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Artificial insemination and natural mating were used for the crossbreeding of the Muscovy drake with the Pekin duck in order to produce the Mule duck. An average fertility rate of 48% was reached by artificially inseminating twice a week. In small flocks, however, when the male to female ratio was 1:2.5 (or higher), natural mating yielded a fertility rate of 80%.
A simple technique to increase the success rate of artificial insemination is described: most of the cervical mucus is aspirated prior to the endocervical injection of the husband's or donor's semen. The bulk of seminal fluid is kept in place; its back flow into the vagina is prevented by gentle pressing of the syringe by the patient. Sixty-six women underwent treatment by this technique. The pregnancy rate was significantly higher, and fewer cycles of treatment per pregnancy were required, as compared to 65 women inseminated by simple endocervical injection. No side effects except mild transitory abdominal pain were encountered.
PURPOSE: To compare pregnancy rates per treatment cycle of artificial inseminations with donor sperm in patients receiving one versus two inseminations. METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectioned analysis of 167 patients who underwent 869 cycles receiving one or two donor inseminations were reviewed from 1987 through 1993 at our institution. RESULTS: A total of 256 cycles with one donor insemination per cycle resulted in 21 pregnancies and a cycle of fecundity of 8.2%, and 613 cycles with two donor inseminations resulted in 35 pregnancies and a cycle fecundity of 5.7%. Life table and logistic cumulative probability analysis of pregnancy occurrence showed no difference between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest there are no important clinical differences of cycle fecundity or cure rate in one versus two inseminations with donor sperm. Economic costs of two inseminations may not be justified.
Pregnancy rate following artificial insemination (AI) in sheep is variable depending on several factors. The Churra breed (milk breed of the North-West of Spain) yields lower fertility results compared with other local and European breeds (Manchega, Latxa, Merino, Lacaune, Sarde, etc.). In this work we studied the influence of many factors on the fertility of the Churra breed (insemination technique, year, farm, age, male, number of inseminations per ewe, lambing-insemination interval and technician), analyzing lambing data obtained after 44448 inseminations (39.67% cervical AI via vagina, AIV, and 60.33% intrauterine AI using laparoscopy, AIL) in a categorical model. The most important factors influencing fertility after AI were farm, year, season, AI technique, and technician. AIL showed significantly higher fertility results than AIV (44.89% versus 31.25%). Season significantly affected fertility in both cases, but differences were more evident in AIV. Fertility dropped 1.74% (AIV) and 2.07% (AIL) per year as the ewes aged. Finally, AI fertility decreased when the lambing-insemination interval was lower than 10 weeks.
The personality characteristics of 40 couples admitted into an artificial insemination scheme have been analysed. The personality study was carried out using Cattell's questionnaire 16 PF (form C) and EPI questionnaire (Eysenck Personality Inventory). The results show significant statistical differences between males and females with a greater conformity with the group, in women; women are also bolder and more disciplined from an emotional point of view, whereas men are more radical.
Semen extended in a liquid state, together with conventional artificial insemination (AI), is the sole sperm technology used by the pig industry. Sperm technologies known for many years, such as cryopreservation, and others developed during recent years, such as sperm sexing, have not yet been integrated into commercial use. Moreover, there has recently been an explosion of new technologies, such as sperm mediated gene transfer or encapsulated spermatozoa which need additional supportive techniques before they can be economically applied to pig breeding. The speed with which the aforementioned sperm technologies are accepted and utilized by the pig industry depends on the availability of efficient insemination procedures. Therefore, AI is entering a new dimension where it will be converted into a tool for the efficient application of current and new sperm technologies. Some new insemination procedures have been recently developed. This review examines the suitability of available insemination procedures for the efficient application of current, emergent and future sperm technology to the pig industry.
A seven-year-old Jersey bull used for artificial insemination showed clinical signs of obstructive urolithiasis. This was confirmed by catheterisation and subsequent urethrotomy over the site of obstruction distal to the sigmoid flexure. Although urine flow was elicited after removal of the calculi, this was only temporary and the animal had to be killed 24 hours later. On post mortem examination about 2 kg of round, smooth, pearl-like calculi were found in the urinary bladder and the urethra of the sigmoid flexure was studded with similar calculi. It was concluded that urethrotomy at the sigmoid flexure or penectomy post scrotally would not have alleviated this condition.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate and report cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through donor artificial insemination (AI) before 1986 at five infertility clinics. DESIGN: Two types of look-back studies were performed: (1) identification of an HIV-infected woman who reported previous AI, followed by identification of the infected donor(s) and contact tracing of women who were inseminated with his semen, and (2) identification of an HIV-infected donor and subsequent examination of women receiving AI procedures using his semen. SETTING: Five infertility clinics in Los Angeles County, California; San Diego County, California; Arizona; and Vancouver, British Columbia. PATIENTS: A total of 230 women were inseminated with semen from any one of the five identified HIV-infected donors; 199 (87%) consented to HIV testing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Seropositivity for HIV among AI recipients. RESULTS: Seven (3.52%) of the 199 women (95% confidence interval, 1.55% to 7.41%) who were artificially inseminated with semen from any of five HIV-infected donors and consented to HIV testing tested HIV-seropositive. Information on HIV risk was available for three of the five donors; all three reported a history of having sex with men. Four HIV-infected women were identified through uncommon circumstances, rather than through routine look-back studies of donors. CONCLUSION: Infection with HIV through donor AI performed before routine HIV screening of semen donors represents a potentially serious threat to women who underwent AI procedures. Public health policies requiring retrospective identification of HIV-infected semen donors and patients receiving AI before 1986, especially in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-prevalent areas, should be considered routine. Women diagnosed with AIDS or HIV infection, in whom no identified risk of HIV acquisition is established, should be questioned about previous AI procedures.
AIMS: To investigate, within the domain of the doctor-patient relationship in an Artificial Insemination Centre, whether not only a precise aetiological diagnosis about the physical impairment, but also an accurate analysis of the request of help by the infertile couple is actually performed. If the hidden meanings underlying many patients' requests for help are not investigated, there could be the risk of psychopathological developments. METHODS: Eight gynaecologists of the Artificial Insemination Centre staff and twenty-nine infertile couples who went to the Centre for a consultation about infertility were interviewed by means of two semistructured interviews, constructed after preliminary observations of the doctor-patient relationship. A qualitative content analysis was performed on the data so obtained. RESULTS: The results are that, although doctors felt that the problems were more complicated than they seemed to be, they had been trained to deal only with physical impairment, and not with so many underlying problems, like family and social ties, and even self-confidence as individuals and as a consistent couple. CONCLUSIONS: The Centre generally provides two kinds of services: a precise aetiological diagnosis about the physical impairment, and, if it is possible, its correction. We assume it would, be better if a third service were available for the couples: a Psychological Consultation Service, especially in case of risk of psycho-pathological developments.
The objective was to examine the effects of presynchronization and bovine somatotropin (bST) on pregnancy rates to a timed artificial insemination protocol in lactating dairy cows. Lactating Holstein cows (n = 543) were assigned randomly in a 2 x 3 factorial experiment in which cows received a presynchronization treatment or not, and were treated with bST (500 mg) at 63 +/- 3, 73 +/- 3, or 147 +/- 3 d postpartum. The latter group was used as a control. Presynchronization treatment consisted of two injections of PGF2alpha (25 mg) given 14 d apart, with the second injection of PGF2alpha being administered 12 d before initiation of the timed artificial insemination protocol. All cows received GnRH (100 microg) at 63 +/- 3 d postpartum, an injection of PGF2alpha (40 mg) 7 d later, a GnRH injection at 48 h after PGF2alpha and were inseminated 16 to 20 h later. Cows were resynchronized if determined to be nonpregnant at ultrasonography at 32 d after insemination with a GnRH injection (100 microg), an injection of PGF2alpha (40 mg) 7 d later, and a GnRH injection at 48 h after PGF2alpha and were inseminated 16 to 20 h later. Cows were examined for pregnancy at 32 d and reexamined at 74 d after insemination. No differences in pregnancy rates were observed between cows receiving bST treatment at 63 +/- 3 d postpartum or at 73 +/- 3 d postpartum. An interaction between presynchronization and bST treatment indicated that pregnancy rates were increased for cows treated with bST when cows were presynchronized. When anestrous cows were excluded from the analyses, both an effect of bST and of presynchronization were observed, indicating that bST increased pregnancy rates regardless of presynchronization treatment and that presynchronization also increased pregnancy rates independently of bST treatment. Presynchronization and bST treatment may be used to increase first-service pregnancy rates to a timed artificial insemination protocol.
The effect of sterile service on estrus duration, fertility and prolificacy in artificially inseminated dairy goats during breeding season was studied. Nubian does (n=126) were divided into 2 equal groups: service and control. Estrus was synchronized with intravaginal sponges containing either fluorgestone acetate (FGA; 40 mg) or medroxiprogesterone acetate (MAP; 60 mg) for 12 or 14 d, respectively. Two vasectomized teaser bucks were used to detect estrus at 6-h intervals for 5 d after sponge removal (0600, 1200, 1800 and 2400 h). The teasers were fitted with aprons and permitted to mount all does in both groups, but to penetrate only the service does within the first 12 h of estrus. Does in both groups were inseminated twice at 12 and 24 h after estrus was first detected, using 1 straw per insemination containing 200 million of cooled spermatozoa from 1 buck. The semen was placed in mid-cervix. Estrus duration for the service and control does was (mean +/- SD) 29.4 +/- 6.5 and 41.8 +/- 9.6 h, respectively. Fertility for the service does was 73.7% (46/63); for control does it was 58.7% (37/63). Prolificacy was 2.1 (96/46) and 2.0 (74/37) for service and control does, respectively. Estrus duration (P<0.001) and fertility (P<0.05) differed between the service and control group, but prolificacy was similar (P>0.05). It is concluded that sterile service reduces the duration of estrus and increases fertility in artificially inseminated dairy goats.
Testosterone profiles and semen characteristics were determined using yearling and adult captive wild-strain Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) drakes. Wild-strain Mallard hens were artificially inseminated by modifying a technique developed for domesticated poultry. In both adult and yearling drakes, there was a change in the concentration of circulating plasma testosterone during the reproductive season. Testosterone concentrations increased from basal levels in March, peaked in April, and decreased to basal levels in May. The decrease in testosterone concentration to basal level was 2 wk earlier in yearlings than in adults (P < 0.05). The decrease in testosterone concentration was associated with the onset of postnuptial molt. Semen volume (0.04 to 0.08 mL) and semen concentration (approximately 1.32 x 10(9) spermatozoa per milliliter) were not different between adult and yearling drakes (P > 0.05). Overall mean fertility for yearling and adult drakes obtained with artificial insemination was 70.4%. These results suggest that artificial insemination may be used successfully in the propagation of captive wild-strain Mallard ducks.
In 1988, the Minister of Justice of the Netherlands issued an opinion on artificial insemination and surrogate motherhood. The opinion does the following, among other things: 1) rejects the requirement that only licensed health care institutions be allowed to perform the gynecological aspects of in vitro fertilization and insemination and the requirement that final responsibility for in vitro fertilization be on the physician, as opposed to responsibility for only the medical aspects of the treatment; 2) labels surrogate motherhood as an undesirable phenomenon and rejects regulation of it; 3) states that a criminal prohibition will be issued on the professional or commercial brokerage of surrogate motherhood; and 4) advises that a physician should refrain from performing in vitro fertilization if intended for surrogate motherhood purposes.
In the management of infertility, in case semen quality is found insufficient and could not be improved by medical means, handling the available spermatozoa in the most beneficial way has been aimed. Thus, artificial insemination with low quality semen has become a therapeutic alternative. In this study homologous artificial insemination has been used to treat infertility caused by oligoasthenospermia. Eighteen couples have been treated for 58 cycles by intrauterine or paracervical insemination using cervical cups. During the same period 42 cycles with timed vaginal intercourse have been assessed. Though no pregnancies could be obtained following artificial insemination, one pregnancy occurred during no-treatment cycles.
Parentage testing was performed in sixteen litters by canine artificial inseminations with frozen semen from different sires on Days 5 and 7 after the LH surge. It became apparent that only 25% of dams had superfecundation, but 43.8% of dams were whelped after insemination only on Day 5 after the LH surge and 31.3% of dams after insemination only on Day 7. Of the total 87 puppies, 46% were born after insemination on Day 5 after the LH surge and 54% after insemination on Day 7. This result strongly suggested that canine artificial insemination with frozen semen could be sufficiently successful also on Days 5 and 7 after the LH surge.
Comprehensive assessment of the health status of 142 children born In Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, showed that 92% of children not only survived, but were healthy and their neuropsychic development was normal for age. The hormonal and immunity status was virtually normal. The authors come to a conclusion that extracorporeal fertilization and artificial insemination in the treatment of a sterile marriage are Justified and effective. The health status of the children who are born is normal, provided certain indications are adhered to.
In order to evaluate an artificial insemination programme and reproductive efficiency of dairy herds in Uruguay, a survey was conducted with five dairy farms, utilizing a total of 768 lactating Holstein cows. Precision of oestrous detection was assessed by one milk progesterone sample taken on day of breeding and was 11.1%. Two additional samples taken at day 10 and 23 were used to confirm ovulation and early pregnancy. Accuracy of pregnancy estimation by milk progesterone was 70.4%. Reproductive efficiency was determined by the analysis of records. Average intervals from calving to first service were 101 days and to conception 132 days and these were affected by parity, body weight and body condition at calving, but not at breeding, or by milk production. Oestrous detection rates and pregnancy rates were 37.5 and 15.6%, respectively. It was concluded that losses in reproductive efficiency in dairy farms of Uruguay in a seasonal artificial insemination programme were mainly due to unobserved heats, rather than incorrect oestrous detection.