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At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Methods for injury surveillance in international cricket.

BACKGROUND: The varying methods of cricket injury surveillance projects have made direct comparison of published studies in this field impossible. METHODS: A consensus regarding definitions and methods to calculate injury rates in cricket was sought between researchers in this field. This was arrived at through a variety of face-to-face meetings, email communication and draft reviews between researchers from six of the major cricket-playing nations. RESULTS: It is recommended that a cricket injury is defined as any injury or other medical condition that either: (a) prevents a player from being fully available for selection for a major match or (b) during a major match, causes a player to be unable to bat, bowl or keep wicket when required by either the rules or the team's captain. Recommended definitions for injury incidence (for matches, training sessions and seasons) and injury prevalence are also provided. It is proposed that match injury incidence is calculated using a denominator based on a standard time estimated for player exposure in matches, for the purposes of simplicity. This will allow all injury surveillance systems, including those with limited resources, to make calculations according to a standard definition. CONCLUSION: The consensus statement presented provides a standard which, if followed, allows meaningful comparison of injury surveillance data from different countries and time periods, which will assist in the possible identification of risk factors for injury in cricket.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1999

Initiation of warfarin therapy: recommendations and clinical pearls.

Warfarin is a commonly used medication with a narrow therapeutic index. The initiation of warfarin requires consideration of a variety of factors, which include reviewing the indications and contraindications for this agent, performing a thorough clinical assessment along with a risk-benefit analysis for anticoagulation, consideration of warfarin pharmacology, developing strategies to monitor the intensity of anticoagulation and for the detection of adverse events, and education of the patient. The process of warfarin initiation has been studied by many researchers, but much of this literature has not been employed in clinical practice. This article presents a strategy for the clinician to use when initiating patients on warfarin.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed2001

Managing ambulatory anticoagulation.

This overview of the management of ambulatory oral anticoagulant therapy addresses the importance of patient education and highlights tested educational techniques; describes issues of documentation of the patient encounter in the medical record; and reviews drug dosage adjustments, the management of patients with high International Normalized Ratio (INR) values, and the recommended changes of oral anticoagulation for patients who undergo invasive procedures.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2004

The role of metabolites in bioequivalence.

The role of metabolites in bioequivalence studies has been a contentious issue for many years. Many papers have published recommendations for the use of metabolite data based on anecdotal evidence from the results of bioequivalence studies. Such anecdotal evidence has validity, but the arguments lack weight because the "correct" answers are always unknown. A more promising area of exploration is recommendations based on simulated bioequivalence studies for which the "correct" answers are known, given the assumptions. A review of the literature, however, reveals scant evidence of attempts to apply to real data the pharmacokinetic principles on which the recommendations from simulated studies relied. We therefore applied those principles (based on estimates of intrinsic clearance after oral administration of the parent drug) to four bioequivalence studies from our archives, in which the parent drug and at least one metabolite were monitored. In each case, the outcome is discussed in the context of the complexity of the metabolic processes that impact on the parent drug and the metabolite(s) during the first passage from the intestinal lumen to the systemic circulation. Our observation is that no simple generalization can be made such that each drug/metabolite combination must be examined individually. Our recommendation, however, is that in the interests of safety, bioequivalence decision-making should be based on the parent drug whenever possible.

Area Under Curve↗
PubMed2005

[Emergency due to allergy: the therapy--adrenaline for physicians and patients].

Emergency due to allergy may proceed within minutes to life-threatening respiratory and circulatory problems. Therefore, after diagnosis prompt and correct therapy might be vital. Because of its effect on alpha-, beta1-, and beta2-receptors, adrenaline is the treatment of choice in emergency due to allergy. For fear of cardiovascular side effects, often adrenaline is withheld even in case of anaphylaxis. If given properly such as an intramuscular injection the danger of undesirable side effects, however, is small. After a systemic, allergic reaction each patient needs to be equipped with rescue medications. If an adrenaline-containing device is prescribed--nowadays with EpiPen and the metered-dose inhaler Primatene Mist 2 systems are available--, the patient must get a correct instruction in its use. In case of a severe allergic reaction, antihistamines and corticosteroids are given in second line. Following any systemic allergy, an allergological work-up should be required. Only through exact diagnosis and profound patient's education, recurrences can be avoided, and in some cases, specific immunotherapy is indicated.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2005

[Socioeconomic class as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases].

It's been known for a long time, that certain diseases are more frequent in lower socioeconomic classes. But knowledge about the nature of this association, its main risk factors and how to improve health outcomes in lower social groups is still limited. Social class has been defined by different indicators by e.g. occupation and job position or the highest school qualification achieved. For international comparisons different classifications such as "The Registrar General's Social Class Classification " or the "International Standard Classification of Education" have been used. Several European Studies show a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular risk factors including smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia in lower socioeconomic classes. But this studies also show that all socioeconomic groups have access to medical services. The Data from the Swiss Health Survey show the distribution of cardiovascular risk factors and diseases by three levels of education: Behaviouralfactors such as smoking, obesity and physical inactivity are more commonly present in the lower socioeconomic groups. People with a lower educational level visit their GP more often, whereas people with a higher level of educational consult specialists more frequently. Medical services are often used to check of blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol. An indication of state of health may be shown by medication and treatment for cardiovascular disease which is more prevalent in lower socioeconomic groups. The present discussion of explanations of the poorer state of health in lower socioeconomic groups goes beyond the classical risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Studies have shown that after the correction for risk factors a correlation remains between social class and state of health. It is believed, that psychosocial factors such as self-esteem, control in the workplace or coping-strategies play an additional important role in staying healthy. Therefore prevention of cardiovascular disease should not be restricted to minimisation of risk factors or to the measurement of certain blood-values and treatments. Efforts must also go into creating the conditions for a healthier life and promote possibilities for healthier behaviour in all socioeconomic classes.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2006

[Insulin pens for treatment of diabetes].

The correct insulin application is an important aspect of a successful insulin therapy. Today, we have devices, which make insulin therapies easier to handle, socially more acceptable, and safer Of these, insulin pens are the most frequently used devices. This paper summarizes the particular knowledge necessary for correct and precise instruction of patients with regard to the choice of the pen and the fitting syringe as well as details of the correct use of the different pens. The injection technique itself does not differ from the one with syringes and needles. Nevertheless, some important aspects are pointed out.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMed2006

[Ointments and other dermal applications].

In dermatopharmacotherapy the choice of the appropriate vehicle is essential. Acuity of the efflorescence, localization, and extent of the affection, skin type, cosmetic preferences of the patient as well as removability with water, cooling and occlusive effects of the vehicle are important criteria for the choice of the appropriate vehicle. Adapted therapeutic and utilization modalities support a successful dermatopharmacotherapy and compliance.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2006

[Drug administration and dosage forms in geriatric patients].

The demographic shift demands more and more customized medical supplies and management structures for geriatric patients. The elderly patient with age-related functional restrictions and multi-morbidity is at special risk for an ill-adapted pharmacotherapy. In addition the frail elderly person is dependent on general-practitioner assistance. The prescription of a suitable drug and a safe and workable (galenic) application form is key to therapeutic success. Age-based intake regulations, repeated education, and intake training are crucial tasks for the general-practitioner when caring for a fast growing elderly patient population.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

A revised nomenclature for allergy. An EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force.

This report has been prepared by an EAACI task force representing the five EAACI Sections and the EAACI Executive Committee composed of specialists that reflect the broad opinion on allergy expressed by various clinical and basic specialties dealing with allergy. The aim of this report is to propose a revised nomenclature for allergic and related reactions that can be used independently of target organ or patient age group. The nomenclature is based on the present knowledge of the mechanisms which initiate and mediate allergic reactions. However, the intention has not been to revise the nomenclature of nonallergic hypersensitivity.

Humans↗