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PubMed2001

Dialytic support in acute renal failure.

Acute renal failure is the sudden failure on the part of the kidney to maintain normal biochemical homeostasis in the body. Medical causes of acute renal failure are fluid and electrolyte depletion, infectious diarrhoea, non-diarrhoeal infections, glomerulonephritis, poisoning with heavy metals, G-6-PD deficiency, snake bite and nephrotoxic drugs. Septic abortion is the most common cause of obstetric acute renal failure. Obstructive uropathy is an important cause of surgical acute renal failure. Guidelines to non-dialytic management of acute renal failure depend on the patient's condition which includes volume status, hyperkalaemia, acidaemia, uraemia and whether he/she is receiving medication and having adequate nutrition. Several dialytic methods are currently available for renal replacement therapy--intermittent haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are to name a few. Dialytic intervention in acute renal failure is usually considered when there is dinical evidence of uraemic symptoms or biochemical features of solute and fluid imbalance. Continuous renal replacement therapy implies to continuous replacement of renal function and it is limited to only a few big centres.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1982

Placental and fetal pathology in infectious mononucleosis. A possible indicator for Epstein-Barr virus teratogenicity.

Placentae and membranes were studied microscopically in five cases of pregnancy interruption due to maternal infectious mononucleosis in the first 2 months of pregnancy. This viral disease, caused by Epstein-Barr virus and apparently rare in pregnancy, induced specific placental lesions. In the decidua, these lesions were manifested by perivasculitis and necrotizing deciduitis. The membranes exhibited slight to moderate chorionitis. In the villi, endovasculitis, perivasculitis, and occasional vascular obliteration were found, as well as mononuclear and plasma cell villitis, with many large atypical vacuolated cells resembling plasma cells. Three fetuses were studied, two of which exhibited myocarditis. The fact that there were placental lesions in all cases studied, and that two of the fetuses exhibited myocarditis, must stimulate further research concerning the possible teratogenicity of this virus in man.

Abortion, Therapeutic↗
PubMed2005

Seroprevalence of varicella, measles and hepatitis B among female health care workers of childbearing age.

To evaluate the relation between infectious agents and reproductive health hazards for health care workers (HCWs), a cross-sectional study consisting of 73 HCWs and 65 bureau workers was conducted. The reproductive health problems of both groups were compared using a questionnaire, and serologic examinations for measles, varicella and hepatitis B were performed. There were no differences between the two groups according to the rate of seropositivity of measles and varicella (P > 0.05). The prevalence of anti-HBc seropositivity was significantly higher among HCWs than controls (31.5 versus 16.9%). There were no differences between seropositive and seronegative subgroups of measles, varicella and hepatitis B regarding the rates of normal delivery time, preterm and postterm delivery and stillbirth. Subjects seropositive for anti-HBc showed a higher spontaneous abortion rate than those who were seronegative (38.2 versus 16.3, P = 0.009). Although these data showed that HCWs had a high rate of anti-HBc seropositivity and that the rate of spontaneous abortion was associated with past hepatitis B virus infection, further studies including larger populations are needed. We considered that it should be strongly recommended that all HCWs be vaccinated against this virus, and future studies should be focused on the relationship between infectious diseases and reproductive health problems in HCWs.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1998

Transplacental transmission of human polyomavirus BK.

The presence of BK virus (BKV) and JC virus (JCV) in autopsy materials (placenta, brain, and kidney) of aborted fetuses was investigated by PCR using two sets of primers, specific for the regulatory region (RR) and for the capsid protein VP1, respectively. The RR of BKV was detected in 12 samples of placenta and brain and in nine samples of kidney obtained from 15 fetuses. Out of the 12 positive cases, four placentas, one brain, and three kidney samples also showed the presence of BKV DNA in the VP1 region. Of 12 placentas from a control group with a normal pregnancy outcome, the RR of BKV was detected in six samples, four of which were also positive for the VP1 region. None of the samples from either group was positive for the RR of JCV. In two cases, the nucleotide sequence of the BK RR demonstrated that the viruses isolated from maternal and fetal tissues showed a high homology with one another and had a characteristic deletion of the R63 box compared to the archetype strain. The results indicate that BKV may be transmitted vertically.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1996

Adenovirus 41 replication: cell-related differences in viral gene transcription.

Adenovirus 41 infection of human embryo fibroblasts (HEF cells) leads to an abortive replication cycle whereas semi-permissive infection of Chang cells and permissive infection of 293 cells leads to the production of infectious particles. The aim of this study was to delineate where in the viral life cycle the block in replication occurs in non-permissive cells. DNA replication marks the onset of the late stage of the replication cycle but synthesis of DNA could only be detected when cultures were co-infected with Ad2, suggesting an early block in Ad41 replication. In order to map Ad41-specific transcripts produced following infection of HEF, Chang and 293 cells, tentative transcription units (determined by alignment with the Ad2 and Ad40 transcription maps) were first assigned to various plasmids carrying Pstl fragments. These plasmids were used as probes to detect Ad41 transcripts that map to these regions. Only transcripts mapping to the region between 0 and 12 map units were detected in Ad41 infected HEF cells. The level of late transcription was found to be low even in Chang and 293 cells and we therefore employed a more sensitive method to detect major late transcripts in Ad41 infected HEF cells. Transcripts carrying 59 kDa-fibre gene-specific sequences could be detected using RT-PCR at earlier times in 293 cells when compared to Chang cells but were present over a much longer time period in the latter cells, and could not be detected in HEF cells. These results are in agreement with the results from DNA synthesis in Ad41 infected HEF cells and mapping of transcripts to specific regions of the Ad41 genome, confirming that the Ad41 block in replication occurs within the early phase of the infectious cycle.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed2001

Tryptophan 95, an amino acid residue of the Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus vif protein which is essential for virus replication.

The Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) vif gene was demonstrated to be essential for efficient virus replication. CAEV Vif deletion mutants demonstrated an attenuated replication phenotype in primary goat cell cultures and resulted in abortive infection when inoculated into goats. In this study, we determined the in vitro replication phenotype of five CAEV Vif point mutant infectious molecular clones and the ability of the corresponding in vitro translated Vif proteins to interact with the CAEV Pr55(gag) in the glutathione S--transferase (GST) binding assay. Here we show that (i) three of the mutants (S170E, S170G, S197G) behaved as the wild-type CAEV according to virus replication and Vif--Gag interactions; (ii) one mutant (Vif 6mut) was replication incompetent and bound weakly to GST-Gag fusion proteins; and (iii) one mutant (Vif RG) was impaired for replication while retaining its interaction properties. This mutant points out the critical importance of the CAEV Vif tryptophan residue at position 95 for efficient virus replication, defining for this lentivirus a functional domain unrelated to the Gag binding region.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Immune responses during pregnancy in heifers naturally infected with Neospora caninum with and without immunization.

This study was designed to identify changes in parasite-specific immune responses that occur during vertical transmission of Neospora caninum and can be used as indicators of parasite reactivation in naturally infected heifers. Ten heifers were unimmunized and 11 immunized with killed tachyzoites. One unimmunized heifer, which aborted at week 19 of gestation, had an increase in parasite-specific antibodies, mainly IgG(2), from week 15 to week 19 and a concomitant decline in parasite-specific cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses. Eight unimmunized heifers, which had live full-term congenitally infected calves, had an increase in antibodies, mainly IgG(2), from week 21 onwards. All immunized heifers delivered live full-term congenitally infected calves, and had a bimodal increase in antibodies; primarily IgG(1) following immunization and predominantly IgG(2) from week 17 onwards. Immunized heifers had significantly greater overall mean humoral and CMI responses than unimmunized heifers. Nine uninfected control heifers and their calves were seronegative. These results indicate that reactivation of a latent infection occurred in the naturally infected heifers, regardless of their immunization status, and was associated with increased parasite-specific antibodies, mainly IgG(2).

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1989

Sheep-acquired severe Chlamydia psittaci infection in pregnancy.

There have been five confirmed cases of severe Chlamydia psittaci infection during pregnancy, three having been treated in Edinburgh, Scotland. The most recent case is presented and previous experience is reviewed. The illness usually causes thrombocytopenia with disseminated intravascular coagulation, renal failure and hepatic dysfunction during the late second and early third trimester. The outcome for the fetus is usually fatal and the infection only resolves after delivery or abortion. The main hope is for education to prevent infection occurring in susceptible populations.

Abortion, Incomplete↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive concerns of women at risk for HIV infection.

This qualitative, exploratory study investigated knowledge about perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and perceptions of the childbearing role among women at risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) through injection drug use. Content analysis was used to analyze the results of 21 face-to-face, semistructured interviews with women who had a personal history of injection drug use or who were the sexual partners of men who injected drugs. Contextual variables influencing women at risk for HIV infection that were identified included fear of HIV antibody testing, a belief that perinatal HIV transmission is inevitable, support for pregnancy termination in the event of HIV-associated pregnancy, a strong desire for children, pride in mothering behavior, and guilt about the possibility of transmitting HIV to unborn children. AIDS education and counseling for these women will be most effective if these variables are considered.

Female↗
PubMed2002

Point source exposure of cattle to Neospora caninum consistent with periods of common housing and feeding and related to the introduction of a dog.

Eight dairy herds with evidence of post-natal transmission of Neospora caninum were used to test the hypothesis of a point source exposure by a retrospective analysis of the housing and feeding of infected age-groups. The first N. caninum-associated abortion or birth of N. caninum-seropositive offspring from the post-natally infected age-group was considered as the first indication of the infection. In seven of the eight dairy herds, a point source exposure to N. caninum of the infected age-groups was found during a limited period of common housing and feeding. In all herds studied, the analysis indicated that the cattle had been infected shortly before the first abortions occurred. In all, except one herd, the post-natal infection was more directly related to housing than to feeding. Therefore, it appeared that the feed was contaminated in the feeding alley. In one herd, the total mixed ration was found to be the probable path of infection. In all farms studied, a new dog (young, adult dog or litter) had been introduced within a period of 1.5 years prior to the first indication of N. caninum infection in the cattle. As there was evidence in all herds of vertical transmission of neosporosis for years, it is hypothesized that the newly introduced dog was infected with N. caninum by materials from already infected cattle and subsequently transmitted the infection to other cattle by shedding of oocysts.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2003

Additional evaluation of undiagnosed bovine abortion cases may reveal fetal neosporosis.

Diagnosis of Neospora caninum associated bovine abortion is often made by histological examination of fetal tissues, although this procedure is not very sensitive. One hundred and forty-four undiagnosed bovine abortion cases were evaluated for N. caninum associated bovine abortion using a revised diagnostic protocol. As a result, 12 (8.3%) of these previously undiagnosed bovine abortion cases were definitively diagnosed as N. caninum positive. The 12 new positive cases included 7 that had exhibited histological lesions, and 5 that had not exhibited histological lesions when examined prior to this study. None of the 12 cases had been immunohistochemically (IHC) stained prior to this study. Also, IHC staining implemented during this research revealed tachyzoites without associated histological lesions in at least 1 tissue from 69 (47.9%) of 144 aborted bovine fetuses, and positive IHC staining of cytoplasmic N. caninum antigen in macrophages in at least 1 tissue from 44 (30.6%) of 144 aborted bovine fetuses. These results demonstrate the necessity for more aggressive evaluation of bovine fetuses for neosporosis.

Abortion, Veterinary↗