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PubMedDate not supplied

[Injuries in immigrants from non-industrialized countries: analysis of emergency admissions in Lazio, Italy, in the year 2000].

Aim of the study is to describe the characteristics of road, home and work-related traumas among adult immigrants born in non-industrialised Countries, and to compare the consequent probability of hospitalisation with Italian adults in Lazio Region, year 2000. Source of data is the Emergency-based Surveillance System, which collects all the emergency ward visits in Lazio region. Accident incidence has been estimated using alternatively the residence permits and the roman resident population born in non-industrialised Countries. The 7.7% of all the emergency visits of immigrants are trauma-related. Road traffic accident visits are more appropriate and urgent. Immigrants have a higher risk of hospitalisation both for road and home accidents compared to the Italians (OR = 1.59 and OR = 1.37 respectively). Immigrants use emergency wards for severe and urgent trauma-related accidents, they have higher probability of hospitalisation compared to the Italians. Our analysis highlights the necessity to improve tools to study immigrant health.

Accidents↗

PubMed2005

Acculturation models of immigrant Soviet adolescents in Israel.

This study probed acculturation in Israel of immigrant students from the former U.S.S.R. from the perception of the host society and the students. The finding from a questionnaire distributed to Israeli-born and immigrant students indicated that most but not all of the Israel-born students applied an assimilatory model while the immigrants were split between those who accepted the Israeli students and those who resisted them. Thus, ethnic relation typologies and critical sociology of education concepts can explain only part of the immigrants' attitudes. It was found that both the host society and the immigrants have different attitudes toward the culture of the other, and thus use different acculturation strategies.

Acculturation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Serving immigrant families and children in New York City's child welfare system.

This article describes the efforts and special initiatives of New York City's Administration for Children's Services to improve services to immigrant and English language learner populations. Children's Services convened an immigration issues advisory subcommittee, created special tools for child welfare staff, collaborated with legal agencies to assist foster children with immigration status adjustments, improved agency data collection, and launched an agency-wide training initiative on immigration issues. The challenges encountered by Children's Services offer important insight for child welfare agencies in other jurisdictions designing strategies to strengthen their services for immigrant communities.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Attitudes of Spanish doctors towards immigrant patients: an opinion survey].

INTRODUCTION: We assess the attitudes of Spanish doctors towards immigrant patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD DESIGN: cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in January-June 2003. SAMPLE AND SETTING: Family doctors and third-year residents of 15 health care centers in Zaragoza, Spain. INSTRUMENT: specifically designed interview answered in anonymously and on a voluntary basis. RESULTS: A total of 62.3 % of the sample responded. Nearly 75 % of the doctors had received training on immigration, mainly from a theoretical point of view. Almost 25 % of immigrant consultations are not related to health matters. Doctors think that immigrant patients somatize more than Spanish ones but they do not suffer from more psychiatric illness. They also think immigrants show less treatment compliance and are more demanding. They disagree about possible racial biases in diagnosis or treatment of these patients. Spanish doctors consider that the different ethnic groups present similar management difficulties. The group with the most negative stereotype was the patients from Muslim North African countries. DISCUSSION: These findings are discussed from a psychological and anthropological perspective.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Relation between global health and care consumption in Quebec immigrants].

This article examines the relationship between global health and care consumption in immigrants and native Quebecers. Care consumption is defined as the percentage of the population who consulted a health professional, while global health is represented by the ridit index. Mean values for ridit and care consumption do not differ significantly between immigrants and native Quebecers. The ridit increases significantly with age in native Quebecers and immigrants, indicating a progressive deterioration of global health for both groups. However, the relation between ridit values grouped for age and health professional consultation do not differ significantly between immigrants and native Quebecers. These results suggest a close link between global health and care consumption. The recently established immigrants represent an exception however. Those persons who arrived between 1980 and 1987 enjoy a better global health than native Quebecers, but consult health professionals in an identical manner.

Emigration and Immigration↗

PubMed1991

Increased caries prevalence in adolescents who immigrated from Ethiopia to Israel.

The prevalence of caries in adolescents who immigrated from Ethiopia increased rapidly, the longer their residence in Israel. A total of 159 newly immigrated adolescents, aged 11-19, who lived in small absorption institutions, as well as 52 Ethiopian adolescents and 173 Israeli-born adolescents living together in a larger institution, were examined. Caries was recorded using the DMFT index, which indicates caries experience. The mean caries prevalence (DMFT) of the newly immigrated Ethiopians was 0.49 and of those residing in Israel 12-24 months was 1.76. The caries rate was highest in the Israeli group (DMFT-10.0). The percentages of caries-free individuals were 10.0% for the Israelis, 58.8% for the Ethiopians who immigrated earlier and 81.8% for the newly immigrated. The abrupt change in dietary habits seems to have created a new high risk caries group. Caries preventive measures, the use of fluoride products, and patient education and motivation are urgently required.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Migration and growth: separation-individuation processes in immigrant students in Israel.

The central experiences of immigrant students in Israel are described and analyzed. It is suggested that immigration entails a process of separation from homeland as well as from internal representations of objects and of the self which are linked to homeland. This process is conceptualized in terms of Margaret Mahler's separation-individuation model. In the case of immigrant students, this process occurs concurrently and in interaction with individuation processes typical of adolescence. While motivated by adolescents' desire to avoid or delay psychological separation from their parents, immigration and absorption also revive adolescent conflicts and ambivalences. When the working through of these conflicts occurs in conjunction with the absorption process, immigration may become a growth experience that facilitates the developmental task of adolescence.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1986

Hepatocellular carcinoma in immigrants to the United Kingdom.

Analysis of the origin of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma admitted to the Liver Unit between 1970 and July 1985 showed an increase in frequency of this tumour in immigrants to the United Kingdom from none between 1970 and 1973, to 15 per cent between 1981 and 1985. The 19 immigrant cases had resided in this country for between four and 28 years and when compared with a group of 30 patients born in the United Kingdom three striking differences emerged. Firstly, the immigrants were significantly younger. Secondly, although the frequency of underlying cirrhosis (approximately 80 per cent) was similar the aetiology differed with HBV-related disease being the largest group (93 per cent) in the immigrants and alcohol or cryptogenic cirrhosis in the other patients amongst whom HBV markers were detected in only 20 per cent. Thirdly, whilst signs and symptoms attributable to hepatocellular carcinoma represented the first evidence of liver disease in 89 per cent of the immigrants, symptoms of cirrhosis in patients born in the United Kingdom had been evident for several years before tumour development.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Past and present contraceptive behavior of new Soviet immigrant women in Israel.

This exploratory research investigated past and current use of contraceptives among a purposive sample of 117 new immigrant women from the Commonwealth of Independent States (former Soviet Union). The findings confirm the widespread use of induced abortion (IA) as a method of birth control before immigration. Fifty-eight percent of the sample had had at least one IA, and the average was 2.7 IA. The most commonly used types of contraception before immigration were the pill, safe days, withdrawal, and the IUD. Currently used types of contraception were the IUD, safe days, withdrawal, and condoms; however only 45% of the sample were currently using any type of contraception. Of particular interest were the relatively high reported use of the pill before immigration and low current use, and the former low level of condom use and its increase in popularity in Israel. Despite the availability of more effective methods of birth control, safe days and withdrawal remain commonly used. The high cost of the pill was mentioned as a deterrent to its current use. Despite the high prior level of IA, the majority of women in this sample (84%) preferred today to use other birth control methods, and would like the opportunity to receive professional advice. These findings support the need for educational efforts directed toward new immigrant women from CIS.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1995

[Malaria imported by immigrants in Catalonia].

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to analyze the epidemiologic aspects and particular features of malaria in immigrants in Catalonia, Spain. METHODS: All the immigrants who visited the Unit of Tropical and Imported Diseases "Drassanes" in Barcelona from endemic zones of malaria from 1990 to 1993 were studied. The diagnosis of malaria was based on the thick blood film, peripheral blood smear exam and, since 1991, the QBC (Quantitative Buffy Coat). RESULTS: One hundred three cases of malaria were diagnosed in 100 individuals from a total of 2,453 visited immigrants. Forty-four percent of the patients presented febrile syndrome, 11% cutaneous syndrome accompanied by other manifestations justifying the same, 9% presented other clinical manifestations and 36% were asymptomatic. Ninety-six percent of the subjects with parasites by Plasmodium were from sub-Saharan Africa and in 2 cases, both were produced by Plasmodium falciparum, with the length of time having been in Spain at the time of diagnosis being more than one year. P. falciparum represented 70% of the total cases, followed by P. malariae (15%), P. vivax (8%), Plasmodium spp. (6%) and P. ovale (1%). CONCLUSIONS: Malaria by P. falciparum in semi-immune immigrants is not usually severe and follows an asymptomatic course in more than one third of the cases. The usual analysis for Plasmodium is recommended in immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa due to the high frequency of presentation and the absence of symptoms. Such analysis is not advised in groups from other areas except when suggestive symptoms are present.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

[Use of safety equipment among immigrant children in Norway. A comparison with Norwegian children].

Young immigrants aged ten to 17 years who had been living in Norway for one year or more participated in a survey about their use of different kinds of safety equipment. The figures were compared with the corresponding figures for Norwegian children and adolescents. The results showed that the young immigrants used safety equipment to a less extent than the Norwegian youngsters did. Furthermore, the immigrants reduced their use of safety equipment significantly from age 11 to age 15, as did the Norwegians. The amount of time the young immigrants had lived in Norway was significantly, although only slightly associated with use of safety equipment. Also the immigrants' attitude toward the Norwegian way of life was slightly related to whether they used safety equipment or not.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1996

The health of Canada's immigrants in 1994-95.

The "healthy immigrant effect" observed in other countries also prevails in Canada. Immigrants, especially recent immigrants, are less likely than the Canadian-born population to have chronic conditions or disabilities. The effect is most evident among those from non-European countries, who constitute the majority of recent immigrants to Canada. This article compares the health status, health care utilization, and health-related behaviour of immigrants with the Canadian-born population, and is based on self-reported data from the 1994-95 National Population Health Survey. Health status is examined in terms of chronic conditions, disability and health-related dependency. The indicators of health care utilization are hospitalization, contact with physicians and dentists, and unmet needs for health services. The health-related behaviours analysed are smoking and leisure time physical activity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Psychological adjustment among Soviet immigrant physicians: distress and self-assessments of its sources.

The purpose of this study is to examine the psychological distress of Soviet immigrant physicians in Israel and their self-assessed sources of this distress. The subject of this study included 385 (152 men and 233 women) Soviet immigrant physicians who had participated in preparatory licensing courses. The investigation shows that women have higher scores of distress than men in Global Stress Index of the Brief Symptom Inventory and its subscales which reflect anxiety. A comparison of Global Stress Index of the subjects of this study with U.S. and British published non-patient norms shows a significantly higher distress level among the immigrant physicians. Most of the respondents evaluated their psychologic state before immigration to Israel as better (303 or 78.7%). These assessments are found to be directly dependent on the stress load of the respondents at the time of the interview. Perception of the sources of absorption difficulties and distress scores are also found to be in close dependence. The results of the multiple regression analysis indicate that both sex and distress are statistically significant predictors of immigrants' estimation of their difficulties. However, it is the level of distress that has the greatest influence on the assessments of the respondents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

[Health status survey in a district with many immigrant children].

In Norway, prophylactic child health care is organized through local mother and child clinics, each of which serves a given population. This study summarizes the findings from the routine check-up of four-year-olds in a district with a high proportion of immigrant families. The sample consisted of 70 children, 33 of them from immigrant families. The ordinary check-up was supplemented by information obtained by means of a questionnaire, which was filled in by the public health nurse and the doctor in consultation with the parents. A validated scale, or checklist (BCL), for ordinary behavioural problems among pre-school children was also included. The findings must be interpreted with caution, one reason being the large socio-economic differences between the immigrant and the Norwegian families included in the study. Nevertheless, the difference between the eating habits of the two groups of children was striking, in spite of the emphasis placed on diet at the clinic. Another important finding was the poor knowledge of Norwegian among the immigrant children, which was obviously associated with the poor language skills of the mothers. Therefore, an important element of the preventive health work among immigrant children should be to encourage the mothers to attend courses in Norwegian.

Child Health Services↗

PubMed1997

The number of Israeli immigrants in the United States in 1990.

In this paper we estimate the size of several categories of "Israeli" immigrants in the United States. According to the 1990 U.S. census, there were about 95,000 Israeli-born immigrants in the United States in that year. Using the language and ancestry information available in the Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) of the 1990 census, we estimate that of this total, about 80,000 are Jews and 15,000 are Palestinian Arabs born in Israel. In addition to the Israeli-born, we present a range for the number of Jewish immigrants from Israel who are not Israeli-born (about 30,000-56,000). Thus our estimate for the total number of Jewish immigrants from Israel in the United States in 1990 is between 110,000 and 135,000. Fertility information available in the PUMS, also enable us to provide estimates for the number of second-generation Israelis in the United States in the 1990 (about 42,000). Finally, using both the 1980 and 1990 PUMS, we provide estimates for the rate of return migration among Israeli-born Jewish immigrants in the United States.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1996

New Russian immigrants: health problems, practices, and values.

As with many ethnic immigrant groups, the Russian immigrants have experienced drastic cultural shock. Even thought there has been tremendous increases in the number of Russians relocating to the United States of America (U.S.A.), very little health care-related information is available about Russian immigrants. This article explores Russian immigrants' themes of potential stress, health problems, and self-care/self-help strategies as reported by a focus group of Russian immigrants in a large U.S.A. southern metropolitan city.

Cultural Characteristics↗

PubMed1997

Technology versus responsibility: immigrant physicians from the former Soviet Union reflect on Israeli health care.

About 13,000 physicians from the former Soviet Union have found themselves in the saturated medical market in Israel as a result of the latest wave of immigration. This paper examines the gap in professional attitudes and practices between Israeli and Soviet MDs and the cognitive mechanisms employed by immigrant physicians in the process of adjustment to the new medical culture. The study draws on 25 semistructured interviews with recent (about three years in Israel) immigrant doctors who were at various stages of obtaining a local medical license. Reflecting on the need to redefine themselves as professionals and to confront negative stereotypes regarding ex-Soviet doctors, many respondents stressed the strong sides of Soviet medical training and work style. In their collective self-portrait, immigrant doctors emphasized devotion to patients, clinical intuition, manual skills, and empathy, while flaws were regarded as superficial and improvable by technical training. Conversely, the alleged flaws of Israeli doctors were perceived by these informants as pertaining to the core of medicine: "Excessive dependence on technology," "lack of responsibility toward patients," and "weak preventive orientation of Israeli colleagues were repeatedly criticized. The paper sheds light on the significant conceptual differences between the Soviet and Western medical traditions and provides a vivid example of the sociocultural construction of medicine. Our findings are also indicative of the interpretative processes and coping strategies that immigrants in general may develop in saturated professional markets.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Antituberculosis drug resistance in immigrants to Alberta, Canada, with tuberculosis, 1982-1994.

SETTING: Provincial Tuberculosis Service, Alberta, Canada. OBJECTIVE: To estimate resistance rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to antituberculosis drugs in relation to previous treatment, country of origin, age and duration of residence in Canada. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review of all culture-positive tuberculosis diagnosed between 1982 and 1994 in immigrants to Alberta. RESULTS: A total of 753 immigrants with culture-positive tuberculosis were studied; 131 patients (17.4%, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 14.7, 20.1) had strains resistant to one or more of the first-line medications (isoniazid [INH], rifampin [RIF], ethambutol [EMB], pyrazinamide [PZA], and streptomycin [SM]). Initial and secondary resistance rates were 16.4% and 30.3%, respectively (P = 0.003, Odds ratio [OR] 2.2, 95% CI 1.3, 3.8). Resistance occurred in 22.2% of patients 40 years of age and under, and in 13.8% of those over 40 years of age (P = 0.005, OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2, 2.6). Resistant M. tuberculosis was isolated from 20.4% of those who had lived in Canada for less than 15 years, and in 9.0% of those who had immigrated to Canada more than 15 years before diagnosis (P < 0.001; OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.3, 4.2). Resistance rates to individual medications in all immigrants were as follows: INH 9.9% (95% CI 7.8, 12.0), RIF 0.8% (95% CI 0.2, 1.4), EMB 1.9% (95% CI 1.0, 2.8), PZA 1.9% (95% CI 0.3, 3.5), and SM 12.9% (95% CI 10.4, 15.4). Immigrants from Vietnam, China, and the Philippines had tuberculosis strains that were resistant to one or more of the first line medications in 30.2%, 21.8%, and 15.5% of cases, respectively (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: In industrialized countries such as Canada where most cases of tuberculosis are diagnosed among the foreign-born, drug resistance surveys continue to be an important part of an effective tuberculosis control program.

Adolescent↗