulation. In this paper, using intracellular microelectrode technique, we have studied the responses of neurons in SI to noxious electric stimulating PN. 33 neurons were recorded in 18 cats. 16 neurons were related with the noxious stimulation. The responses of these neurons to noxious stimulation were mainly inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP). Some neurons responded with two IPSPs. A few neurons responded with EPSP (Excitatory postsynaptic potential)-IPSPs. The latencies of the first IPSPs were short (8.25 +/- 5.90ms) and showed that the first IPSPs might be induced by the input of A beta fiber. The latencies of the second IPSPs (In the neurons with two IPSPs) were long (60.33 +/- 6.62 ms) and showed that the second IPSPs might be induced by the input of A delta fiber. Above results show that: 1) SI neurons can respond to the noxious electric stimulation of PN. 2) The responses of SI neurons to the noxious stimulation were mainly IPSPs. 3) The second IPSPs might be related with pain.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

The effect of electrical stimulation on the water-holding, capacity and protein denaturation of two bovine muscles.

The effect of low-voltage electrical stimulation on the water-holding capacity and protein denaturation of bovine longissimus thoracis and semimembranosus was studied in eight electrically stimulated (85 V, 14 Hz, 15 s; immediately after slaughter) and eight nonstimulated Friesian Holstein bull carcasses. At 24 h postmortem longissimus thoracis and semimembranosus were sampled for drip loss, thaw loss, filter paper wetness, myofibrillar water-holding capacity, protein content of drip, protein solubility, myofibrillar ATPase-activities, and bound phosphorylase. Electrical stimulation resulted in higher (P < .05) drip losses and filter paper wetness and lower (P < .05) myofibrillar water-holding capacity of semimembranous samples. The increased drip loss coincided with decreased (P < .05) sarcoplasmic protein solubility, decreased (P < .05) myofibrillar ATPase-activity, and decreased (P < .05) protein concentration of drip. In the longissimus thoracis, electrical stimulation resulted in a lower (P < .05) myofibrillar water-holding capacity. However, this was not reflected in higher drip losses. In this muscle, only a decreased (P < .05) sarcoplasmic protein solubility and increased (P < .05) amount of bound phosphorylase was observed. The results indicated that the negative effect of electrical stimulation on drip loss is possibly the result of myosin denaturation, which is determined by postmortem pH and temperature fall and thus varies by muscle studied. Sarcoplasmic protein denaturation seemed not to be involved in determining water-holding capacity.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed1992

Changing pattern of c-FOS expression in spinal cord neurons after electrical stimulation of the chronically injured sciatic nerve in the rat.

Immunocytochemical technique was used to study the distribution of c-FOS protein immunoreactive cells in the spinal cord and gracile nuclei 2 h after electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve in ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine-anesthetized adult rats. Quantitative examination of the c-fos-labeled cells in the spinal cord laminae was made in unoperated and sham operated controls, after sciatic nerve transection without electrical stimulation, and after electrical stimulation at C-fiber or A alpha/beta-fiber intensity, both in normal animals and at various survival times after chronic sciatic nerve injury (transection and ligation) or crush. Unoperated animals showed very few c-fos-labeled cells, and sham operated controls showed labeled cells located mainly outside the sciatic nerve projection territory. A small increase in number of c-fos protein positive cells was seen after sciatic nerve transection without electrical stimulation. Stimulation of the normal sciatic nerve at C-fiber intensity resulted in c-fos protein-positive cells within the sciatic projection territory in the ipsilateral dorsal horn. Labeled cells were seen in all spinal cord laminae except lamina IX, with the vast majority in lamina I and outer lamina II. No labeled cells were seen in the gracile nucleus. Stimulation at A alpha/beta fiber intensity resulted in no or only a very small number of c-fos-positive neurons. Electrical stimulation of the injured sciatic nerve at C-fiber intensity, using the uninjured contralateral side as control, resulted in significant decreases in c-fos-immunoreactive cells in lamina I plus the outer portion of lamina II at 12 and 39 days survival after injury. A non-significant decrease was seen in these laminae also after 21 days. Significant increases were seen in laminae III and IV at 21 days. Decreases in laminae V, VI and more ventral laminae were significant at 21 and 39 days after injury. At longer survival times, the difference between the normal and injured side seen weeks after injury tended to disappear. Stimulation at A alpha/beta fiber intensity 21 days after injury resulted in increases in the numbers of labeled cells in ipsilateral laminae II, III and IV and in the gracile nucleus. Sciatic nerve stimulation after crush injury resulted in more variable side differences, with tendencies for the same alterations as those noted after chronic transection-ligation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Treatment of pain by transcutaneous electrical stimulation.

Two hundred and ninety-two patients suffering from a wide range of pain syndromes were treated with transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES). Electrical stimulation of the painful area was administered on the skin by externally applied electrodes, attached to a portable battery-operated apparatus. The results, determined according to a subjective scoring system, were good in 50.7%, moderate in 24.3% and poor in 25% of the patients. TES is a non-invasive technique, has no side effects and may easily be self-administered. It is concluded that it should be tried in pain syndromes for which no specific therapy is available.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

[Submental transcutaneous electrical stimulation for obstructive sleep apnea].

BACKGROUND: Transcutaneous electrical stimulation while asleep has been used to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), although without convincing results. Modern strategies consist of electrical muscle training for a number of weeks during wakefulness rather than stimulation during sleep. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the practicability, safety, and efficacy of a new device, SilentOne (Imperpuls, Chemnitz, Germany). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with various degrees of OSA used transcutaneous submental electrical stimulation therapy for 4-5 weeks every day, day and night. A patient's diary recorded practicability and potential adverse events. Respiratory parameters were recorded by fully attended polysomnography in the sleep lab. Daytime sleepiness and snoring were assessed by questionnaires. RESULTS: The apnea-hypopnea-index decreased from 29.2 before to 21.2 after therapy (P<0.05). Daytime sleepiness improved significantly (P<0.01) as did snoring (P<0.005). CONCLUSIONS. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation therapy using SilentOne proved to be safe, easy to use, and potent. However, therapy showed a limited cure rate.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Long-term subthreshold electrical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion and a canine model of sudden cardiac death.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to develop a high-yield canine model of sudden cardiac death (SCD). BACKGROUND: Because electrical stimulation is a powerful means to elicit nerve sprouting, we hypothesize that subthreshold electrical stimulation is more effective than nerve growth factor (NGF) infusion in inducing nerve sprouting and SCD in dogs with myocardial infarction (MI) and complete atrioventricular block (CAVB). METHODS: We gave subthreshold electrical stimulation to the left stellate ganglion (LSG) in six normal dogs for 41 +/- 9 days (protocol 1) and to six dogs with MI and CAVB for 41 +/- 29 days, while continuously monitoring their cardiac rhythm (protocol 2). We also monitored the rhythm of two dogs with MI, CAVB, and NGF infusion to the LSG and determined the ventricular nerve density in six healthy control dogs. RESULTS: In protocol 1, the hearts from dogs with LSG electrical stimulation had a higher density of nerve fibers immunopositive to tyrosine hydroxylase, synaptophysin, and growth-associated protein-43 than those of normal control dogs (p < 0.01). In protocol 2, there was a high magnitude of cardiac nerve sprouting in all dogs studied. Ventricular tachycardia > or =8 beats and > or =20 beats was more frequent in dogs with electrical stimulation than in dogs with NGF infusion to the LSG (36 +/- 60 and 11 +/- 17 vs. 4.7 +/- 6.1 and 0.1 +/- 0.33 episodes per day, p < 0.05 and p < 0.03, respectively). Four of six dogs in protocol 2 had SCD. CONCLUSIONS: Subthreshold electrical stimulation of the LSG induces cardiac nerve sprouting and sympathetic hyperinnervation and facilitates the development of a high-yield canine model of ventricular arrhythmia and SCD.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Inhibition of acetylcholine receptor synthesis by conditioned medium of electrically stimulated muscle cultures.

In previous studies, it has been reported that electrical stimulation of muscle cultures is followed by inhibition of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) synthesis. In the study reported here, we show that even media taken from electrically stimulated muscle cultures are capable of inhibiting receptor synthesis. This inhibition is specific, since the levels of acetylcholinesterase and creatine kinase are not reduced. The electrically stimulated myotubes probably synthesize and release to the medium a protein(s) responsible for reducing AChR synthesis.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMed1990

Different modulation of flash responses of fast and slow relay cells by aversive electrical brain stimulation.

Electrical activity of single neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of rats was recorded from stereotactically fixed animals. The neurons were classified as fast or slow ones, according to their response latency to electrical stimulation of the chiasma opticum. After this, the responses to diffuse flashes, to aversive electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) and to a combination of both, brain stimulation immediately followed by a flash, were recorded. One week prior to testing, bipolar nichrom electrodes had been implanted into the tectotegmental region for the ESB, and their effectiveness was tested behaviorally. Out of 78 neurons 56 fast and 22 slow ones were found. Fast neurons have a significantly higher background activity than slow neurons. Both classes show a modulation of flash evoked responses by the ESB, although the ESB has nearly no effect on the spontaneous discharge frequency in any of the neurons. The influence on the flash response differs according to the cell class: the class of fast neurons is predominantly facilitated up to 1100 ms after the flash application, whereas the class of slow neurons is inhibited during this period. Later on (up to 2260 ms after flash) fast cells show no clear net effect, and slow cells were still slightly inhibited.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Neurocardiac response to esophageal electric stimulation in humans: effects of varying stimulation frequencies.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the cardioautonomic responses to esophageal electric stimulation were mediated entirely through modulation of respiratory frequency or a direct vagal effect. We performed electric stimulation of the esophagus in 13 healthy male controls (24 +/- 6 yr) using a manometric catheter to which a stainless steel electrode was attached. Stimulation frequencies ranged from 0.1 to 1 Hz and were applied in random fashion. We computed the power spectra of the heart rate variability and respiratory frequency as measures of autonomic function. Electric stimulation of the esophagus produced significant increases in the high-frequency power of the heart rate autospectrum at all stimulation frequencies (maximal at 0.2 Hz). However, regardless of the frequency of esophageal stimulation, the respiratory rate was not changed from baseline. These studies indicate that enhancement of cardiac vagal modulation observed in response to esophageal electric stimulation is not primarily due to changes in respiratory frequency, but rather occurs through a direct, vagally mediated action through sensory neural pathways involving vagal esophageal afferents.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Gene expression in the electrically stimulated differentiation of PC12 cells.

Cell differentiation of PC12 cells was electrically induced to grow neurites in the absence of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the electrode surface, of which potential was modulated by a rectangular wave of potential. The electric stimulation induced the c-fos expression which is essential for cell differentiation. Non-specific calcium channel blocker, lanthanum ion, inhibited the electrically induced differentiation, while NGF-induced differentiation was not suppressed. An L-type calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, also inhibited the electrically induced calcium influx and c-fos expression. Moreover, a stretch-activated (SA) channel blocker, gadolinium ion, inhibited the electrically stimulated differentiation by blocking the calcium influx, but gave no prominent effects on the potassium ion-induced differentiation. Chelerythrine, a specific protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, almost inhibited the cell differentiation by the electric stimulation but not by the NGF treatment. These results indicate that the alternative potential may stimulate cell differentiation through a PKC cascade.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed1981

[Changes in pain sensitivity during electric stimulation of emotiogenic zones of the rabbit hypothalamus].

Electrical stimulation of 80% of negative and 82% of positive sites of the rabbit hypothalamus increased the latent period of thermal nociceptive stimulus avoidance and diminished the evoked potential amplitude in the parafascicular complex of the thalamus in response to electrical nociceptive stimulation of the skin. The opposite effects were evoked by subthreshold stimulation of the negative rather than positive sites. Electrical stimulation of neutral sites had not effect on the test parameters of pain sensitivity.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Lasting accelerative effects of 1 Hz and 20 Hz electrical stimulation on cortical spreading depression: relevance for clinical applications of brain stimulation.

Clinical applications of brain stimulation have been increasing during the last decade; however, the mechanisms of action remain unknown. One proposed mechanism of action is that repetitive stimulation modulates cortical excitability. Herein, we explore the question of whether repetitive electric stimulation increases cortical excitability as indexed by the cortical spreading depression. Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into three groups according to the treatment: sham, 1-Hz and 20-Hz stimulation. Stimulation was applied to the left frontal cortex through a pair of epidurally implanted silver-wire electrodes. The cortical spreading depression-features were analysed at three time points (one day before, one day after and 2 weeks after treatment) in both the stimulated and unstimulated hemisphere. A 3 x 2 x 3 factorial anova with repeated measures showed significant differences in the main effect of time (P < 0.0001), hemisphere (P = 0.0002) and stimulation group (P = 0.008). The interaction between time vs. hemisphere vs. stimulation group was also significant (P < 0.0001). Posthoc analysis demonstrated that 1-Hz and 20-Hz repetitive electrical stimulation significantly increased the velocity of cortical spreading depression in the stimulated hemisphere. Furthermore, 20-Hz stimulation showed a greater effect on cortical spreading depression compared to 1-Hz stimulation. The results show that 1-Hz and 20-Hz repetitive electrical stimulation results in an increase in cortical spreading depression velocity that is associated with the frequency and the hemisphere of stimulation. Furthermore, the effects are found to be long lasting. We believe that these findings have strong relevance to support the clinical application of therapies involving electrical stimulation for diseases of reduced cortical excitability.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1995

Electrically stimulated colonic reservoir for total anorectal reconstruction.

Total anorectal reconstruction after abdominoperineal excision of the rectum has failed to achieve perfect continence. Electrically stimulated reservoir evacuation in combination with an electrically stimulated gracilis neoanal sphincter might improve results. A J pouch was constructed in an isolated colonic loop of seven dogs. Bipolar square wave pulses were delivered via two intramural stainless steel electrode pairs at 10 Hz. Stimulation parameters were varied to achieve adequate contraction. Serosal strain gauges recorded spontaneous and stimulated pouch motility. Evacuation was quantified by a volume displacement technique and observed fluoroscopically. Recordings were performed for a median of 3 (range 1-11) months. At 10 Hz and 0.5 ms pulse width, stimulation was required for 2 min and at voltages of 15 V (n = 4), 18 V (n = 1) and 20 V (n = 2) to obtain a contraction of amplitude comparable to that of a spontaneous contraction. Suprathreshold stimulation invariably resulted in colonic pouch contraction. The mean(95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.)) stimulus-response latency was 25.5(1.9) s. The mean(95 per cent c.i.) intraluminal pressure generated during stimulation was 114.1(17.0) cmH2O and 64.6(12.0) cmH2O during spontaneous activity (P < 0.001). In conclusion, electrical stimulation via intramural electrodes produced contraction generating sufficient intraluminal pressure to effect evacuation of a canine colonic pouch. This has potential for incorporation with an electrically stimulated neoanal sphincter in total anorectal reconstruction to improve evacuation and continence.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Initial experience with home therapeutic electrical stimulation for continence in the myelomeningocele population.

PURPOSE: In an attempt to enhance bladder and bowel continence 29 patients underwent long duration, low intensity transcutaneous therapeutic electrical stimulation. This technology has previously been shown to be effective for inducing regenerative hypertrophy of disuse atrophied skeletal muscle, and it has been associated with improved continence in the myelomeningocele population. Our objectives were to enhance urinary and fecal continence, and evaluate the mechanisms by which therapeutic electrical stimulation influences continence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 29 children with lumbar or sacral myelomeningocele underwent therapeutic electrical stimulation at home during sleep using a commercially available stimulator with a safety sensing circuit and 2 sets of electrodes placed on the skin at bedtime. Left and right side electrode placement was alternated on 6 of 7 consecutive nights. In 9 boys and 2 girls with more than 9 months of followup initial and subsequent cystometrography, urethral pressure profile, electromyography, voiding cystourethrography and renal ultrasound studies were evaluated. RESULTS: In the 11 children there was no radiographic evidence of urinary tract or musculoskeletal deterioration during treatment. Mean actual bladder capacity increased from 133 to 196 ml. (p < 0.05). Mean bladder capacity, as a percent of maximum predicted bladder capacity for a normal age matched child without myelomeningocele, also significantly increased from 59 before to 76% after 9 months of therapeutic electrical stimulation (p < 0.05). No significant change was noted in urethral pressure profile. A subjective improvement in the sensation of pelvic fullness was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: When administered at home by parents while the child sleeps, therapeutic electrical stimulation is safe for bladder and bowel continence in the myelomeningocele population. It seems to increase significantly bladder capacity, does not appear to change urethral pressure profile and results in a subjectively improved sensation of pelvic fullness, enhancing urinary and fecal continence. The most beneficial effect of therapeutic electrical stimulation seems to be on the bladder wall and less so on the striated pelvic floor musculature with subjective enhancement of pelvic fullness also contributing positively.

Child↗

PubMed1987

Activation of the inspiratory intercostal muscles by electrical stimulation of the spinal cord.

Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord was evaluated as a method of activating the inspiratory intercostal muscles. Studies were performed in anesthetized dogs after hyperventilation-induced apnea. A stainless steel electrode, rubberized along its entire length except for 2 to 3 mm at the distal tip, was introduced epidurally onto the dorsal surface of the thoracic spinal cord. Stimulating electrodes were also placed in each hemidiaphragm. Intercostal electromyograms, inspired volume, and thoracoabdominal movements were monitored. The inspiratory capacity was determined in each animal as the volume required to achieve an airway pressure of +25 cm H2O during passive lung inflation. Spinal cord stimulation at the T2-T3 spinal level resulted in maximal inspired volume generation and electrical activation of the parasternal, external, and internal intercostal muscles of the upper and midrib cage regions as determined by electromyograms. Intrathoracic pressure swings increased progressively with increasing stimulus amplitude and frequency until plateaus were reached at 6 mA and 40 Hz, respectively. Postphrenicotomy spinal cord stimulation resulted in expansion of the rib cage and reduction in circumference of the abdominal compartment. Inspired volumes during spinal cord stimulation were 537 +/- 49 ml (prephrenicotomy, prone), 347 +/- 19.6 ml (postphrenicotomy, prone), and 303 +/- 30.6 ml (postphrenicotomy, supine). Bilateral diaphragm activation alone resulted in inspired volumes of 404 +/- 39 ml. Combined diaphragm and postphrenicotomy spinal cord stimulation (supine) resulted in an inspired volume of 712 +/- 72 ml, which approximated the inspiratory capacity (803 +/- 35 ml). Our results suggest that spinal cord stimulation may be a useful physiologic and clinical tool to produce coordinated contraction of the inspiratory intercostal muscles.

Animals↗