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PubMedDate not supplied

Exercising for two: examining pregnant women's second trimester exercise intention and behavior using the framework of the theory of planned behavior.

Research examining the motivational determinants of exercising during pregnancy is mostly atheoretical, despite the need for theory-based designs. The study's main objective was to prospectively examine women's exercise intention and behavior from their second to third pregnancy trimester using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Participants were 89 pregnant women who completed self-reported measures of their exercise attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intention, and behavior. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated: 1) intention and not perceived behavioral control significantly predicted exercise behavior; and 2) attitude was the strongest determinant of exercise intention, followed by perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm. The study findings provide preliminary support for the TPB as an effective framework for examining exercising during pregnancy. Understanding women's thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about exercise can assist intervention specialists with developing and implementing effective programs promoting exercise during pregnancy.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Predicting intentions to use condoms among African-American adolescents: the theory of planned behavior as a model of HIV risk-associated behavior.

The relation of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control to intentions to use condoms was examined among 179 adolescents who completed a confidential self-administered questionnaire prior to participating in a minority youth health conference. Approximately 72% of the adolescents were African Americans. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that attitudes and subjective norms predicted intentions to use condoms and that, consistent with the theory of planned behavior, perceived behavioral control added a significant increment to the squared multiple correlation. Although adolescents' perceptions of their friends' approval of condom use was unrelated to their condom-use intentions, adolescents' behavioral beliefs about the effects of condoms on sexual enjoyment, normative beliefs regarding partners' and mothers' approval, and control beliefs regarding technical skill at using condoms were associated with such intentions. These results suggest the utility of the theory of planned behavior as a model of condom use among adolescents. Implications for HIV risk-reduction interventions are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Fertility intentions following testing for a BRCA1 gene mutation.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether fertility intentions differed among persons who tested positive, tested negative, or did not know their genetic status for a mutation of the BRCA1 gene. METHOD: Participants were members of a large Utah-based kindred with an identified mutation at the BRCA1 locus. Participants received genetic counseling prior to testing and were interviewed at baseline before testing and at three points after receiving test results from a genetic counselor. The sample included men and women who completed all interviews, were between ages 18 and 45, and were fertile, resulting in a sample of 101 respondents. The primary dependent variable measured whether a subject indicated that they were moderately or very sure at all three post-testing interviews that they intended to have additional children. Effects of BRCA1 mutation status on fertility intentions were estimated using multivariate logistic regressions where we controlled for gender, age, marital status, and baseline fertility intentions. RESULTS: Female carriers were less likely to want additional children in relation to female noncarriers (odds ratio 0.12, 95% confidence interval 0.01-1.23; P = 0.074). No differences were found among men. There was a significant difference in the effect of mutation status on fertility intentions between males and females (Gender x Carrier status interaction; P = 0.009). Persons who did not know their mutation status were less likely to want more children than noncarriers (odds ratio 0.09, 95% confidence interval 0.01-0.75; P = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Predictive genetic testing for late-onset cancer susceptibility affects family planning decision-making. Persons contemplating predictive testing should be informed about possible effects such testing may have on their plans for future fertility.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Perpetual postponers? Women's, men's and couple's fertility intentions and subsequent fertility behaviour.

In this article data from the British Household Panel Study (BHPS) are used to analyse gender differences in fertility intentions, and the correspondence between fertility intentions and subsequent fertility behaviour. By exploiting couple-level data, we examine whether partners have conflicting preferences for future fertility. Focusing on women who remain childless in their thirties we look at socio-demographic factors related to the intention to remain childless, or to start a family later on in life. By following up women over time, the characteristics of women who go on to have a child later on in life are considered. The importance of having a partner and the fertility intention of that partner in predicting whether a birth will occur are also examined.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The career aspirations and location intentions of James Cook University's first cohort of medical students: a longitudinal study at course entry and graduation.

INTRODUCTION: James Cook University's School of Medicine enrolled its first cohort of 64 students in 2000. The School was established with the aim of increasing the number of medical graduates who understand rural, remote, Indigenous and tropical health issues and who would subsequently choose rural (non-metropolitan) practice. In December 2005, 58 students graduated the course. Several students left the cohort (either left the course or repeated earlier years of the course). In the early years, students who left the course were replaced by accelerated entry students. METHOD: A student-initiated survey, involving questionnaire and interview components, conducted in 2001 sought information on students' career aspirations and practice location intentions, as well as why students had chosen medicine and the James Cook University course in particular. A brief follow-up survey focused on career aspirations, location of internship and longer term practice location intentions was conducted in October 2005 (2 months before the students graduated). In each instance, participation was anonymous and no identifying information was recorded. Accelerated entry students' responses to the 2005 survey were included. RESULTS: In 2001, 57 (89%) of the 64 students participated in the study; and in 2005, 50 (86%) of the 58 graduating students responded to the questionnaire survey. Overall, the demographic composition of the 'cohort' changed little. In 2001, 66% of respondents intended to practice in non-metropolitan areas, with 64% so intending at graduation. This was reinforced by 64% choosing internship positions in non-metropolitan areas of Queensland; 56% in north Queensland. Career aspirations changed appreciably between 2001 and 2005: the number of undecided students had halved, the numbers interested in general practice had reduced by one-third, the numbers considering surgery had reduced to one-third, and none was considering paediatrics at exit. Conversely, the number considering emergency medicine had almost doubled and more than doubled for obstetrics and gynaecology. DISCUSSION: Given that the majority of intern positions in Queensland are in the south-east of the state, it is noteworthy that two-thirds of students sought and accepted posts elsewhere, predominantly in northern Queensland. Changes in career aspirations reflect two issues. First, respondents' 2005 recollections of what their aspirations were in 2001 varied, reinforcing the value of the longitudinal process. Second, the change of intentions across time possibly reflects exposure to various disciplines and perhaps positive/negative experiences during clinical rotations in the final years of the course. The consistency across time with respect to intention to practice in rural (non-metropolitan) areas suggests that most respondents had eyes on rural practice from early in the course. The findings are in line with other studies that have demonstrated two important factors influence clinicians' decisions to take up non-metropolitan practice: (1) non-metropolitan background; and (ii) substantial and meaningful exposure to non-metropolitan practice during the course. CONCLUSION: The findings support the School's contention and that of others around the world that medical education undertaken in non-metropolitan settings is the best vehicle for increasing the rural medical workforce. This study provides support for the development of regional medical schools that focus on local recruitment and health care need issues.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Factors influencing intentions of pregnant women to exercise after giving birth.

The aim of this study was to identify factors that may influence a pregnant woman's decision to exercise after giving birth. A sample of 98 pregnant women were asked to complete a questionnaire investigation attitudes, social norms, perceived barriers to exercise, and intention regarding exercising after giving birth. Also determined were age, education level, exercise habits, number of months elapsed since onset of present pregnancy, and number of children. The regressions of intentions to exercise on all variables yielded R2 of 0.52 for nulliparous and 0.60 for pluriparous pregnant women. Important differences in variables that explained intentions were found between both groups of women, with perceived barriers to exercise being a key predictor that was, in turn, influenced by previous experience with pregnancy. It is suggested that the experience of the postnatal period modifies the interrelation between the variables explaining intentions regarding exercise after giving birth. Consequently, the programs should take into account the impact that the birth of a first child will have on the perceived barriers to exercise.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1989

Intonation and communicative intent in mothers' speech to infants: is the melody the message?

This study explores the power of intonation to convey meaningful information about the communicative intent of the speaker in speech addressed to preverbal infants and in speech addressed to adults. Natural samples of infant- and adult-directed speech were recorded from 5 mothers of 12-month-old infants, in 5 standardized interactional contexts: Attention-bid, Approval, Prohibition, Comfort, and Game/Telephone. 25 infant-directed and 25 adult-directed vocalizations were electronically filtered to eliminate linguistic content. The content-filtered speech stimuli were presented to 80 adult subjects: 40 experienced parents and 40 students inexperienced with infants. The subjects' task was to identify the communicative intent of the speaker using only prosodic information, given a 5-alternative forced choice. Listeners were able to use intonation to identify the speaker's intent with significantly higher accuracy in infant-directed speech than in adult-directed speech. These findings suggest that the prosodic patterns of speech to infants are more informative than those of adult-adult speech, and may provide the infant with reliable cues to the communicative intent of the speaker. The interpretation of these results proposed here is that the relation of prosodic form to communicative function is made uniquely salient in the melodies of mothers' speech, and that these characteristic prosodic patterns are potentially meaningful to the preverbal infant.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

[Studies on extracorporeal circulation with large volume hemodilution using lactate ringer's solution and low molecular weight dextran: alterations of acid-base balance associated with intentional hemodilution (author's transl)].

Twenty mongrel dogs, weighing between 7.5 and 13.0 kg were used to investigate the percentage limits permissible for hemodilution using a double-helical reservoir heart-lung machine which has a 1,100 ml of priming volume. In both 40 and 50 per cent groups of intentional hemodilution by 30 minute extracorporeal circulation, remarkable anemia was inevitable and recovery was extremely slow, especially in the 50 per cent dilution group. In both 40 and 50 per cent groups of intentional hemodilutions by 30 minute extracorporeal circulation, metabolic acidosis was observed. In 50 per cent group of intentional hemodilution, no improvement of metabolic acidosis was observed even after perfusion. When sodium bicarbonate was administered to 40 per cent hemodilution group, minimum alterations of acid-base balance and of serum electrolytes were observed during and after extracorporeal perfusion. When sodium bicarbonate was administered to 50 per cent hemodilution group, metabolic acidosis was more evident than in 40 per cent hemodilution group accompanied with an increase in serum sodium concentration and a decrease in serum chloride concentration. These data qualify the use of 40 per cent intentional hemodilution using Lactate Ringer's solution or low molecular weight dextran for 30 minute extracorporeal circulation when sodium bicarbonate is administered in adequate amounts.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMed1985

Psycho-social predictors of exercise intentions among spouses.

Psychosocial predictors of the intention to undertake leisure-time exercise have been studied in 210 couples with children attending grades 7 through 9. For both partners in these households, the variables measured included Fishbein's concepts of beliefs, attitudes and societal norms, in addition to age, education level, current physical activity habits, prior experience of physical activity, and family socio-economic status. Considered together, these observations explained 49% and 27% of the variance in intentions to exercise among male and female partners respectively. In contrast to previous studies using a less structured methodology, attitude was the most important determinant of intention in both male and female partners. In the men only, interaction terms relating to passive forms of spousal support and socio-economic status increased the explained proportion of variance. Differences of beliefs and their evaluations between those with high and low intentions to exercise generally coincided with the patterns previously observed in surveys of exercise class participants. However, there were some persistent culture--related gender differences, women seeking to improve health and control body weight, while men attempted to improve other aspects of their personal appearance and "meet people". Such expectations have important practical implications for the design of fitness promotion programmes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

The origins of intentional vocalizations in prelinguistic infants.

The development of the intention to communicate was examined by attempting to identify the point at which prelinguistic vocalizations are used by infants as a means of communication. This achievement was related to the infants' cognitive development. It was hypothesized that Piagetian stage 5 in the development of causality may be a prerequisite for the intentional use of vocalizations. 46 infants (X age = 10.7 months, range: 8 months--14.3 months) and their mothers were videotaped in a structured, naturalistic setting. 2 "frustration" episodes were devised to encourage communication, and the infants' vocalizations as well as other behaviors were coded by 2 observers. 2 Piagetian tasks were selected to assess the causal developmental level of the child. A significant relationship between causal developmental level and the occurrence of intentional vocalizations was found. The results support the hypothesis that stage 5 causal development may be a prerequisite to the use of intentional vocalizations.

Cognition↗

PubMed1982

Parity-specific fertility intentions and uncertainty: the United States, 1970 to 1976.

A theoretical and analytic model of fertility intentions is proposed which treats "don't know" responses and other uncertain responses as distinct from more firm intentions. Methodologically, these analyses show that "don't know" responses need not be treated as missing data, but instead are both valid and meaningful responses. Furthermore, eliminating these uncertain respondents would have the negative effects of distorting across survey comparisons in intentions due to shifts in aggregate uncertainty, reducing the likelihood of accurately detecting shifts in fertility intentions, and lessening the representatives of the sample analyzed. Substantively, in conjunction with Morgan (1981), these results show that the sharp 1965-76 decline in the likelihood of intending more births at parities 2 through 5 occurred as women halted childbearing at minimal acceptable levels and postponed further childbearing. With time (or age), this delayed fertility became fertility about which the respondent was uncertain and, finally, fertility foregone. Since 1970, similar shifts are observed at parities 0 and 1, perhaps foreshadowing an increase in voluntary childlessness and one-child families.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Depressive disorders and suicidal intent in adolescent suicide attempters.

This study describes the relationships between the presence of a depressive disorder, suicidal intent, and the medical seriousness of a suicide attempt in an adolescent sample. Consecutive adolescents who attempted suicide were evaluated for the presence or absence of current DSM-III-R depressive disorders (DD). Adolescent suicide attempters with DD were compared with those without DD regarding the level of their suicide intent and the medical seriousness of their suicide attempt. Adolescent suicide attempters with a diagnosis of DD were found to have a higher level of suicidal intent than were those without depressive illness. There was no relationship between the medical seriousness of the suicide attempt and the presence of DD. Clinicians should specifically assess for DSM-III-R DD as a means of determining suicidal intent in adolescent suicide attempters.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Intentional replantation. A viable alternative for selected cases.

When conventional endodontic treatment or retreatment is not possible, the operator may choose to intentionally extract and replant the involved tooth. Intentional replantation consists of extracting the tooth, finding and correcting the defect, and replanting the tooth in its socket. This article discusses the indications, contraindications, and recommended techniques for intentional replantation. Several successful case reports are described in which intentional replantation was used as a last resort.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

[Determinants of patient satisfaction and intention to continue service utilization: analysis of a survey of outpatients at general hospital].

The patient-perceived quality of hospital ambulatory service and its relationship to patient satisfaction and intention to continue utilization of the service were assessed using a questionnaire which was mailed to 1,695 outpatients of a general hospital in Tokyo (response rate, 77.2%). Patient satisfaction and satisfaction and intention of continuing service utilization were each assessed and both for physicians and for the hospital. The quality of hospital outpatient service was evaluated for 36 items, and 9 patient evaluation scales were extracted by factor analysis: i.e., "treatment results", "physician competence and explanation", "physician warmth and commitment", "reputation of hospital and physician", "services by nurses and non-clerical staff", "services by clerical staff", "medical costs and barriers", "hospital environment" and "accessibility to medical care". These scales, with the exception of "accessibility of medical care", had high internal consistency. Accessibility was then decomposed into 4 independent scales-"waiting time", "outpatient clinic hours", "availability of services when needed" and "transportation convenience". The effects of a total of 23 variables, consisting of 12 patient evaluation scales, sex, age, education, income, clinical departments (4 dummy variables), "frequency of service utilization", "perceived severity of disease" and perceived necessity for medical care intervention" on patient satisfaction and patient intention to continue utilization of services were assessed by multiple regression analysis (forced entry method). The results indicated that patient assessment of "treatment results", "physician competence and explanation", "physician warmth and commitment" and "reputation of hospital and physician are important determinants of patients satisfaction and intention to continue using hospital outpatient service.

Health Services↗

PubMed1993

Factor composition of the Suicide Intent Scale.

An exploratory analysis of the Suicide Intent Scale was performed on a sample of 98 psychiatric inpatients who had made suicide attempts. The factor analysis was performed using a method for polychotomous data, and resulted in a two-factor solution. The Lethal Intent factor contained items pertaining to the subjective level of lethal intent, while the Planning factor contained items largely related to objective planning for the attempt. Preliminary analysis of these factors suggest that the Suicide Intent Scale can be used to evaluate two separate aspects of suicidal behavior.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed1997

Neuroscience nurses' intentions to care for persons with HIV/AIDS.

The purpose of this study, which was based on Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, was to determine the extent to which personal attitudes, subjective norms and perceptions of behavioral control influence the intentions of nurses to care for persons with HIV/AIDS. Questionnaires measuring the concepts of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and intention to care for persons with HIV/AIDS were completed by 368 members of a neuroscience nursing organization. Hierarchial regression analysis was used to determine if nurses' intentions were predicted by their attitudes and subjective norms, and if perceived behavioral control would add to the prediction. Attitudes accounted for a significant percent of variance when entered at the first step, and perceived behavioral control accounted for a significant increase in variance when entered at the second step. In the final model, only perceived behavioral control contributed significantly to the prediction of intention.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗

PubMed1997

Understanding the intention of gay and bisexual men to take the HIV antibody test.

This study offers an explanation for the intention of 1,512 gay and bisexual men to be tested for the HIV antibody. Participants were recruited through 125 gay-identified venues (bars, bathhouses, community dances) across Canada. Self-administered questionnaires assessed respondents' intention to take the test in the next year, predictor variables (e.g., attitudes, the perceived social norm of the gay community, perceived behavioral control, and other constructs such as reasons for not being tested and importance of aspects of the test such as confidentiality), and sociodemographic variables. For this analysis, two groups were formed: men who had taken the HIV test in the past with negative or unknown results (Group A) and men who had not taken the test (Group B). The proportions of men who intended to take the test in the next year were 84.8% and 53.3% for groups A and B, respectively. For both groups, logistic regression indicated that the most important factors explaining intention were attitudes toward taking the test and perceived behavioral control. Additional variables specific to each group also contributed to explain intention. Thus, to enhance test-seeking among this population requires a consistent program of health education and facilitative policies.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗

PubMed1997

Intentional weight loss: patterns in the general population and its association with morbidity and mortality.

The question of whether intentional weight loss increases the longevity of obese individuals is important, given the high prevalence of obesity and co-morbidities in industrialized countries, and the high prevalence of intentional weight loss in such populations. A number of studies suggest that both weight loss and weight fluctuation are associated with increased mortality. Factors such as smoking status and pre-existing illness, however, have to be considered in relation to these findings. A study controlled for smoking status and pre-existing illness, found that intentional weight loss by overweight, white, US women, consistently reduced mortality in those with obesity related co-morbidities. An Indian study, involving individuals with previous myocardial infarction, found that dietary intervention reduced mortality substantially. Those losing > 5 kg had the greatest reduction in both total and cardiovascular mortality. In both the above studies, weight loss was approximately 10% of initial body weight. Preliminary evidence suggests that modest intentional weight loss is associated with increased longevity in individuals with co-morbidities.

Adolescent↗