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PubMed1989

[Experimental studies on sympathetic innervation of lower urinary tract. Quantitation of nerve terminals and urethral pressure response after hypogastric denervation].

On 6 female mongrel dogs (denervated group), bilateral hypogastric nerves were cut distally to the inferior mesenteric ganglion. Five dogs were kept intact as a control group. After 2-5 months, urethral pressure response to continuous noradrenaline infusion (0.1 microgram/kg/min) was monitored. The urethral pressure rose significantly after noradrenaline loading in each group, however there was no significant difference in the degree of the response between the denervated group and control group. Subsequently, the bladder and the urethra were extirpated to determine the intrinsic noradrenaline content. The tissue noradrenaline concentration was highest in the posterior urethra, intermediate in the bladder base and lowest in the bladder dome. Although these values tended to be lower in the denervated group than in the control group, no significant difference was obtained between the groups in each portion. These results suggest that the majority of sympathetic components which consists in the hypogastric nerve may involve short adrenergic neurons. Thus, chronic hypogastric denervation alone does not induce sympathetic denervation supersensitivity. Simultaneous decentralization of the pelvic nerve may be necessary for inducing sympathetic denervation supersensitivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[An electromyographic study of the feline urethral rhabdosphincter in the normal state and after sacral rhizotomy. Part 1. Characteristics of action potentials of the rhabdosphincter and micturition and continence reflexes].

To investigate functional property of the urethral rhabdosphincter, the male feline rhabdosphincter was examined by means of electromyography using fine electrodes. Experiments were performed on 28 normal (N group) and 13 rhizotomized cats under chloralose anesthesia, the latter being further divided into two groups: 4 cats of 1-3 weeks (SR group) and 9 cats of 10-24 weeks (LR group) after complete sacral rhizotomy. Frequency of action potentials of the rhabdosphincter at empty bladder in N, SR and LR group was 1.8 +/- 0.3, 16.4 +/- 2.0, 8.9 +/- 1.4 spikes/sec, respectively, with significant difference between N and the other two groups and also between SR and LR group. Spontaneous discharges of the rhabdosphincter in SR and LR group were not abolished after neuromuscular junction blockade. The duration of action potentials of the rhabdosphincter in N, SR and LR group was 3.34 +/- 0.08, 1.71 +/- 0.07, 1.72 +/- 0.04 ms, respectively, with significant difference between N and the other two groups. Micturition reflex was negative in both SR and LR groups, but in 7 cats of LR group with dorsal roots preserved, activities of the rhabdosphincter increased reflexly by vesicourethral or urethrourethral contraction reflex, while they did not in 2 cats of LR group without preservation of dorsal roots and in SR group. Bulbocavernosus reflex was negative in both SR and LR groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1992

[An electromyographic study of the feline urethral rhabdosphincter in the normal state and after sacral rhizotomy. Part 2. Responses of the rhabdosphincter to hypogastric nerve stimulation].

To investigate functional aspect of sympathetic innervation of the urethral rhabdosphincter, responses of the male feline rhabdosphincter to hypogastric nerve (HGN) stimulation were examined by means of electromyography using fine electrodes. Experiments were performed on 28 normal (N group) and 13 rhizotomized cats under chloralose anesthesia, the latter being further divided into two groups: 4 cats of 1-3 weeks (SR group) and 9 cats of 10-24 weeks (LR groups) after complete sacral rhizotomy. HGN stimulation (1 Hz, 0.3 ms pulse duration, 2-30 V) elicited responses of the rhabdosphincter in N and LR groups. In N group, HGN stimulation still elicited responses of the rhabdosphincter even after pudendal nerve was transected in advance, indicating that these evoked potentials were independent of somatic nerve inflow. The threshold stimuli and latencies of the evoked responses in N group (3.0 +/- 0.2 V, 81.7 +/- 5.7 ms, respectively) were not significantly different from those in LR group (2.9 +/- 0.3 V, 71.5 +/- 10.5 ms), but the amplitudes of the evoked responses were significantly larger in LR group than in N group (110 +/- 12 vs 18 +/- 2 microV, p less than 0.001). These evoked responses of the rhabdosphincter were resistive to prazosin (0.2 mg/kg) and atropine (0.5 mg/kg), but were abolished by hexamethonium (2 mg/min, 10-25 mg) and pancuronium (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) in both groups. In N group, repetitive stimulation (10-20 Hz) of HGN increased activities of the rhabdosphincter when the bladder was empty, but not when the bladder was full enough to trigger the vesicourethral relaxation reflex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Action Potentials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analgesia after inguinal herniorrhaphy with laparoscopic inspection of the peritoneum in children. Caudal block versus ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric block.

The authors prospectively evaluated the efficacy of caudal epidural block versus local infiltration combined with ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric block for analgesia after inguinal herniorrhaphy with laparoscopic inspection of the peritoneum. During standardized anesthetic care, 24 children were randomized to Group I (caudal epidural block with 1.2 mL/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine) or to Group II (local infiltration with an ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric block). Postoperative pain scores were significantly lower at all four evaluation points in Group I than in Group II. Patients in Group I had a significantly decreased requirement for supplemental intravenous fentanyl. Intra-operative requirements for isoflurane were decreased in Group I. The expired concentration of isoflurane was 0.4 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SEM) in Group I and 1.5 +/- 0.3 in Group II. Time to extubation was 3.8 +/- 0.5 minutes in Group I and 8.2 +/- 1.1 minutes in Group II. The time from arrival in the postanesthesia care unit until discharge home was 113 +/- 3 minutes in Group I and 152 +/- 11 minutes in Group II. Caudal epidural block was more effective than local infiltration in controlling pain after herniorrhaphy with laparoscopy in children and resulted in earlier discharge home.

Analgesia, Epidural↗
PubMed1976

[Effect of colchicine and lumicolchicine on the ultrastructure of non-myelinated axons in autonomic nerves in cat in vitro].

The effects of colchicine and lumicolchicine on the ultrastructure of non-myelinated axons in cat autonomic nerves were studied using in vitro preparations of inferior mesenteric ganglion/hypogastric nerves. After 24 hrs of in vitro incubation with colchicine added to the medium (10 microng/ml) a significant decrease in number of neurotubules per 1 axon was observed. In the presence of a solution of alpha-beta and gamma-lumicolchicine (10 microng/ml) severe degenerative changes occured in axons and Schwann cells. At a lower dose of lumicolchicine (3 microng/ml) these changes were less frequent and the number of neurotubules per 1 axon did not differ from that in control nerves.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Total excision of the mesorectum and preservation of the genitourinary innervation in surgery of rectal cancer].

Locoregional recurrence is one of the most important problems after surgery for rectal cancer. Four to five per cent local recurrence rates have been reported after total mesorectal excision with autonomic nerve preservation. After an anatomic description, the authors describe the surgical technique of total mesorectal excision with nerve preservation. Carcinologic and functional results are reported, before concluding that this technique should be performed for mid or low rectal tumours with a distance to anorectal junction less than 5 cm.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed1999

[Surgical anatomy of pelvic nerves].

A good knowledge of the anatomy of the mesorectum and pelvic autonomic nerves allows the colorectal surgeon to reconcile both oncologic and functional results in rectal cancer excision. The author describes the anatomy of the systemic and autonomic pelvic nerves and describes techniques designed to avoid nerve damage during rectal cancer excision.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Selective effects of alfuzosin and doxazosin with intraduodenal administration on urethral pressure of cats.

AIM: To observe the selective effects of alfuzosin (Alf) and doxazosin (Dox) on the urethral pressure by different administration routes. METHODS: The urethral pressure of the anesthetized cat was increased by electric stimulation of the hypogastric nerve. The different effects of Alf or Dox on the arterial blood pressure and urethral pressure between intraduodenal administration (i.d.) and intravenous infusion (i.v.) were compared. RESULTS: When the hypogastric nerve was stimulated by electric stimulation (10 Hz, 25 V), the ratios of ED20(BP)/ED50(UP) i.d. to ED20(BP)/ED50(UP) i.v. were 10.9:4.3 for Alf, and 3.1:2.1 for Dox. The reduction in urethral pressure induced by i.d. Alf was greater than that by i.v. Alf. Dox did not show any difference in its effects by 2 administration routes. CONCLUSION: Intraduodenal administration of Alf, but not Dox, selectively decreased the urethral pressure elevated by electric stimulation. The uroselectivity of i.d. Alf was not due to the species difference in its bioavailability and biotransformation.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed2000

Pseudorabies virus tracing of neural pathways between the uterine cervix and CNS: effects of survival time, estrogen treatment, rhizotomy, and pelvic nerve transection.

The transneuronal tracer, pseudorabies virus (PRV), was used to identify pathways from the uterine cervix which may be involved in induction of analgesia and abbreviation of estrus by vaginocervical stimulation. In Experiment I, PRV immunoreactivity (PRV-IR) in brain and spinal cord was examined 3-5 days after injection into the cervix of ovariectomized (OVX) female rats given estrogen (E) or control treatments. No differences in viral labeling were observed between OVX and OVX+E females at any time. PRV-infected cells were observed to increase as a function of time and at progressively higher CNS levels. PRV-IR neurons were first observed on day 3 post-infection at L6 in the SPN. Increased labeling was observed at day 4 in the SPN and the DGC at L6 and S1 spinal segments. Dorsal horn neurons showed PRV-IR by 4.5 days. Five days post-infection, labeling was seen in the IML and lamina X in T12-L1 segments, and in medullary raphe, A5, nPGi, nGi, DMV, lateral reticular, Barrington's nuclei, and in the midbrain PAG. In Experiment II, the effects of bilateral L6 dorsal root rhizotomy (RH) combined with unilateral (UPx) or bilateral (BPx) pelvic nerve transection on PRV infectivity were examined 5 days after infection. Despite reductions in substance P labeling in the dorsal horn following RH, PRV-IR neurons persisted in this area. In RH+UPx females, labeling persisted bilaterally in the SPN and DGC at L6. RH+BPx almost completely eliminated the PRV labeling in L6 and S1. Horizontal sections showed distinct patterns of infectivity within the IML of thoracolumbar and SPN of lumbosacral segments consistent with infection in the hypogastric and pelvic nerves, respectively. Our data indicate that retrograde transport of PRV occurs via the hypogastric and pelvic nerves after injection of the virus into the uterine cervix. Furthermore, significant intraspinal processing is likely to occur between thoracolumbar and lumbosacral levels in the modulation of reproductive tract function.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Anatomy and innervation of the rhabdosphincter of the male urethra.

The rhabdosphincter of the male urethra and its innervation are still a subject of controversy. Essentially, two concepts of its anatomy can be found in the literature. Some authors describe the rhabdosphincter as part of the urogenital diaphragm caudal to the prostate, others as a striated muscle that extends from the base of the bladder to the "urogenital diaphragm." In anatomic histological studies, the rhabdosphincter and its innervation were examined by means of anatomical dissections and serial anatomical as well as histological sections of 19 male pelves, including 8 fetal specimens. The rhabdosphincter presents as a vertical structure extending from the bulb of the penis to the region of the bladder neck along the prostate and the membranous urethra. Inserting dorsally in the perineal body via a broad tendinous raphe, the striated muscle fibers form an omega-shaped loop around the anterior and lateral aspects of the membranous urethra. The existence of a "urogenital diaphragm" and a strong, circular, striated "external sphincter urethrae" completely encircling the urethra caudal to the apex of the prostate cannot be confirmed by anatomical and histological investigations. The rhabdosphincter is supplied by branches of the pudendal nerve after leaving the pudendal canal.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Technique for nerve dissection.

Nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy is a reasonable treatment option in localized prostate cancer with minimal morbidity. Recent techniques in neurovascular bundle preservation could lead to an overall improvement in postoperative quality of life without compromising cancer control in the appropriately selected patient. Different techniques for neurovascular bundle preservation have been described by most major centers. This brief article describes the updated technique of nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Our technique of nerve dissection starts at the lateral aspect of the prostate with secondary urethral dissection. We believe this technique is easy to learn and decreases dissection around the striated sphincter.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Analysis of bladder related nerve cuff electrode recordings from preganglionic pelvic nerve and sacral roots in pigs.

PURPOSE: Electrical stimulation of appropriate lower urinary tract (LUT) nerves may be used in bladder dysfunction to achieve continence and abolish hyper-reflexic detrusor contractions. It can also be used for consequent emptying of the bladder. To control the time course of the described functional phases, knowledge of bladder sensory information is needed. We investigated if the latter could be extracted from the LUT nerve activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In acute experiments using 10 pigs, tripolar cuff electrodes were placed unilaterally around the pelvic nerve and the S3 and S2 roots. The cuff electrode signals, filling rate and the bladder and rectal pressures were recorded during slow and fast bladder fillings/emptyings. RESULTS: Two pigs were excluded from the analysis because of no observed changes in the nerve signals in one animal, and because of electrical noise problems in the other animal. Fast bladder pressure increases resulted in a sudden pelvic nerve signal rise in 6 out of 7 pigs (3 out of 6 for the S3 nerve signal). Slow bladder pressure increase was reflected in the recorded nerve activity only in 3 out of 8 and in 3 out of 7 pigs for the pelvic and S3 cuff signals respectively. In 2 animals small spontaneous bladder contractions were clearly reflected in the pelvic nerve signal (contractions were observed only in 3 pigs). Except in one pig, there were no slow/fast bladder filling responses recorded in the S2 roots. It is shown that the recorded responses were afferent. CONCLUSIONS: Cuff electrodes can be used to record bladder afferent information from the pelvic nerve and the sacral root S3 in pig. Pelvic nerve recordings were more selective than the sacral root recordings. Nerve activity increases were more distinct and repeatable during rapid bladder pressure changes and small spontaneous bladder contractions than during slow bladder fillings.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2000

Sex differences in urethral pressure response to electrical stimulation of the hypogastric nerves in rats.

PURPOSE: This experiment was performed to study the pharmacology of transmitters mediating the response, and the characteristics of the hypogastric nerve (HGN) of female rats, because electrical stimulation of the HGN was found to unexpectedly reduce urethral pressure in female rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male and female Wistar rats (weighing about 250 gm.), 10 weeks and 6 months old, respectively, were used under anesthesia. Fluid was infused from the bladder neck into the urethral lumen at a constant rate (0.5 ml./10 minutes), and infusion pressure signals were measured. Bilateral HGNs were electrically stimulated at 5 and 10 Hz for 30 s. RESULTS: Electrical stimulation of the HGN reduced urethral infusion pressure in about 80% of the female rats, and the introduction of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME, 30 mg./rat, i.v.) elevated the urethral pressure response from a reduced state. Prazosin (0.1 mg./kg., i.v.) and hexamethonium (10 mg./kg., i.v.), which inhibited elevation of urethral pressure in male rats, also reversed and inhibited the elevation of urethral pressure in the female rats treated with L-NAME. CONCLUSION: The HGN in female rats contained nerve endings that released nitric oxide (NO) and norepinephrine (NE). NO released during HGN stimulation inhibited the release of (NE) and reduced urethral infusion pressure in female rats. Nerves with synapses in the pelvic ganglia released NE in both male and female rats, but nerves that released NO did not have synapses in the ganglia. Only NE was released from the HGN nerve endings in male rats.

Adrenergic Agents↗
PubMed2001

Differential regulation of trkA and p75 in noradrenergic pelvic autonomic ganglion cells after deafferentation of their cholinergic neighbours.

In rats, following lesion of lumbar or sacral preganglionic axons, many pelvic ganglion cells undergo axogenesis to form baskets of terminals around select populations of nearby ganglion cells. The aim of the current study was to address mechanisms underlying initiation of this sprouting, focusing on a possible role for nerve growth factor (NGF). Immunohistochemical localization of NGF receptors (trkA and p75) showed that virtually all noradrenergic and a minority of cholinergic pelvic neurons expressed both receptors. Terminals immunoreactive for each substance were found in pelvic viscera. In pelvic ganglia, many glial cells expressed p75 but not trkA, and very few lumbar or sacral preganglionic neurons expressed either receptor. Lumbar and/or sacral preganglionic inputs were removed from ganglion cells by cutting the hypogastric, pelvic or both nerves, and tissues analysed 8 days later. Levels of receptor expression in noradrenergic pelvic ganglion cells were estimated by calculating the proportion that were receptor-immunopositive, and quantifying the intensity of trkA or p75 immunofluorescence. No lesion had a significant effect on trkA expression, however, a marked decrease in p75 occurred after cutting pelvic nerves, i.e. after deafferentation of neighbouring cholinergic neurons. These injuries appeared to cause little overall change in glial p75 expression. This study shows that manipulations that trigger sprouting from noradrenergic pelvic neurons cause downregulation of p75 but not trkA. Interestingly, this is occurring while some of their target organs are synthesizing high levels of NGF. This contrasts with other NGF-sensitive cells, in which one or both receptor types are upregulated by increased exposure to the ligand. The current study is also the first to show a change in p75 expression in neurons that are neither deafferented nor axotomized.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Involvement of hypogastric and pelvic nerves for conveying cystitis induced nociception in conscious rats.

PURPOSE: We determined the sites of the antinociceptive action of morphine in the experimental model of cyclophosphamide induced cystitis and investigated the afferent nerve fibers involved in nociception transmission originating from the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cyclophosphamide (200 mg./kg.) given intraperitoneally was used to induce cystitis in male rats and their behavior was observed and scored. The effect of 2 mg./kg. systemic morphine given intravenously on cyclophosphamide induced behavioral modifications was tested when administered alone and after 100 microg. naloxone per rat given intrathecally at the L1 to L2 or L6 to S1 level. The spinal antinociceptive effect of morphine was also tested when administered intrathecally alone at 10, 100 and 200 microg. per rat at L1 to L2, alone at 100 microg. per rat at L1 to L2 or L6 to S1, alone at 100 microg. per rat at L1 to L2 and L6 to S1 simultaneously, alone at 200 microg. per rat at L1 to L2 and after 100 microg. naloxone per rat given intrathecally at L6 to S1 at 100 microg. per rat at L1 to L2. RESULTS: Cyclophosphamide induced marked modifications in the behavior of the rats, including a decreased breathing rate, eye closing and specific postures. Morphine given intravenously reversed these behavioral disorders and this reversal was completely prevented by pretreatment with intrathecal naloxone. A dose of 100 microg. per rat given intrathecally also reversed these behavioral disorders by about 25% at the L1 to L2 and L6 to S1 levels. In addition, a dose of 100 microg. morphine per rat administered intrathecally and simultaneously at L1 to L2 and L6 to S1 produced an effect equal to the sum of those observed when administered separately, that is about 50%, whereas morphine at an intrathecal dose of 200 microg. at L1 to L2 produced the same effect as 100 microg. given intrathecally at the same level or at L6 to S1 (25%). Also, 100 microg. naloxone per rat administered intrathecally at L6 to S1 prevented the effect of 100 microg. morphine at L1 to L2. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the previously reported antinociceptive effect of systemic morphine in this model of cyclophosphamide cystitis, suggest that this antinociceptive action is completely located at the spinal site and most importantly demonstrate by the pharmacological approach and behavioral analysis that nociceptive sensations originating from the bladder are conveyed by hypogastric and pelvic nerves in this cyclophosphamide cystitis model in the conscious rat.

Animals↗