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At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Is the human trophoblast in vitro an adaptive tissue for immunological influences?

The role of the extra-embryonic organs (e.g. placenta) in the feto-maternal immunological interactions is not clear. Trophoblast cells of human placenta were studied in vitro in relation to their adaptive capacities under the immunological influence of allogeneic leucocytes of pregnant women. It was shown that after an 18-h interaction some trophoblastic cells were still viable, they were rich in glycoproteins and RNA, and elicited a prominent activity of some enzymes. Mitosis was often seen. The authors suppose that the trophoblast is highly adaptable to some immunological influences in vitro.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1978

[Enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in dependence on age (author's transl)].

The levels of the rat liver enzymes glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate-dehydrogenase and citrate cleavage enzyme decrease between the age groups of 3 and 18 months. The half-life time of these enzymes is uneffected by age and the diminished levels of the enzymes in the liver of old rats can be ascribed to a reduced rate of enzyme synthesis. The half-life time of malic enzyme decreases as a function of age and this increased enzyme destruction may contribute to the diminished malic enzyme level of old rat liver.

ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase↗
PubMed1978

[Circadian changes of various enzyme activities in the kidney macula densa of gerbils (Meriones unguiculati)].

Circadian Changes of the Activity of some Enzymes in the Macula densa of the Kidney of Mongolian Gerbilis.--The authors investigated the enzyme histochemical activity of some dehydrogenases in the macula densa of desert rodents killed respectively at 11 a.m. and at 11 p.m. The percentage of macula cells which, in comparison with the non specific distal convolution epithelial cells, showed the same or even enhanced enzyme activities was higher at 11 p. m., i.e. nightly (see Tab. 1).

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Premorbid prognosis and diagnosis of toxinfection according to the enzymatic status of blood lymphocytes and neutrophils].

On a model of an infectious process caused by intraperitoneal injection of S. paratyphi B to mice there were elaborated diagnosis of paratyphoid infection and premorbid prognosis of the disease by cytochemical indices. For the diagnosis of the infectious process the most informative of the cytochemical signs under study proved to be changes in the activity of succinic and alpha-glucerophosphoric dehydrogenases in the lymphocytes and particularly in neutrophils. Prognosis of the outcome of the infection was possible in some of the animals before the inoculation of the infection by the activity of NADPH2-diaphorase.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1994

Hyperbaric oxygenation treatments and metabolic enzymes in the heart and diaphragm.

We previously found that intermittent hyperbaric oxygen exposure increases metabolic enzyme activity in soleus muscle. Since the metabolic enzyme activities of the heart and diaphragm of healthy animals are difficult to alter, we questioned whether intermittent hyperbaric oxygenation would provide a stimulus sufficient to increase metabolic enzyme activity. Therefore, we exposed 36 rabbits (4 groups of 9) twice daily for 90 min 5 days/wk to either 100% O2 at 243 kPa, 8.5% O2, and 91.5% N2 at 243 kPa, 100% O2 at 101 kPa, or 21% O2 at 101 kPa. After 4 wk of treatment, the activities of citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were measured. In both the heart and the diaphragm, none of the treatments significantly altered the mean enzyme activities for any of the enzymes measured. Therefore, it seems that the hyperbaric oxygenation treatment protocols used do not induce an increase in metabolic enzyme activity in the heart and diaphragm in healthy animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Histochemical observations on the occurrence of glycolytic and pentose phosphate cycle enzymes in the hepatopancreas and their possible relation to eyestalk factor(s) in the crab Scylla serrata (Forskal).

Histochemical studies were carried out on some of the glycolytic enzymes viz. phosphorylase, aldose, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and a key enzyme of the pentose phosphatase cycle, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), in the hepatopancreas of Scylla serrata (Forskal). 1. Weak activities of phosphorylase and aldolase and strong-activities of alpha-GPDH and LDH were noticed mainly in the brush border of the tubules and R-cell cytoplasm. A trace activity of G-6-PDH was noticed in the brush border. 2. Bilateral eyestalk removal results in inhibition of both phosphorylase and aldolase. However, enhanced activities of alpha-GPDH and LDH were noticeable 4 h after the operation. The G-6-PDH activity remained unaltered till 24 h. 3. Injection of eyestalk extract into both intact and destalked crabs activated all the enzymes.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Diagnostic significance of erythrocyte carbohydrate metabolism indicators in chronic subclinical HBsAG carrier state].

Erythrocytic activity of H-6-PDG and alpha-HPDG was studied in 32 chronic carriers of HBsAg free of any clinical or biochemical signs of viral hepatitis B. Puncture biopsy of the liver discovered chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) in 25 patients. 7 cases had no changes of hepatic tissue. In these patients alpha-HPDG activity remained normal while in all the HBsAg carriers with latent CPH it was very high. For H-6-PDG, the activity was enhanced in 28 and 72% of HBsAg carriers, respectively. The above biochemical tests may serve markers of latent liver involvement in subclinical HBsAg carriers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Histochemical studies on the adrenal glands of the marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata).

The histrochemistry of the adrenal glands was studied in four adult male marmosets (two Callithrix jacchus and two Callithrix penicillata). It was impossible to demonstrate any reactivity to UDPG-GT, ADH, alanyl aminopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase, xilitol (NAD-dependent) dehydrogenase, beta-glucuronidase and aryl-sulfatase in these glands. Total phosphorylase was found in scattered cells of the glomerulosa and adjacent outer fasciculata of one C. penicillata. The dehydrogenases (LDH, G-6-PDH,6-PGDH, NADPH2-TR,ICDH,SDH,NADH2-TR, alpha-GPDH, beta-OHBDH) as well as the hydrolases (except alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, and acetylcholinesterase) showed a stonger reactivity in the cortical part. Some hydrolases (naphthol acetate esterase, acid phosphatase) and cytochrome oxidase were less reactive in the zona glomerulosa, where the dehydrogenases were more abundant. The outer fasciculata and the reticularis also showed a strong dehydrogenase reactivity.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Participation of the tanycytes in the mechanisms of sex differentiation of the brain].

Enzymo-histochemical methods were applied to the study of the activity of a number of dehydrogenases of the specialized ependyma of the inferior-lateral walls and floor of the 3rd ventricle in rats of both sexes during the "critical" period of sexual differentiation of the hypothalamic region of the brain (the first week after birth). At the level of the arcuate nucleus (alpha2-tanycytes) and the medial portion of the medial eminence (beta2-tanycytes) the ependyma was characterized by similar metabolic activity indices in ratlings of both sexes at the decisive periods of the "critical" period (the 3rd, 5th, 7th days after birth). The metabolic activity was reduced on the 5th day in the cells of animals of both sexes. At the critical period the ependyma of the lateral portions of the median eminence (beta1-tanycytes) displayed marked sexual differences in the activity of the enzymes under study. On the 5th day beta1-tanycytes of male rats showed a reduction and of female rats - an elevation of the metabolic activity. The results obtained permit to suppose that beta1-tanycytes participated in the mechanisms of sexual differentiation of the brain.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

[Cytochemical study of various stages of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. 4. Dehydrogenases in the endozoa].

Dehydrogenases of glycolysis, Krebs' cycle and pentosephosphate shunt are present in the metabolic machinery of toxoplasma endozoites (strain SS-119), thus suggesting a mixed oxidative metabolism in these. The enzymes are most commonly localized in the perinuclear area of the cytoplasm. Of special interest is the increased activity of some enzymes (especially lactate dehydrogenase) (fig HC) in the infected cells seen as definite layers of the stuff surrounding each parasite. This may correspond to the "overcoating" by mitochondrial material observed by Jones and Hirsch (1972) with the electron microscope. The importance of host-parasite relationships in the existence of the obligate intracellular parasite is discussed.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1998

[Effect of thyroid hormones on the modulation of genetic expression of liver cytosolic malic enzyme, in rats poisoned with hexachlorobenzene].

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a widespread environmental pollutant. Chronic exposure of laboratory animals to HCB triggers porphyria, induction of liver microsomal enzymes, low levels of T4 reproductive dysfunction's, liver and thyroid tumors. Previous findings from our laboratory have shown that HCB increased the activity of the liver thyroid-responsive enzymes: malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) without any change in the mytochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD). In this study we have demonstrated that HCB treatment increased ME mRNA. We also have investigated if HCB affected: a) the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) concentration and binding affinity for its ligands, b) specifically the ME gene expression, or other thyroid hormone responsive enzymes were affected as well, c) Protein/DNA complex formed on the thyroid responsive element (TRE). Livers from female Wistar rats intoxicated with HCB (100 mg/100 g b.w.), for 9 and 15 days, were analyzed. Northern blot hybridization analysis, have demonstrated that ME mRNA levels increased 4 times and 2 times after 9 and 15 days intoxication respectively, without any alterations in the mRNA levels of other thyroid hormone responsive enzymes such as glyceraldheyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxikinase and alpha-GPD. These results suggest that HCB affects specifically, ME gene expression. Hepatic T3 and T4 levels evaluated by RIA were not affected by HCB. Scatchard analyses showed that TR affinity and number of sites were not altered after 9 and 15 days of HCB treatment (control, Ka: 1.9 nM, Bmax 3.9 f/mol 100 micrograms DNA: HCD 9 days Ka: 2.1 nM, Bmax 4.5 fmol/100 micrograms DNA: HCB 15 days Ka 1.9 nM. Bmax 5.1 fmol/100 micrograms DNA intoxication, neither at 9 nor at 15 days. Electrophoresis mobility shift assay showed that HCB did not modify nuclear protein extract affinity for the TREs sequence. Our results suggest that TR itself was not directly involved in the induction of ME gene expression by HCB. Nevertheless TR could interact with other transcription factors in the overexpression of ME gene.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Activity of some enzymes of energy metabolism during denervation and reflex atrophy in rat slow and fast muscles.

The loss of muscle weight in the soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles was compared after denervation and in the course of reflex muscle atrophy induced by unilateral fracture of metatarsal bones of the paw and local injection of 0.02 ml turpentine oil subcutaneously. This so-called reflex atrophy is significantly greater after 3 days than that after denervation. Seven days after the nociceptive stimulus, reflex and denervation atrophy are grossly similar in both muscles. This also applies in case that the nociceptive stimulus had been repeated on the third day. The EDL:SOL enzyme activities of energy supply metabolism reflect the differences between a glycolytic-aerobic (EDL) and predominantly aerobic type (SOL) of muscle. No consistent changes were found in either type of atrophy after 3 days. In 7 days' denervation, the activity of hydroxyacetyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (HOADH) and citrate synthase (CS) was decreased in the SOL, while glycerolphosphate:NAD dehydrogenase (GPDH) was enhanced. In the EDL, the activity of triosephosphate dehydrogenase (TPDH), GPDH, malate dehydrogenase (MDH), CS and HOADH was decreased. Acid phosphatase (AcP) was greatly increased in both muscles. Seven days after application of the nociceptive stimulus, all enzyme activities were altered in a grossly analogous manner as after denervation.

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1984

Glycerolphosphate oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase activities in IIA and IIB fibres of mouse and rabbit tibialis anterior muscles.

Quantitative microphotometric measurements of two mitochondrial flavoproteins, glycerolphosphate oxidase (GP-OX) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), were performed on serial sections of mouse and rabbit tibialis anterior (TA) muscles in order to study the distribution of these two enzymes and their activity ratios in IIA and IIB fibres. The measurements showed a large scatter of the two enzyme activities in these two myosin-based fibre types. In rabbit TA, IIA and IIB fibres have similar GP-OX activities, whereas generally IIA fibres have higher SDH activities than IIB fibres. An inverse distribution of the two enzymes exists in mouse muscle. Generally, IIA fibres of mouse TA display low SDH and IIB fibres high SDH activities. The mean activity of GP-OX is slightly higher in IIA than in IIB fibres of mouse TA. Since measurements of both enzymes were taken in the same fibres, the ratio of their activities in each fibre could be evaluated. The SDH/GP-OX activity ratios vary significantly between the two fibre populations both in rabbit and in mouse. The ratio is high in IIA and low in IIB fibres of rabbit TA, whereas it is low in IIA and high in IIB fibres of mouse TA.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1998

The importance of the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle during aerobic growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Maintenance of a cytoplasmic redox balance is a necessity for sustained cellular metabolism. Glycerol formation is the only way by which Saccharomyces cerevisiae can maintain this balance under anaerobic conditions. Aerobically, on the other hand, several different redox adjustment mechanisms exist, one of these being the glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) shuttle. We have studied the importance of this shuttle under aerobic conditions by comparing growth properties and glycerol formation of a wild-type strain with that of gut2 delta mutants, lacking the FAD-dependent glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, assuming that the consequent blocking of G3P oxidation is forcing the cells to produce glycerol from G3P. To impose different demands on the redox adjustment capability we used various carbon sources having different degrees of reduction. The results showed that the shuttle was used extensively with reduced substrate such as ethanol, whereas the more oxidized substrates lactate and pyruvate, did not provoke any activity of the shuttle. However, the absence of a functional G3P shuttle did not affect the growth rate or growth yield of the cells, not even during growth on ethanol. Presumably, there must be alternative systems for maintaining a cytoplasmic redox balance, e.g. the so-called external NADH dehydrogenase, located on the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. By comparing the performance of the external NADH dehydrogenase and the G3P shuttle in isolated mitochondria, it was found that the former resulted in high respiratory rates but a comparably low P/O ratio of 1.2, whereas the shuttle gave low rates but a high P/O ratio of 1.7. Our results also demonstrated that of the two isoforms of NAD-dependent glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, only the enzyme encoded by GPD1 appeared important for the shuttle, since the enhanced glycerol production that occurs in a gut2 delta strain proved dependent on GPD1 but not on GPD2.

Aerobiosis↗