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PubMed1996

Genetic susceptibility to malaria and other infectious diseases: from the MHC to the whole genome.

There is substantial evidence that host genetic factors play a major role in determining the outcome of infection with many pathogens. Detailed analysis of malaria has identified twelve genes that affect susceptibility in various human populations. However, less attention has been paid to other major infectious diseases where twin studies have identified an important host genetic component to susceptibility. Recent progress in the analysis of the human genome offers exciting prospects for the mapping and identification of new susceptibility and resistance genes for common infectious diseases. Screening of the whole genome in affected sibling pair studies is now feasible by employing highly informative microsatellite markers. In addition, many polymorphic candidate genes have become available for analysis in case-control studies. It is proposed that these new genetic tools offer a powerful approach to the epidemiological analysis of many infectious diseases in humans and supersede traditional genetic approaches to identifying susceptibility genes in mouse models. Progress in characterizing the role of major histocompatibility genes in susceptibility to malaria and other infectious diseases is reviewed before outlining the methodologies for and progress in identifying non-MHC susceptibility genes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Liability for infectious diseases in day care: legal and practical considerations.

A lawsuit directed by parents at a day care program following an outbreak of infectious disease would most likely be based on the legal theory of negligence--the failure to exercise due care as required by circumstances. In the determination of liability for infectious diseases in child day care, the element of causation is most critical. Did the day care facility's actions or failure to act cause the harm? Another important question is whether an infectious disease can be occupational and under what circumstances. Although worker's compensation laws initially had no provisions for occupational disease, now all states recognize responsibility for them. Awareness of potential problems with legal liability and establishment of procedures to minimize risk are important for day care providers, public health officials, clinicians, and parents.

Child Day Care Centers↗
PubMed2006

The impact of birth weight on infectious disease hospitalization in childhood.

Low birth weight, a result of preterm birth or intrauterine growth restriction, is a well-established indicator of survival in childhood. However, corresponding epidemiologic studies of the association between low birth weight and morbidity from infections throughout childhood are sparse. The authors evaluated the relation between birth weight and infectious diseases throughout childhood in a population-based cohort study comprising all children born in Denmark from 1977 through 2004 (n = 1.7 million). Information on birth weight, gestational age, and potential confounding variables was linked to the children in the cohort, together with information on hospitalization with infectious disease. Poisson regression yielded rate ratios of hospitalization according to birth weight. The authors found that birth weight was inversely associated with risk of infectious disease hospitalization; among children aged 0-14 years, the risk of hospitalization increased 9% for each 500-g reduction in birth weight (increase in rate ratio = 1.09, 95% confidence interval: 1.09, 1.11). The effect was found to peak in infancy and to persist until 10 years of age. It was present also in children born at term (37-41 weeks of gestation). The present study is the first to demonstrate the measurable impact of birth weight on infectious diseases throughout childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Treatment of fungal infections in hematology and oncology--guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO).

The Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Haematology and Oncology presents their guidelines for the treatment of fungal infections in patients with hematological and oncological malignancies. These guidelines are evidence-based, considering study results, case reports and expert opinions, using the evidence criteria of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). The recommendations for major fungal complications in this setting are summarized here. The primary choice of therapy for chronic candidiasis should be fluconazole, reserving caspofungin or amphotericin B (AmB) for use in case of progression of the Candida infection. Patients with candidemia (except C. krusei or C. glabrata) who are in a clinically stable condition without previous azole prophylaxis should receive fluconazole, otherwise AmB or caspofungin. Voriconazole is recommended for the first-line treatment of invasive aspergillosis. The benefit of a combination of AmB and 5-flucytosine has not been demonstrated except in patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Mucormycosis is relatively rare. The drug therapy of choice consists of AmB, desoxycholate or liposomal formulation, in the highest tolerable dosage. Additional surgical intervention has been shown to achieve a lower fatality rate than with antifungal therapy alone. The role of interventional strategies, cytokines/G-CSF, and granulocyte transfusions in invasive fungal infections are further reviewed. These guidelines offer actual standards and discussions on the treatment of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis, invasive candidiasis, cryptococcosis and mould infections.

Hematology↗
PubMed1998

Infectious diseases.

Approximately 5% of the general population develops a skin infection each year, leading to a significant number of outpatient visits to the primary care physician. Bacteria, infestations, fungi, yeasts, and viruses are organisms that present with a myriad of cutaneous findings that pose a challenge to the investigating clinician. This article provides a contemporary review of these skin infections, with particular emphasis on clinical features, and a concise, updated review on therapies.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2003

New and re-emerging cutaneous infectious diseases in Latin America and other geographic areas.

Due to environmental factors and inadequate public health measures in many developing countries, new tropical infections, as well as infections that were previously isolated to remote locales, are becoming more prevalent in several areas of Latin America. This article discusses some tropical infections and infestations with predominantly cutaneous manifestations. Previously uncommon diseases such as gnathostomiasis, mycobacteria ulcerans infection, paederus dermatitis, Balamuthia mandrillaris infection, and human T-lymphotrophic virus 1 dermatitis are increasingly being reported. Well-known tropical infections such as bartonellosis, leishmaniasis, chromomycosis, larva migrans, and larva currens are also becoming more prevalent. On the other hand, the incidence of Hansen's disease, the quintessential tropical infection, is dwindling all over the globe thanks to a highly effective eradication campaign launched by the World Health Organization. Because of increased immigration and tourist travel, the number of cases of these diseases in the United States may escalate.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Tolerability of 3-day, once-daily azithromycin suspension versus standard treatments for community-acquired paediatric infectious diseases.

Tolerability of azithromycin oral suspension, 10 mg/kg once daily for 3 days, was assessed in paediatric patients (< or = 18 years) with respiratory or skin and soft-tissue infections. Of 2425 patients evaluated, 1213 received azithromycin and 1212 received standard regimens of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, cefaclor, cefixime, ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, erythromycin, or penicillin V. The incidence of treatment-related adverse events was significantly lower in patients receiving azithromycin than comparators (7.9 vs. 11.5%, P=0.003), while discontinuation rates were similar (1.0 and 1.1%, respectively). Significantly fewer gastrointestinal events were recorded for azithromycin than comparators (6.5 vs. 9.9%, P=0.002), and their duration was significantly shorter (mean 2.3 vs. 5.0 days, P=0.0001). Azithromycin paediatric oral suspension is well tolerated and associated with significantly fewer adverse events than comparators.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of selected infections of the skin and skin structure. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration.

No method for classifying infections of the skin and skin structure is uniformly accepted. Therefore, each protocol for the evaluation of new anti-infective drugs must include definitions of the skin and skin-structure infections to be treated. Clinical findings may suggest the etiology. Cultures should be performed by the best available technique. Because the yield of pathogens from sites of skin and skin-structure infection is often low, monitoring of the clinical response to therapy is paramount. Randomized, double-blind, active-control comparative studies are needed, and maintenance of blinding is recommended, even with a change in the route of administration of the study and/or control drugs. The period of follow-up should be defined for each type of infection.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1995

[Infectious diseases and medical institutions in the late Chosen dynasty].

The first Korean record on the smallpox can be found in the Hyangyak-Kukupbang compiled during the period of late Koryo dynasty. The record told on the cause, symptom, preventive and curative method of the disease but it did not touch upon its infectivity. Jeong Yak-Yong and Lee Jong-In of late 18th and early 19th centuries recognized first that the disease is infectious and it can be prevented by the vaccination method. But the vaccination against smallpox had not been carried out in public until 1880. From 1879 Chi Suk-Young began to try it privately to his relatives and neighbors. For sometime the smallpox vaccination was considered foreign and heretical by many people and some officers, so the trial of Chi and his colleagues had to go through an ordeal until the Reform of 1894. In 1895 the government first proclaimed an Ordinance on the Smallpox Vaccination in October and an Ordinance on the Training Center for Smallpox Vaccination in November. And two years later, in 1897 to bring up the vaccination doctors the government established the Training Center for Smallpox Vaccination, which was in 1899 integrated into the Medical school, the first modern and westernized medical school run by Korean government. Many of the vaccination doctors were posted at the newly established Office of Smallpox Vaccination by the government to perform their activities there until 1907.

Government↗
PubMed1992

Pedal infectious disease associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

AIDS is a disease that quickly takes the lives of individuals of all ages and in all countries. Therefore, it is the responsibility of podiatrists to recognize the primary manifestations of this disease, to take the proper precautions to guard against the spread of this disease, to direct attention to areas in need of proper diagnosis, and to provide effective treatment to those with the disease and to those yet undetected.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗