SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Immunization Programs”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

Cost-effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine program in Florida.

Introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine has significantly decreased this disease's incidence in childhood. The cost-effectiveness and economic impact of the Hib immunization program in Florida were investigated and three periods compared: I = 1984-1988; II = 1989-1990; and III = 1991-1992. The cost per year of Hib disease in Period I was $27.48 million while that in Periods II and III was $15.95 million and $.88 million respectively. The total savings in millions were: Periods I and II = $11.53; Periods II and III = $11.07; and Periods I and III = $22.6. The greatest saving was realized between Periods I and III because of the initiation of immunization with the Hib vaccine starting at two months of age during Period III. Hib immunization is cost-effective and significant savings would more than pay for the cost of the program.

Child↗

PubMed1995

Beef allergy and the Persian Gulf syndrome.

It is suggested that the Persian Gulf Syndrome (PGS) is caused by beef allergy. In the first symptomless phase, as a result of an energetic US Army immunizing program, using sera with adjuvants to produce detectable antibody levels, the subjects not only developed immunity to the targeted substances, but also became sensitized to one or more of the other substances in the immunizing sera, and specifically to beef protein. The subjects remained healthy while in the war zone on a restricted diet essentially free from beef, but developed PGS after they came home, and were again able to obtain steaks and hamburgers.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2006

Chapter 14: HPV vaccine introduction in industrialized countries.

Introduction of a vaccine requires the achievement of three initial milestones. These are licensure by a national control authority that determines the vaccine is safe and effective, development of recommendations for use by expert advisory bodies on immunization, and obtaining funding for vaccination. Once these milestones have been achieved, a successful vaccination program requires that a number of interlinked programmatic components be brought together in a coordinated fashion. These include vaccine purchase and supply, vaccination service delivery, high coverage rates, surveillance of the vaccination program, immunization finance policies and practices, and political will. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination provides unique challenges in all of these areas because of the many gaps in our knowledge.

Developed Countries↗

PubMed1999

Defective immune response to tetanus toxoid in hemodialysis patients and its association with diphtheria vaccination.

The incidence of infectious diseases is increased in patients with chronic renal failure. This is thought to be due to an impaired T cell stimulation by antigen presenting cells. Immunization programs are of great significance in the prevention of infections in immunocompromised individuals. However, the immune response to various vaccinations is impaired in patients with chronic renal failure. So far only few studies have focused on seroresponse to tetanus toxoid. Therefore we measured the levels of antitetanus toxoid antibodies in 71 hemodialysis patients with unknown vaccination history. The antibody levels were detected prior to and twelve months after a single "Td" or "Td-d-d" vaccination. Initially only 31 (44%) of the patients had a sufficient protection against tetanus. Of the unprotected patients 15 (38%) seroconverted after immunization, while 25 (63%) did not respond. We found a high association (p < 0.04, Fisher's exact test) between the efficacy of vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus. Out of 38 initially unprotected patients 27 (71%) showed a similar response to both vaccines: 9 (24%) individuals seroconverted, while 18 (47%) did not. Our data clearly demonstrate the need for frequent monitoring of antibody levels after immunization against tetanus and diphtheria in hemodialysis patients.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Importance of vaccines in child survival.

It is estimated that 4 million children die each year of vaccine-preventable diseases and that another 4 million are permanently disabled. Although vaccination is the most cost-effective health technology, there is a gap between what we know and what we apply. We seem to be succeeding more in attaining new knowledge than in applying what we know. It takes more than a string of discoveries to provide the benefits of science to the people. Appropriate application of the vaccines presently available against diseases such as measles, poliomyelitis, neonatal tetanus, and pertussis could result in a significant reduction in mortality and morbidity among infants and children attributable to these diseases; continued development and deployment of newer vaccines against some dominant components of the diarrhea-dysentery-pneumonia complex of illnesses could result in further reduction. Improved management practices; more heat-stable, less-expensive, and safer vaccines; and vaccines that require fewer doses are critical for success in future immunization programs.

Child↗

PubMed2000

Improving the health of Oklahomans through clinical prevention, Part III: Immunizations and chemoprophylaxis.

Vaccines are one of the greatest achievements of biomedical science and public health and are clearly one of the most effective tools of clinical prevention. Diseases that once caused significant morbidity and mortality in Americans--particularly children--have been virtually eliminated from the population through effective immunization programs. But until these diseases have been eradicated globally we must continue to maintain high immunization levels to prevent their return; a 90% coverage rate has been set as the national goal for recommended vaccines in preschool age children. In Oklahoma we have only achieved that goal for two vaccines (measles and polio) and for the last several years we have ranked near the bottom in vaccine coverage rates compared to other states. Although achieving high vaccination rates in children involves numerous partners, private physicians must play a major role in that effort since they are the primary vaccine providers in the state. Physicians should also be alert to the vaccine needs of their adolescent and adult patients, particularly for pneumococcal disease, influenza, hepatitis A and B, and tetanus. This article describes current vaccination levels in Oklahoma children and adults for several routine and newly recommended vaccines and discusses the role of private physicians in maintaining and improving immunization coverage.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Rubella, the Trojan horse of obstetrics.

Documentation has been provided that health care personnel working in prenatal clinics have exposed their patients to the rubella virus. Various states have instituted rules and regulations toward the prevention of spread of rubella to pregnant women. These regulations have been ineffectual as rubella antibody testing and immunization programs do not include all health care providers. Cogent reasons for rubella antibody testing and immunization of all susceptible health care providers, whether they are physicians, nurses, or students, are presented.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1981

Naturopaths and childhood immunizations: heterodoxy among the unorthodox.

Many families at a community clinic in Seattle reported that they were choosing not to immunize their children at the advice of practitioners of naturopathy. To learn more about this alternate form of health care, a review of the available literature on naturopathy was undertaken and interviews were conducted with individual naturopaths in the state of Washington. Naturopaths vary widely in their training, practices, and philosophy of healing. Many are opposed to routine immunization because they view immunization programs as unnatural, unnecessary, and elitist. Other practitioners, however, did not actively discourage parents from immunizing their children. Pediatricians must be aware of the growing popularity of naturopathic medicine in their care of families, and in their role as advocates for children.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The attitude and vaccination practice of a sample of Campania pediatricians].

One hundred-twenty-six pediatricians were questioned about their attitudes concerning the practice of immunization, their feelings about the new vaccines (measles, mumps, german measles, hepatitis b) and about the pertussis vaccine. 80% of them reported that indications and contraindications were still unclear: Down's syndrome and atopic eczema are still thought to be real contraindications--despite the mass of papers suggesting that they are not so--, moreover 95% of the participants persists into the unnecessary evaluation of the antibody title following hepatitis b immunization. We conclude that it would be wise to periodically diffuse to pediatricians update recommendations about the extended immunization program, especially in our region, were still an high number of children are not properly immunized.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[A cost-effectiveness analysis of vaccination against the hepatitis B virus].

BACKGROUND: The incidence of hepatitis B is on the increase despite immunization of people susceptible to risk populations. After the introduction of a recombinant vaccine in 1986, it has become possible to evaluate different alternatives of immunization, from the point of view of efficacy, with the aim of controlling the disease. METHODS: A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed with the use of decision trees and calculation of the cost per avoided case of infection in the different strategies evaluated, vaccination to risk groups, pubescent youth, newborns, and communicated accidental exposure. An evaluation of the different alternatives was carried out in a simple model associated to a passive and active immunization program of newborns of mothers who are carriers of HbsAg and finally, the possibility of revaccination is added. RESULTS: Costs and future profits are presented in pesetas for 1990 and rates of social discounts of 4% and 7% are applied actualizing the same. For the prevalence estimated in the bibliography consulted, the cost per avoided case oscillated between 115,000 and 310,000 ptas in the most numerous risk groups (those living with carriers and ADVP) with lower covering; in massive immunization of pubescent youth the costs are from 30,000 to 130,000 ptas; the costs for newborns is of about 400,000 ptas; and accidental exposure rises to 500,000 ptas per avoided case. CONCLUSIONS: In vaccination versus the hepatitis B virus systematic vaccination of adolescents is proposed as most efficient and with the aim of disease control a program of passive and active immunization of newborns of carrier mothers should be included.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

PubMed1990

Linkages between immunization and breastfeeding promotion programs.

Breastfeeding promotion and immunization are important interventions of child survival programs, especially in developing countries. Linkages between breastfeeding promotion programs and the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in developing countries mean that health care workers can make use of every contact with the mother and child to reinforce the educational messages of both programs. Breastfeeding does not interfere with vaccinations administered in accordance with the routine schedule recommended by the EPI Global Advisory Group for use in developing countries. Breastfeeding benefits the EPI and the EPI also benefits breastfeeding. The maximum reduction of morbidity and mortality will be achieved when all child survival interventions are applied in a balanced, complementary manner as envisaged in the concept of primary health care.

Breast Feeding↗

PubMed2005

Costs of running a universal adolescent hepatitis B vaccination programme.

In the first UK study to examine feasibility and acceptability of universal adolescent hepatitis B vaccination, the costs associated with the administration and uptake (80.2 and 89.3% for three doses and at least two doses, respectively), of a three-dose regimen in pupils in Glasgow schools (2001/2002) were measured. These data were used to estimate the economic outlay for the delivery of a routine, ongoing three-dose and two-dose hepatitis B vaccine programme in schools. Vaccine, accounting for almost 70% of the overall costs, was the largest cost item for both the pilot and routine programmes, using either regimen. However, the ongoing, two-dose regimen was the cheapest option in this analysis, irrespective of vaccine price. Cost data from this study may be useful for other countries wishing to implement a similar programme.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Epidemiology of pertussis and reactions to pertussis vaccine.

It remains clear that pertussis is a dangerous infectious disease that is well-controlled in industrialized countries by widespread immunization. In the developing world, it remains a source of high morbidity and mortality because of previously inadequate immunization programs. However, because of the intense efforts of the World Health Organization's Expanded Programme on Immunization, the effects of pertussis have already been ameliorated and show promise of being within a decade of approximating the situation in the developed world. Pertussis can be controlled only by immunization; other measures such as antimicrobial therapy offer negligible benefit. A problem that has been addressed in recent years is the excessive reactivity of whole-cell pertussis vaccine, which undoubtedly includes components of the organism that are irrelevant to the induction of immunity and are excessively reactive. Although epidemiologic studies appear to have largely, if not completely, absolved pertussis vaccine of responsibility for inducing death or permanent neurologic disability, a less reactive vaccine is highly desirable, not only to promote acceptance of a full course of immunization for the world's children but also for simple humanitarian reasons. Additionally, it has become evident that, because of waning immunity, pertussis increasingly occurs in adults. A less reactive vaccine would offer opportunity for reinforcement of immunity beyond childhood. The development of better, though as yet incomplete, understanding of the biology of Bordetella pertussis and its relation to humanity offers the opportunity for the production of less reactive vaccines free of irrelevant components. Acellular pertussis vaccines have been used exclusively in Japan for more than 10 years, and one such preparation, combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, was licensed in the United States in late 1991 for use as the fourth and fifth doses of DTP, given at 15 months and prior to school entry. Field trials of this and other acellular DTP preparations are currently under way to determine their clinical efficacy in infants. It is probable that, within a very few years, whole-cell pertussis vaccine will be replaced by these newer preparations and that, in addition, the acellular product will be combined with other antigens, such as Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine.

Bordetella pertussis↗

PubMed2005

[Active and passive immunization in the extremely preterm infant].

OBJECTIVE: A review of the indications, contraindications, ideal timing, immunogenic efficacy and reactogenicity (adverse events) of active and passive immunization for extremely preterm infants. SOURCES OF DATA: Research in classic textbooks on pediatric infectology and in the electronic databases MEDLINE, Lilacs, PubMed and Akwanmed, using the following health sciences descriptors: premature, very low weight newborn, immunization, active immunization, passive immunization, vaccines, immunoglobulin. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: The immunization of extremely premature very low birth weight infants is a huge challenge for pediatricians because there is insufficient knowledge about the efficacy of immune responses and undesirable reactions. Possibly for this reason, it is common that such children are found to be behind schedule with their immunizations or to have been incompletely immunized. Notwithstanding the scarcity of publications on the theme, in principal young gestational age and low birth weight should not be considered limiting factors to clinically stable premature newborns being immunized at the same chronological age indicated for full term children. CONCLUSION: Based on the available evidence it not possible to propose vaccine and immunoglobulin administration practice for extremely premature or very low weight newborn babies that is definitive. With rare exceptions however, such as the BCG vaccine, the tendency is to maintain the same active immunization program as for babies born full term, irrespective of weight or gestational age at birth. Passive immunization merits special attention, having more liberal indications in this group of newborn babies.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

BCG vaccine: efficacy and indications for vaccination and revaccination.

OBJECTIVES: To review the protective efficacy of the first and second doses of BCG vaccine and to assess its major indications and contraindications. SOURCES OF DATA: A systematic review of the literature was made by searching PubMed and selecting studies carried out in the last 50 years. The studies were grouped according to their design (clinical trials, case-control studies, and meta-analyses) and the results were presented separately for each type of study. Other relevant topics such as BCG and HIV/AIDS, use of tuberculin skin test, issues related to vaccine scars and to the development of new vaccines were also reviewed. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: BCG vaccine has been used since 1921. However, the data concerning its use are variable and inconsistent. The protective efficacy of the first dose of BCG vaccine against miliary tuberculosis or tuberculous meningitis is remarkably important. Nevertheless, results regarding pulmonary tuberculosis have been inconsistent, either showing no efficacy or a protective efficacy rate around 80%. There is some evidence that a second dose of BCG vaccine does not increase its protective efficacy. Studies have shown that BCG vaccine protects against leprosy. The development of new vaccines to replace BCG in the future has been investigated. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the hope that a new vaccine against tuberculosis will be available in the future, BCG vaccine, in spite of its deficiencies, is today and will be for many years to come an important tool in controlling the harmful effects of tuberculosis, especially in countries where this disease has moderate to high levels of incidence.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

[Studies on immunization strategies for hepatitis B in different endemic areas of China].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost-benefit of immunization with hepatitis B (HB) vaccine in different endemic areas of HB and to explore the optimal strategy for it. METHODS: Cost-benefit analysis and comprehensive weighted score analysis (CWSA) were used to screen the optimal immunization strategy for low, medium and heavy endemic areas of HB. RESULTS: Significant economic benefit was obtained in Long-An County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Shanghai and Jinan, Shandong Province from HB immunization programs for infants. The greatest benefit cost ratio (BCR) was provided by the low-dose immunization strategy, which was 49.91, 54.53 and 37.68, respectively for heavy, medium and low endemic areas of HB. The maximal net benefit could be obtained by the high-dose immunization strategy with better immune protective efficacy. CWSA showed that the low-dose immunization strategy was the optimal one for HB immunization. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the low-dose immunization strategy be implemented in undeveloped areas to obtain a greater BCR, and the high-dose one be implemented in more developed areas to obtain more net benefit and lower prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen carriage.

China↗

PubMed1986

Status of hepatitis B screening and vaccine use in facilities for mentally retarded persons.

State mental retardation program directors in all 50 states were questioned on the status of hepatitis B screening and immunization programs in facilities for mentally retarded persons. Results from 43 states indicated serologic screening of selected residents and staff in 37 states and limited use of the new hepatitis B vaccine in 36 states, primarily in institutions and group homes. Not all states were sharing results of screening tests with school systems in which residents were enrolled. Attention should be addressed to the need for vaccination in community settings and the development of guidelines for schools in preventing the transmission of hepatitis B.

Education of Persons with Intellectual Disabilitie↗

PubMed1988

Aging, infections, and the immune system.

There is increasing clinical and laboratory evidence of decline in the immune system in the elderly patient with a simultaneous rise in the incidence of certain infections. Along with the involution of the thymus gland with age, there is evidence of decline in both T- and B-lymphocyte function and also in delayed hypersensitivity. In addition, there is evidence of an increase in various autoantibodies as a person ages. In recent years evidence has been presented of a genetic basis to this declining system. Because of these changes and because severe infections present more subtly in the elderly patient than in the young, the physician's suspicion for serious infections in the elderly should be heightened and immunization programs in the elderly adhered to.

Aged↗