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PubMed1980

Improving physical fitness by exercise training programs.

Thirteen young men completed a ten-week exercise training program on bicycle ergometers. Training sessions were conducted five days per week, with eight men randomly assigned to low-effort (LE) and five to high-effort (HE) regimens. LE participants worked continuously at 50% of their maximal oxygen intake (exercise HR congruent to 135 BPM); HE participants performed two minutes alternating work-rest intervals at 80% of their maximal oxygen intake (exercise HR congruent to 170 BPM). Total work done was held constant for the two groups. LE and HE participants increased maximal oxygen intake (P < .01), but there was no difference in changes between the two groups. LE exercise training programs are more comfortable for participants and perhaps should be recommended over HE programs for most individuals, since improvements in physical fitness appear to be comparable.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Chromium and exercise training: effect on obese women.

Chromium supplementation may affect various risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), including body weight and composition, basal plasma hormone and substrate levels, and response to an oral glucose load. This study examined the effects of chromium supplementation (400 micrograms.d-1), with or without exercise training, on these risk factors in young, obese women. Chromium picolinate supplementation resulted in significant weight gain in this population, while exercise training combined with chromium nicotinate supplementation resulted in significant weight loss and lowered the insulin response to an oral glucose load. We conclude that high levels of chromium picolinate supplementation are contraindicated for weight loss in young, obese women. Moreover, our results suggest that exercise training combined with chromium nicotinate supplementation may be more beneficial than exercise training alone for modification of certain CAD and NIDDM risk factors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Antioxidant enzyme activity is up-regulated after unilateral resistance exercise training in older adults.

Cellular antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress are postulated to be critical factors in the aging process. The effects of resistance exercise training on the level of skeletal muscle oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity have not previously been examined in older adults. Muscle biopsies from both legs were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle of 12 men 71 +/- 7 years of age. Subjects then engaged in a progressive resistance exercise-training program with only one leg for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, the nontraining leg underwent an acute bout of exercise (exercise session identical to that of the trained leg at the same relative intensity) at the same time as the last bout of exercise in the training leg. Muscle biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis of both legs 48 h after the final exercise bout. Electron transport chain enzyme activity was unaffected by resistance training and acute resistance exercise (p < 0.05). Training resulted in a significant increase in CuZnSOD (pre--7.2 +/- 4.2, post--12.6 +/- 5.6 U.mg protein(-1); p = 0.02) and catalase (pre--8.2 +/- 2.3, post--14.9 +/- 7.6 micromol.min(-1).mg protein(-1); p = 0.02) but not MnSOD activity, whereas acute exercise had no effect on the aforementioned antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, basal muscle total protein carbonyl content did not change as a result of exercise training or acute exercise. In conclusion, unilateral resistance exercise training is effective in enhancing the skeletal muscle cellular antioxidant capacity in older adults. The potential long-term benefits of these adaptations remain to be evaluated.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Peripheral insulin sensitivity as modified by diet and exercise training.

To determine which component of a high-fat sucrose diet (HFS) caused insulin resistance and whether exercise training or fiber could prevent it, six dietary treatments were tested in rats: low-fat complex carbohydrate (LFCC); high-fat complex carbohydrate (HFCC); low-fat sucrose (LFS); high-fat sucrose (HFS); HFS plus fiber (HFS + F); and HFS plus exercise training (HFS + EX). After 10 wk rats were subjected to an intravenous glucose-tolerance test. The HFS and HFS + F groups developed glucose intolerance, as indicated by significantly greater areas under their glucose curves compared with the LFCC group's areas. The LFS, HFS, HFS + F, and HFS + EX groups developed insulin resistance, as indicated by significantly greater areas under their insulin curves compared with the LFCC and HFCC groups' areas. Either the presence of sucrose or the absence of complex carbohydrates, not high fat, was responsible for the insulin resistance and it was not improved by adding fiber to the diet or by exercise training.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Exercise-training-induced alterations in hepatic function in mares.

The effects of exercise training on hepatic function in horses were determined by studying the plasma clearance of antipyrine (20 mg/kg iv) in adult mares that either underwent treadmill training for 5 wk (n = 7) or remained in box stalls for the same time period (n = 6). Training consisted of treadmill exercise at 60% (12 min/day) and 90% (3 min/day) of pretraining maximal oxygen consumption (V(O2)max) for 6 days/wk for 5 wk. V(O2)max and velocity to obtain a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/l were significantly increased (from 129 to 149 ml x min-1 x kg-1 and from 5.6 to 6.1 m/s, respectively) as a result of training. The plasma clearance and volume of distribution of antipyrine increased significantly in the trained group (from 5.5 to 6.4 ml x min-1 x kg-1 and from 813 to 881 ml/kg, respectively) and decreased significantly in the untrained group. Elimination half-lives did not change as a result of training or box rest. Increases in plasma antipyrine clearance were indicative of an increase in hepatic metabolism of antipyrine. Increases in the volume of distribution of antipyrine suggest that total body water increases as a result of exercise training.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Short-term exercise training effect after myocardial infarction on myocardial oxygen consumption indices and ischemic threshold.

This study was undertaken to determine whether adaptations to short-term exercise training after myocardial infarction, could affect the response of heart rate, blood pressure and double product at submaximal workload, and the behavior of electrocardiographic ST segment depression. We studied 60 patients (group A) who underwent a modest level exercise training for 3 months and 40 patients (group B) who did not participate in this program. All these subjects were involved in the trial 1 week after discharge from the hospital. Submaximal treadmill stress test was performed after the 3-month period. The stress test duration was longer (p < .01), heart rate (p < .001), systolic blood pressure (p < .01) and double product (p < .01) at submaximal workload were lower and the onset of ST depression of 1 mm was delayed (p < .01) in group A. In conclusion, postinfarction short-term exercise training increases the exercise tolerance, decreases the heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and double product response to exercise and improves the ischemic threshold.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2002

Improvements in blood rheology after cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training in patients with coronary heart disease.

OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was to examine the effect of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training on blood rheology in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Although increased blood and plasma viscosity have been associated with an increased risk of CHD, the effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training on blood rheology in patients with CHD are uncertain. METHODS: We assessed whole blood effective viscosity (mu), hematocrit standardized blood viscosity (mu45)), red blood cell transport efficiency (tau(rbc)), and plasma viscosity (PV) in 23 nonsmoking patients with CHD before and after a phase II cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training program. In addition, we compared the group data with the data of a healthy reference group of 10 subjects. RESULTS: Patients with CHD had significantly elevated mu (3.35 +/- 0.35 cp vs 3.06 +/- 0.19 cp, P <.05) and mu45 (3.51 +/- 0.29 cp vs 3.12 +/- 0.06 cp, P <.001) and reduced tau(rbc) (12.7% +/- 1.0% x cp(-1) vs 14.2% +/- 0.7% x cp(-1), P <.001) compared with healthy subjects. After rehabilitation, patients with CHD had reductions in PV (1.85 +/- 0.18 cp vs 1.77 +/- 0.11 cp, P <.01) and mu45 (3.58 +/- 0.22 cp vs 3.39 +/- 0.22 cp, P <.0001) and an increase in tau(rbc) (12.4% +/- 0.8% x cp(-1) vs 13.2% +/- 0.9% x cp(-1), P <.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac rehabilitation improves blood rheology in patients with CHD by reducing mu45 and PV and elevating tau(rbc). These improvements may contribute to the increased functional capacity and reduced morbidity and mortality that is associated with participation in cardiac rehabilitation and exercise programs.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Short-term exercise training improves vascular function in hypercholesterolemic rabbit femoral artery.

Chronic exercise in healthy or hypercholesteremic animals for at least two months improves their vascular functions. This study is to examine whether short-term exercise training protocols can correct early-stage vascular dysfunction induced by high-cholesterol diet feeding. Male New Zealand White rabbits were fed for 2, 4 or 6 weeks with rabbit chow with or without the addition of 2% (w/w) cholesterol. They were further divided into control and exercise groups. Animals in exercise groups ran on a leveled treadmill for the same time periods as diet intervention. At the end of experiments, femoral arteries were dissected, loaded with fura 2-AM, and mounted in a tissue flow chamber. Phenylephrine-precontracted vessel specimens were exposed to acetylcholine. The endothelial intracellular calcium elevation and vasorelaxation were determined simultaneously under an epifluorescence microscope with ratio imaging capability. En face oil red O staining was used to evaluate fatty streak formation. Our results showed that 1) high-cholesterol diet feeding for > or = 4 weeks caused lipid deposition, reduced the acetylcholine-evoked endothelial calcium signaling, and impaired both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vascular responses in a time-dependent manner; 2) vasorelaxation at given levels of endothelial intracellular calcium elevation decreased in hypercholesterolemia; 3) concomitant exercise program had reverse effects. We conclude that high-cholesterol diet intervention for as short as 4 weeks induces vascular structural changes, impairs endothelial intracellular calcium signaling and vasodilatation in rabbit femoral arteries. Short-term exercise training in parallel completely eliminates these adverse effects so long as the diet intervention is no more than 6 weeks.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed2006

The effect of exercise training on adiponectin receptor expression in KKAy obese/diabetic mice.

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived factor that plays a pivotal role in lipid and glucose metabolism. Recently, two types of adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) were identified. We investigated whether exercise training (ET) or dietary restriction (DR) affects the expression of adiponectin receptors in skeletal muscle and liver, thereby improving glucose and lipid metabolism in KKAy mice. KKAy mice were subjected to 8 weeks of exercise training or food restriction. Following the experimental protocol, an intravenous glucose tolerance test and an intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test were performed in addition to the measurement of blood lipid and adiponectin concentrations. The mRNA levels of adiponectin, adiponectin receptors and genes that are putatively regulated by the adiponectin receptors were also analyzed. Both the 8-week exercise training and food restriction protocol improved insulin resistance in KKAy mice but did not alter plasma adiponectin concentration nor its mRNA expression. In comparison with C57BL/6 mice, AdipoR1 expression level was significantly decreased in skeletal muscle and AdipoR2 expression level was significantly increased in the liver in KKAy mice. After the 8-week experimental protocol, the expression level of AdipoR1 mRNA was approximately 1.8-fold greater in the skeletal muscle and 1.3-fold greater in the liver, and the level of AdipoR2 mRNA was 30% less in the liver of the ET group as compared with the control group. Additionally, in the ET group, mRNA expression of acyl coenzyme A-oxidase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) was greater in the liver but not in skeletal muscle. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the expression of genes encoding the adiponectin receptors in addition to other genes except for CPT1 in the DR group. These findings suggest that chronic exercise training affects the expression level of adiponectin receptors thereby improving insulin resistance in KKAy mice.

Adiponectin↗

PubMed1996

Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training in obese patients with coronary artery disease.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training in obese coronary patients. DESIGN: We compared data before and after cardiac rehabilitation between obese and nonobese patients. SETTING: Two large teaching institutions. PATIENTS: 116 obese (body mass index [BMI] > or = 27.8 kg/m2 for men and > or = 27.3 kg/m2 for women; mean, 31.2 +/- 3.2 kg/m2] and 198 (mean BMI, 24.6 +/- 2.1 kg/m2) nonobese patients with recent cardiac events. INTERVENTIONS: A 3-month (36-session) formal, outpatient phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation and supervised exercise training program. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: At baseline, obese patients had higher levels of total cholesterol (p < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C [p < 0.01]), LDL-C/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (p < 0.01), percentage body fat (p < 0.02), and a higher prevalence of hypertension (p < 0.05) than the nonobese patients, but the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and of other coronary risk factors was similar. After cardiac rehabilitation, there were modest reductions in the prevalence of obesity (116 patients [37%] vs 104 patients [33%]) and severe obesity (BMI > or = 35 kg/m2 [3.5 vs 2.5%]), although these improvements were not statistically significant. The obese patients had improvements in exercise capacity (+24%; p < 0.001), BMI (-3%; p < 0.0001), LDL-C (-4%; p = 0.07), HDL-C (+6%; p < 0.001), and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (-10%; p < 0.01). Although reduction in BMI was greater in the obese patients (-3 vs 0%; p < 0.0001), improvement in exercise capacity was greater in the nonobese (+36 vs +24%; p < 0.01); improvements in lipid fractions and percentage body fat were statistically similar between the groups. CONCLUSION: Modest reductions in BMI, obesity, and severe obesity occur after cardiac rehabilitation. In addition, obese patients demonstrate significant improvements in most coronary risk factors after rehabilitation, although improvements in exercise capacity are greater in nonobese patients. Potentially, more significant improvements in exercise capacity and lipid values may occur by specifically targeting obese patients for further weight reduction and exercise training after major cardiac events.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1993

Interaction of aerobic exercise training and clenbuterol: effects on insulin-resistant muscle.

The effects of aerobic exercise training, chronic administration of the selective beta 2-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol, and the combination of these two treatments on muscle insulin resistance were compared in female obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Rats were randomly assigned to trained, clenbuterol, clenbuterol-trained, or control groups. Training consisted of treadmill running for 2 h/day at 18 m/min up an 8% grade. Clenbuterol was administered by intubation (0.4-0.8 mg.kg body wt-1 x day-1) approximately 30 min before the rats ran each day. After 8 wk of treatment, muscle insulin resistance was assessed via hindlimb perfusion in the presence of 8 mM glucose and a submaximal (500 microU/ml) insulin concentration. Training increased citrate synthase activity (mumol.g wet wt-1 x min-1) by 32-74% and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by 45%. Clenbuterol ingestion induced a 17-29% increase in muscle mass but decreased citrate synthase activity by 34-42% and had no effect on muscle glucose uptake. Administration of clenbuterol to rats that exercise trained prevented the training-induced improvement in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and attenuated the increases in citrate synthase activity. In addition, both clenbuterol-treated groups displayed a 42% decrease in beta-adrenergic receptor density. The results indicate that clenbuterol administration, possibly through beta-adrenergic receptor downregulation, attenuated a cellular reaction essential for the exercise training-induced increase in citrate synthase activity and improvement in skeletal muscle insulin resistance of the obese Zucker rat.

Aerobiosis↗

PubMed1994

Exercise training increases total systemic arterial compliance in humans.

Using a noninvasive technique we have investigated the effect of 4 wk of exercise training on total systemic arterial compliance (SAC) in 13 previously sedentary young males. SAC is assessed from simultaneous measurements of ascending aortic blood velocity using Doppler velocimetry and surrogate estimates of aortic root pressure obtained by applanation tonometry of the right carotid artery. Subsequent calibration of the pressure waveform is by linear interpolation against brachial arterial pressures measured sphygmomanometrically. Exercise training increased the overall mean maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) by 5.1 ml.min-1 x kg-1 (95% confidence limits 1.30-8.80, P < 0.01) and decreased mean systolic blood pressure by 8.4 mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9-13.9, P < 0.01]. Mean SAC increased by 0.26 units (95% CI 0.10-0.43, P < 0.01) with the regional stiffness of the aortic arch (measured echocardiographically using the beta-index) showing a complementary decrease of 1.03 (95% CI -2.25-0.19, P < 0.05). Assuming a logarithmic arterial volume-pressure relationship, we were able to dissociate the change in SAC due to the exercise training-induced decrease in blood pressure from that due to change in the intrinsic compliance of the systemic arteries. Our results indicate that 1) exercise training increases SAC; 2) that the increase in SAC is greater than that due to changes in blood pressure and is likely to include a component due to change in intrinsic arterial compliance; and 3) that the induced change in SAC is linearly related to change in VO2 max.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Endurance exercise training and reproductive endocrine dysfunction in men: alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis.

Research indicates that endurance exercise training has significant effects upon the reproductive endocrine system of humans. Until recently, this effect was thought to be limited primarily to women. However, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that the male reproductive endocrine system is also effected. Specifically, the circulating hormonal levels of testosterone are found to be at low concentrations; and, the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis that regulates testosterone production is altered in endurance trained men. The physiological mechanism inducing the lower testosterone is currently unclear; but in many respects, these men display hypogonadotropic hypogonadism characteristics. Currently, the time course of the changes in the reproductive endocrine system is unresolved and in need of much furthers scientific investigation. The evidence available, however, suggests that a slowly developing process requiring years of exercise training results in these changes. Potentially, the lowered testosterone levels of the endurance-trained male could disrupt some of their anabolic or androgenic dependent processes. To date, there are only a limited number of findings suggesting that a consistent disruption of testosterone dependent processes occur due to endurance exercise training (e.g., oligo-spermatogenesis). Conversely, the alterations in testosterone concentration brought about by endurance training could have cardiovascular protective effects and thus be beneficial to the health of these men.

Exercise↗

PubMed1994

Effects of exercise training on the chemical composition of plasma LDL.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of exercise training on the chemical composition of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Thirteen men (mean age +/- SE, 47.2 +/- 1.5 years) were examined before and after 14 weeks of endurance-oriented exercise training (3 to 4 d/wk, 30 to 45 min/d). Although calculated plasma LDL concentrations remained unaltered (3.49 +/- 0.24 versus 3.65 +/- 0.23 mmol/L), changes in the chemical composition of LDL (increased LDL free cholesterol, cholesterol ester, and phospholipid content) were associated with a reduction in adiposity, umbilical girth, and basal plasma insulin and glucose concentration with training intervention. Increases in LDL molecular weight and particle diameter were associated with a reduction in fat mass, plasma triglyceride concentration, and basal plasma glucose concentration with physical activity. The LDL lipid-to-protein ratio also increased (P < .01) with training by 7%, primarily due to an increase in LDL free cholesterol content (P < .01). These findings indicate the formation of LDL particles that are more cholesterol enriched and protein poor with exercise training, which provides additional evidence for the cardioprotective effect of long-term physical activity.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Endurance exercise training decreases capillary basement membrane width in older nondiabetic and diabetic adults.

The objectives of these studies were to 1) evaluate the relationships among age, glucose intolerance, and skeletal muscle capillary basement membrane (CBM) width (CBMW) and 2) determine the effects of exercise training on CBMW by comparing values of young (28 +/- 4 yr) and older (63 +/- 7 yr) athletes with those of age-matched sedentary control subjects and by measuring CBMW in older men and women before and after a 9-mo endurance-exercise training program. CBMW was measured in tissue samples obtained from the gastrocnemius muscle. CBMW in sedentary 64 +/- 3-yr-old subjects was 25% thicker than in sedentary 24 +/- 3-yr-old subjects. CBMW was similar in young and older athletes and was thinner than the CBMW of age-matched sedentary control subjects. There were no differences in CBMW among older sedentary individuals with normal or impaired glucose tolerance or mild non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nine months of endurance exercise training reduced CBMW in older men and women by 30-40%, to widths that were not different from those of the young subjects; this response was independent of glucose tolerance status. These findings suggest that habitual exercise prevents the thickening of the skeletal muscle CBM that is characteristic of advancing age. Moreover, the thickening of the CBM appears to be readily reversed as a result of exercise training, even in older individuals.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Lung cyclic nucleotides in exercise-trained rats attenuate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.

We examined the effects of exercise training on pulmonary arterial blood pressure (Ppa) and on adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (GMP) concentrations in lung tissue at rest and during exercise under hypoxic conditions in catheter-implanted rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into an exercise-trained group (ET, n = 32) and nonexercised control group (control, n = 32). ET rats exercised 40 min/day 6 days/week for 6 weeks, at an altitude of 610 m on a treadmill. The mean Ppa levels of the ET were significantly lower than those of controls at rest and during exercise at 610- and 2500-m altitudes. The exercise-induced mean Ppa increase in the ET was less than that in controls at both 610- and 2500-m altitudes. Resting lung cAMP increased more in the ET than in controls at both 610- and 2500-m altitudes. In ET, cGMP was significantly greater at the 2500-m altitude than at the 610-m altitude at rest and just after exercise. Hypoxic exercise in ET was accompanied by a preferential increase in cGMP but not in cAMP. These results suggest that the intracellular augmentation of cAMP and cGMP in ET plays an important role in attenuating hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) and exercise-induced increases in Ppa.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Therapeutic value of exercise training in Parkinson's disease.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of an intensive exercise training on motor disability, mood, and subjective well-being in parkinsonian patients. METHODS: The study was designed as an open long-term pilot trial over 20 wk. Sixteen slightly to moderately affected idiopathic parkinsonian patients (PD) were included. An intensive standardized exercise training was performed twice weekly over 14 wk in all patients. Evaluations were performed before the start of the study (exam. 1), after 7 wk (exam 2), 14 wk (exam 3), and 20 wk (exam 4/long-term effect). The test battery included: 1) basic motor test (BMT) [test for muscle strength, flexibility, and coordination]; 2) Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Columbia University Rating Scale (CURS) for PD-specific motor disability; and 3) registration of psychometric data by Mini Mental State (MMS) for dementia and the Adjective Mood Questionnaire of Zeersen (AMQZ) and Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) for subjective well-being. RESULTS: UPDRS sigma score (P < 0.0001), CURS sigma score (P < 0.0001) and BMT 2 score (P < 0.0001) improved significantly by exercise training. Six weeks after termination of the training program, the majority of the patients had lost only minor components of their regained motor skills. There was no significant change in cognitive function during the study. The results of open interviews referring to subjective well-being were confirmed by the AMQZ and SIP. As an unexpected side effect, dyskinesias seemed to be better controlled. CONCLUSION: Motor disability as well as mood and subjective well-being can be clearly improved by intensive sports activities in early to medium stage PD patients. A sustained ongoing benefit outlasting the active training period for at least 6 wk can be achieved but the exact duration of this benefit is open.

Affect↗

PubMed2004

Selected genetic polymorphisms and plasma coagulation factor VII changes with exercise training.

We assessed the effects of coagulation factor VII (FVII) gene polymorphisms, lipid-related polymorphisms, and exercise training-induced plasma lipoprotein lipid changes on FVII level changes with exercise training in middle- to older-aged men and women. Forty-six healthy sedentary men and women were stabilized on a low-fat diet and then underwent baseline testing, 6 mo of endurance exercise training, and final testing. Plasma FVII-Ag levels decreased with exercise training (106.7 +/- 1.4 vs. 104.2 +/- 1.6%, P = 0.005). There were no significant differences in FVII-Ag changes with exercise training between -323 (0/10 bp)/-401 (G/T) haplotype or -402 (G/A) genotype groups. FVII-Ag changes with training were not correlated with changes in plasma lipoprotein lipids. In linear regression analyses, FVII-Ag changes with training remained significant after adjusting for training-induced plasma lipoprotein lipid changes (P = 0.01). FVII changes with training were associated with apolipoprotein E genotype (P = 0.012); this relationship was still evident after adjusting for training-induced plasma lipoprotein lipid changes (P = 0.047). FVII changes with training also were significantly associated with human ATPase binding cassette-1 genotype (P = 0.018); this relationship persisted after accounting for the effect of the training-induced plasma lipoprotein lipid changes (P = 0.045). We conclude that plasma FVII-Ag changes with exercise training are more closely related to selected lipid-related genotypes than FVII gene promoter variants.

Aged↗